Exam III

Question 1

synarthrotic

Answer 1

immovable joints

Ex. sutures in the skull

Question 2

amphiarthrosis

Answer 2

slightly moveable joints

Ex. pubic symphsis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum

Question 3

diathrosis

Answer 3

freely moveable joints

Ex. knees , the shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers

Question 4

synovial joints

• do not…
• are separated by…,surrounded by…which

Answer 4

• do not directly touch
• separated by a fluid filled space called joint space, surrounded by articular (fibrous capsule) which keeps the bones separate

Question 5

joint space

• is filled with…which is secreted by…that lines the… and reduces…
• has lots of…and…

Answer 5

• is filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane that lines the articular capsule and reduces friction
• has lots of hyaluronic acid and macrophages

Question 6

bursae

• are…
• located between…where…
• helps tendons…
• can enhance…by modifying the…

Answer 6

• fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid
• located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone
• helps tendons slide
• can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls

Question 7

tendon sheaths

• are elongated…wrapped around a
• are mainly seen in the…and…
• helps with…and support of…
• are a pathway by which…

Answer 7

• elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
• are mainly seen in the hands and feet
• helps with fine motor movement and support of muscle strength
• are a pathway by which infection spreads along

Question 8

ligaments

• ______ tissue that attach…to…
• reinforce the…

Answer 8

• connective tissue that attach bone to bone

- reinforce the joints

Question 9

tendons

• ______ tissue that attaches…to…
• reinforce….and help with…

Answer 9

• connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

- reinforce joints and help with movement

Question 10

Describe the generalized movement of synovial joints.

Answer 10

• generally freely moving
• the most structurally complex
• allow for flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, and depression
• dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion, pronation, supination, and rotation

Question 11

flexion

Answer 11

decreasing the angle

Question 12

extension

Answer 12

increasing the angle

Question 13

hyperextension

Answer 13

over 180 degrees

Question 14

abduction

Answer 14

away from the midsagittal line

Question 15

adduction

Answer 15

toward the midsagittal line

Question 16

dorsiflexion

Answer 16

standing on heels

Question 17

plantar flexion

Answer 17

standing on toes

Question 18

eversion

Answer 18

soles of feet facing opposite

Question 19

inversion

Answer 19

soles of feet facing each other

Question 20

pronation

Answer 20

palms backwards

Question 21

supination

Answer 21

palms forward

Question 22

rotation

Answer 22

moving head saying “no”

Question 23

Describe how the aging process affects joints and the joint components and how it affects movement ability.

Answer 23

• often the articular cartilage softens and degenerates causing osteoarthritis which causes crepitus (crackly joints), bone spurs, and the natural slowing of movement with age
• it causes pain and limits mobility mostly in big joints that bear most of the weight of the body like the knee joints
• trauma to the joint will quicken the development of osteoarthritis
• exercise helps keep joints “young” by improving movement of nutrients from synovial fluid into articular cartilage

Question 24

List and explain the functions of muscle tissue.

Answer 24

• movement of body parts and organ contents, maintain posture, communication: speech, expression, and writing
• stabilize joints
• produce body heat

Question 25

All types of muscle tissue exhibit...

Answer 25

- excitability/responsiveness - ability to respond to signals - conductivity - ability to conduct AP/electrical signals - contractility - ability to shorten to exert force - extensibility - ability to stretch - elasticity - ability to return to original length

Question 26

skeletal muscle

Answer 26

- is found attached to the skeleton - is comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiple peripheral nuclei, and are voluntary (need a signal from neuron to contract) well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction - has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere

Question 27

cardiac muscle

Answer 27

- is in the heart - has short branched cells with striated appearance, one nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular - involuntary because it has a pacemaker cells, so does not need voluntary signal - function is to pump blood throughout body

Question 28

smooth muscle

Answer 28

- in in viscera (internal organs) like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters - short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only one central nucleus per cell - inboluntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulumm Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular - function is to move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc.

Question 29

muscle fiber

Answer 29

each individual muscle cell

Question 30

fascicles

Answer 30

groups of individual muscle cells (fibers) that are grouped together

Question 31

cell/fiber is surrounded by

Answer 31

the endomysium, a loose connective tissue

Question 32

fascicle is surrounded by

Answer 32

the perimysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath

Question 33

muscle

Answer 33

epimysium, a fibrous sheath

Question 34

group of muscles

Answer 34

deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue, is found between adjacent muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate from other muscles

Question 35

superficial fascia

Answer 35

separates muscles from skin