Flashcards in EXAM III Final Deck (106)
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61
During which week of gestation does each mesonephric duct form a ureteric bud/metanephric diverticulum?
a. Week 1
b. Week 2
c. Week 3
d. Week 4
e. Week 5
Week 5; ureteric buds grow into the surrounding mesenchyme of the mesonephric ridge
62
The adult ureter, renal pelvis, and collecting tubules are derived from which of the following?
a. Pronephros
b. Mesonephros
c. Metanephros
d. Renal pelvis
Metanephros
63
What does the blastemata of the metanephric diverticula give rise to?
a. Ureter
b. Renal pelvis
c. Renal tubules
d. Cloaca
Renal tubules
64
During ureteric bud outgrowth via the metanephrogenic blastema, which of the following causes GDNF to be repressed in anterior regions?
a. Slit-2/Robo-2
b. WT-1
c. Sprouty
d. BMP
e. Gremlin
Slit-2/Robo-2
65
What is the function of gremlin during the formation of the ureteric bud outgrowth from the metanephrogenic blastema?
a. Make the ureter epithelium impermeable to water
b. Reduces sensitivity of anterior mesonephric duct to GDNF
c. Represses GDNF in anterior regions
d. Inhibits BMP in the region of the metanephrogenic blastema
d. Inhibits BMP in the region of the metanephrogenic blastema
66
Which of the following can be caused from infants born with bilateral renal agenesis that have a flattened nose, wide interpupillary space, a receding chin, tapering fingers, low-set ears, hip dislocation, and pulmonary hypoplasia?
a. Potter sequence
b. Horseshoe kidney
c. Polycystic kidney disease
d. Exstrophy of the bladder
e. Renal Hypoplasia
Potter sequence - renal agenesis causes oligohydramnios = pulmonary hypoplasia, flattened face and ears, hip dislocation
67
Which of the following is a major defect in which the urinary bladder opens broadly onto the abdominal wall? Most commonly attributed to an insufficiency of mesodermal tissue of the ventral abdominal wall.
a. Potter sequence
b. Horseshoe kidney
c. Polycystic kidney disease
d. Exstrophy of the bladder
e. Renal Hypoplasia
Exstrophy of the bladder
68
Where are sex cords located and what do they have the potential to give rise to if the bipotential system turns into a male?
Within the medulla of the indifferent gonad
Seminiferous tubules (Sertoli cells) and interstitial cells
69
Which of the following anastomoses with the sex cords in the genetic male? What does this become if a genetic female is determined?
a. Tunica albuginea
b. Seminiferous tubules
c. Rete cords
d. Sertoli cells
Rete cords
In female = medulla regresses and cortex forms ovary
70
Where is the location of the tunica albuginea?
a. Within the medulla of the indifferent gonad
b. Within the cortex of the indifferent gonad
c. Between the medulla and cortex of the indifferent gonad
d. Degenerates before the indifferent gonad develops
Between the medulla and cortex; lies on external surface of testis and internalized in the ovary
71
What is the fate of the mesonephric tubules in the male and female?
Female = nothing forms
Male = efferent ductules coveying sperm to the exterior
72
What does the genital tubercle give rise to in male and female?
Male - Glans penis
Female - clit
73
What does the genital folds give rise to in male and female?
Male - shaft
Female - labia minora
74
What does the genital swellings give rise to in male and female?
Male - Scrotum
Female - Labia majora
75
What molecule allows primordial germ cells to become meiosis-competent germ cells?
a. Nanos-2
b. Stra-8
c. RA
d. Dazl
e. BMP
Dazl
76
What is the function of Dazl in the fate of primordial germ cells in male and females?
Allows for the primordial germ cell to become meiosis-competent germ cells
77
What does the primary heart field (heart crescent) form?
a. Right ventricle and atria
b. Left ventricle and atria
c. Both ventricles and atria
d. Right ventricle and left atria
e. Left ventricle and left atria
Left ventricle and atria
78
Which molecule exposes the more posterior cells of the heart that are assumed to cause the atrial identity?
a. Shh
b. Hox
c. RA
d. Wnt
e. BMP
RA
More anterior cells are not exposed to RA = ventricle
79
Hand-1 is expressed in the primary heart field (heart crescent), what occurs if there is a defect in Hand-1?
a. Defective left atrium
b. Defective right atrium
c. Defective left ventricle
d. Defective right ventricle
e. Defective heart overall
Defective left ventricle
80
What does the secondary heart field form?
a. Right ventricle and proximal outflow tract
b. Left ventricle and proximal outflow tract
c. Right atrium and proximal outflow tract
d. Left atrium and proximal outflow tract
Right ventricle and proximal outflow tract; express Hand-2
81
Hand-2 is expressed in the secondary heart field (heart crescent), what occurs if there is a defect in Hand-2?
a. Defective left atrium
b. Defective right atrium
c. Defective left ventricle
d. Defective right ventricle
e. Defective heart overall
Absence of right ventricle
82
What 3 structures does the proepicardium form?
1. Epicardium
2. Interstitial cells and vasculature smooth muscle
3. Coronary vasculature
83
Which of the following is known as the first asymmetrical embryonic structure to appear?
a. Cardiac crest
b. Left ventricle
c. Right ventricle
d. Cardiac tube
Cardiac tube; asymmetry est. by Hand-1 and Hand-2
84
What two molecules are used to establish the asymmetry of the cardiac tube?
a. Hand-1 and Hand-2
b. Pax-3 and Pax-7
c. Shh and Hox
d. Wnt and BMP
Hand-1 and Hand-2
85
Primary myocardium forms during the 3rd week of gestation while the formation of the chamber myocardium forms afterwards as atrial and ventricular chamber bulges. What two molecules guide these processes?
Primary myocardium = Tbx-2
Myocardium chamber = Tbx-5
86
Is it the primary heart field or secondary heart field that contributes most to the primary myocardium?
Secondary heart field
87
What term is used for the outflow part of the heart during cardiac looping that leads to the aortic sac and aortic arch system?
a. conus arteriosus
b. bulbus cordis
c. truncus arteriosus
d. internal septum
Bulbis cordis
88
Define conus arteriosus and truncus arteriosus
Conus = Broader proximal part of the bulbus cordis
Truncus = Narrower distal part of bulbus cordis
89
What are the characteristics of the results of cardiac looping?
S-shaped heart
Original caudal inflow part (atrium) is now dorsal to outflow part of the heart
Outflow part of heart = bulbus cordis
Internal septum begins to divide ventricle then atrium
90
