Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gross Anatomy > Exam III - General Information > Flashcards

Exam III - General Information Flashcards

(159 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The liver lies mostly in what abdominal regions?

A

Right Hypochondrium and epigastric regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What vertebral level is the Transtubercular plane found?

A

L.V. 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

Right Hypochondrium, Epigastric, Left Hypochondrium
Right Flank, Umbilical, Left Flank
Right Groin, Pubic, Left Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The spleen and the fundus and body of the stomach can be found in which abdominal regions?

A

Left Hypochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The umbilical lies between what vertebral levels?

A

L.V. 2 and L.V. 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which layer of fascia is fatty and continuous with the superficial fascia of perineum and thigh?

A

Superficial Layer (Camper’s Fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which layer of abdominal fascia is firmly fastened to the fascia lata of the thigh?

A

Deep Layer (Scarpa’s Fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the largest raphe in the body?

A

Linea Alba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Linea Alba connects _____ to _____?

A

xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What muscle acts as an internal back-brace?

A

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What forms the lateral edge of the 6-pack?

A

Linea Semilunaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What runs transversely across the rectus abdominis and fuses with the rectus sheath?

A

Tendinous intersections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What muscle is often absent and lies anterior to the rectus abdominis?

A

Pyramidalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The anterior abdominal wall muscles are active in what 6 body functions?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vomiting
  • Micturition (urinating)
  • Pooping (defication)
  • Parturition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structures make up the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is enclosed within the rectus sheath?

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Pyramidalis Muscle (When present)
  • Superior Epigastric Artery and Vein
  • Inferior Epigastric Artery and Vein
  • Anterior Primary Rami of Lower 6 T. Nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the crescent-shaped line in the posterior layer of the rectus sheath midway between the umbilicus and pubic crest?

A

Arcuate Line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the five folds on the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall?

A
  • Median Umbilical Fold
  • Medial Umbilical Fold (bilateral)
  • Lateral Umbilical Fold (bilateral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which fold runs from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Median Umbilical Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which fold extends from the side of the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Medial Umbilical Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which fold contains the obliterated umbilical artery?

A

Medial Umbilical Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which fold runs from the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line?

A

Lateral Umbilical Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which fold contains the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral Umbilical Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Median and Medial Umbilical folds form what fossa?

A

Supravesical Fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The Medial and Lateral umbilical folds form what fossa?
Medial Inguinal Fossa
26
The two lateral umbilical folds combine to form what fossa?
Lateral Inguinal Fossa
27
What structure above the umbilicus contains the obliterated umbilical vein?
Ligamentum Teres
28
What is the blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall?
- Superior Epigastric A. - Inferior Epigastric A. - Lumbar Arteries - Deep Circumflex Iliac A.
29
What is the innervation of the Anterior Abdominal Wall?
- Lower 6 Thoracic Nerves
30
What is formed by the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis?
- The Inguinal Ligament
31
The inguinal ligament extends from the _____ to the _____.
- Anterior superior iliac spine; pubic tubercle
32
What are the most medial fibers of the inguinal ligament and insert into the superior pubic ramus?
- Lacunar Ligament
33
what is the lateral extension of the lacunar ligament?
- Pectineal Ligament
34
What is the 3-5 cm canal through the anterior abdominal wall?
- Inguinal Canal
35
The inguinal canal begins at the _____ and ends at the ______.
- Deep inguinal ring; superficial inguinal ring
36
What is transmitted in the inguinal canal?
- Spermatic Cord - Round Ligament of the Uterus - Ilioinguinal Nerve
37
What is formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles?
- Conjoint Tendon (Inguinal Falx)
38
What strengthens the posterior wall of the medial half of the inguinal canal?
- Conjoint Tendon (Inguinal Falx)
39
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?
- Ant. Wall: aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle - Post. Wall: conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia - Roof: internal oblize and transversus abdominis - Floor: inguinal and lacunar ligaments
40
What is the triangular opening in the external oblique aponeurosis?
- Superficial Inguinal Ring
41
What is transmitted in the superficial inguinal ring?
- Spermatic Cord (male) - Round ligament of the uterus (female) - ilioinguinal nerve
42
The superficial inguinal ring is formed by the splitting of the external oblique aponeurosis into two crura...
- Lateral Crus (pubic tubercle) | - Medial Crus (pubic crest)
43
The deep inguinal ring is an opening within which fascia?
- Transversalis Fascia
44
What are the boundaries of the inguinal triangle?
- Med: lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle - Lat: inferior epigastric vessels - Inf: inguinal ligament
45
Where do direct inguinal hernias mostly occur?
Inguinal Triangle
46
T/F) During childhood development, the inguinal canal shortens and moves into a more vertical position.
False; It LENGTHENS and becomes more OBLIQUE
47
What muscles, upon exertion, may force abdominal contents into the inguinal canal?
Anterior abdominal muscles (coughing & straining)
48
What two anatomical adaptations function to strengthen the inguinal canal?
- Its oblique positioning | - The conjoint tendon
49
A ______ is an abnormal protrusion of tissue through an opening.
- Hernia
50
What organ is most commonly involved in hernias?
- Small Intestine
51
T/F) Inguinal hernias are more common in males than females.
True 1) Large diameter of inguinal canal (spermatic cord)) 2) Scrotum creates a large potential space
52
What in the female is homologous to the male scrotum?
- Labia Majora
53
What are the types of hernias?
- Direct, Indirect, Femoral, and Umbilical
54
Which hernia accounts for 75% of inguinal hernias?
- Indirect Hernias
55
What is a processus vaginalis?
- An embryological outpouching of peritoneum which forms the inguinal canal and tunica vaginalis that does not obliterate
56
Trace the path of an indirect inguinal hernia.
Deep inguinal ring -> inguinal canal -> superficial inguinal ring -> scrotum/labia majora (lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels)
57
Trace the path of a direct inguinal hernia.
Posterior wall of inguinal canal -> scrotum/labia majora | medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
58
Which type of hernia is ALWAYS acquired?
- Direct Hernia
59
What kind of hernia is more common in females?
- Femoral Hernia
60
Umbilical Hernias usually result from defects in what structures?
- Anterior abdominal wall (incomplete closure) | - Linea Alba
61
What are the layers of fascia that cover the spermatic cord?
- External Spermatic Fascia (external oblique apo) - Cremasteric Fascia (internal oblique apo) - Internal Spermatic Fascia (transversalis fascia)
62
What is the bundle of muscle fibers within the cremasteric fascia referred to as?
- Cremaster Muscle
63
What structures are contained within the spermatic cord?
- Ductus Deferens - Testicular A. - Pampiniform Plexus of Veins (bulk of spermatic cord) - Artery to the Ductus Deferens - Cremasteric A. - Genital Branch of Genitofemoral N. - Remnant of Processus Vaginalis - Autonomic N. - Lymphatics
64
What accompanies the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal?
Ilioinguinal Nerve
65
T/F) The ilioinguinal nerve is part of the spermatic cord.
False; it is not
66
What branch of the ilioinguinal nerve supplies the upper medial part of the thigh?
Femoral Branch
67
What branch of the ilioinguinal nerve supplies the root of the penis and anterior part of the scrotum?
Anterior Scrotal or Anterior Labial Nerve
68
What structures are contained within the scrotum?
- Testes - Epididymis - Lower part of the spermatic cord
69
What is the function of the dartos muscle?
Temperature regulation (firmly adhered to the scrotum)
70
What are the function of the testes?
- Production of spermatozoa | - Secretion of androgens
71
What is the tunica albuginea?
- Fibrous outer covering of the testis | - Lies deep to the tunica vaginalis
72
What is the fibrous compartment in the posterior part of the testis where the septa converge?
- Mediastinum Testis
73
What is the functional, sperm-producing part of the testis?
- Seminiferous Tubules
74
How many seminiferous tubules are contained in each lobule?
- 2 or 3
75
What is the network of canals within the mediastinum testis?
- Rete Testis
76
What connects the rete testis to the head of the epididymis?
- Efferent Ductules
77
What is the C-shaped structure attached to the superior and posterior aspect of the testis?
- Epididymis
78
What is the function of the epididymis?
- Store sperm until they mature
79
Where does lymphatics from the testis drain?
- Lumbar Nodes
80
Where does lymph from the scrotum drain?
- Superficial Inguinal Nodes
81
What structure in the fetus connects the testis to the scrotum?
- Gubernaculum Testis
82
With what does the peritoneal cavity communicate with the exterior?
- Infections spread through the uterine tubes
83
While testing for patency of the uterine tube, what does it mean when the dye does not enter the peritoneal cavity?
- There is an obstruction
84
What are the functions of the peritoneum?
- Minimize Friction between organs - Resist infection - Fat storage
85
What is the innervation of the peritoneum?
- Phrenic N. - Intercostal N. - Subcostal N. - Iliohypogastric N. - Ilioinguinal N.
86
What are the three parts of the greater omentum?
- Gastrophrenic Lig. (stomach -> diaphragm) - Gastrosplenic Lig. (stomach -> spleen) - Gastrocolic Lig. ( stomach -> transverse colon) (largest)
87
Because of its ability to restrict the spread of infection, what is the AKA for the greater omentum?
- Abdominal Policeman
88
What are the two parts of the lesser omentum?
- Hepatogastric Lig. (liver -> lesser curve of stomach) | - Hepatoduodenal Lig. (liver -> duodenum)
89
What is the general definition of mesentery?
- Any double layer of peritoneum which connects a portion of intestine to the body wall
90
What is the "mesentery proper"?
- Double layer of peritoneum which connects jejunum and ileum to body wall
91
What connects the left colic flexure to the diaphragm?
- Phrenicocollic Lig.
92
What is the irregularly shaped space posterior to the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach?
- Omental Bursa (Lesser Sac)
93
What connects the Lesser Sac to the Greater Sac?
- The omental foramen
94
What are the subdivisions within the Greater sac?
- Right Subphrenic Space (below diaphragm, above liver, right of falciform ligament) - Left Subphrenic Space (below diaphragm, above liver, left of falciform ligament) - Subhepatic Space (between liver and transverse colon) - Right Paracolic Gutter (lateral to ascending colon) - Left Paracolic Gutter (lateral to descending colon)
95
What is the posterosuperior extension of the subhepatic space, between the liver and right kidney?
- Hepatorenal Recess
96
What are the boundaries of the omental foramen?
- Liver - First part of the duodenum - Free edge of the lesser omentum - Peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava
97
What passes through the porta hepatis?
- Bile Duct - Hepatic Artery Proper - Portal Vein
98
What structures make up the Foregut?
- Distal esophagus -> stomach -> second part of duodenum, entrance of the bile duct
99
What structures make up the Midgut?
- Entrance of bile duct -> right 2/3 transverse colon
100
What structures make up the Hindgut?
- left 1/3 transverse colon -> upper part of anal canal
101
What is the blood supply of the GI tract?
- Foregut: celiac trunk - Midgut: Superior Mesenteric Artery - Hindgut: Inferior Mesenteric Artery
102
What is the sympathetic innervation of the GI tract?
- Foregut : greater (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-T11) - Midgut: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves - Hindgut: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
103
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract?
- Foregut: Vagus Nerve - Midgut: Vagus Nerve - Hindgut: Pelvic splanchnic Nerves (S2-S4)
104
What are the autonomic effects on the GI tract?
- Sympathetic: decreases motility and tone; contracts sphincters - Parasympathetic: increases motility and tone; relaxes sphincters
105
What are the four major layers of the gut wall?
- Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscularis Externa - Serosa/Adventitia
106
Where is the muscularis mucosae contained?
- Mucosal layer
107
Where are blood vessels and lymphatics of the gut wall contained?
- Submucosal Layer
108
What layer of the gut wall is responsible for peristalsis?
- Muscularis Externa
109
Where is the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system contained?
- Within the submucosa, near the muscularis externa
110
Where is the myenteric plexus located?
- Between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa (stimulates peristalsis)
111
What organ is located in the left hypochondrium, epigastric, and umbilical regions of the abdomen?
- The stomach
112
What notch is between the body and the pyloric part?
- Angular Incisure
113
What opening of the stomach is located between the esophagus and the stomach?
- Cardial Orifice
114
What opening of the stomach connects it with the duodenum?
- Pyloric Orifice
115
What are the three subdivisions of the pyloric part of the stomach?
- Pyloric Antrum (wide proximal part) - Pyloric Canal (narrow distal part) - Pylorus (distal termination; marked externally by the pyloric constriction)
116
What are the longitudinal folds of mucous membrane within the stomach?
- Gastric Folds (Rugae)
117
What is the blood supply of the stomach?
- Celiac Trunk
118
What is the innervation of the stomach?
- Sympathetic: Greater splanchnic nerves | - Parasympathetic: Vagus N.
119
What is the first unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta?
- Celiac Trunk
120
What is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk?
- Left Gastric A.
121
What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk?
- Splenic A.
122
The small intestine extends from the ______ to the ______.
- pyloric orifice; ileocecal junction
123
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
- Superior Part (Duodenal Cap/Ampulla) - Descending Part (bile & pancreatic ducts empty) - Inferior part (longest) - Ascending Part (terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure)
124
What is the blood supply to the duodenum?
- Superior Pancreaticoduodenal A. - Supraduodenal A. - Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal A.
125
What is the fibromuscular band that extends from the diaphragm to the duodenojejunal flexure?
- Suspensory Muscle of the Duodenum
126
What is the innervation of the duodenum?
- Celiac and Sup. Mesenteric Plexuses
127
What absorbs fat soluble vitamins?
- Ileum
128
What segment of the GI tract is most involved with nutrient absorption?
- Jejunum
129
What are the aggregations of lymphoid tissue within the small intestine?
- Peyer's Patches
130
The large intestine extends from the ______ to the ______.
- Ileocecal Junction; anus
131
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
- convert liquid contents of ileum into feces (absorb water)
132
Are the ascending and descending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
- Retroperitoneal
133
What is drained in the Portal Venous System?
- GI tract, Spleen, Pancreas, Gallbladder
134
What drains the kidney and suprarenal gland?
- Caval Venous System
135
What blood vessels accompany the ligamentum teres to the umbilicus?
- Paraumbilical Veins
136
Review Portal-Caval Anastomoses
- Page 133
137
What are the main functions of the liver?
- Bile Secretion - Metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbs - Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and iron - Detoxification
138
What is contained within the porta hepatis?
- Common Hepatic Duct - Hepatic Artery Proper - Portal Vein
139
The gallbladder lies over which lobe of the liver?
- Right Lobe
140
What lobe of the liver is anterior to the porta hepatis?
- Quadrate Lobe
141
What lobe of the liver is posterior to the porta hepatis?
- Caudate Lobe
142
How is the liver split into functional halves?
- A line is drawn from the inferior vena cava through the gall bladder
143
T/F) The inferior vena cava lies within the bare area.
True
144
As the falciform ligament passes posteriorly, it splits to become what?
- Sup. & Inf. Coronary Ligament
145
What is formed at the junction of the superior and inferior layers of the coronary ligament?
- Right and Left Triangular Ligaments
146
The ligamentum venosum is the remnant of what embryological structure?
- Dectus Venosum
147
Name the fissures of the liver.
- Fis. for Lig. Teres (left lobe -> quadrate lobe) - Fis. for Lig. Venosum (left lobe -> caudate lobe) - Fossa for Gallbladder (right lobe and quadrate lobe) - Fis. for Inf. Vena Cava (right lobe -> caudate lobe) - Porta Hepatis (forms crossbar of "H")
148
What is the blood supply of the liver?
- Portal Vein (75-80%) | - Hepatic Artery (20-25%)
149
The gallbladder drains into what?
- Cystic Duct
150
Contraction of the gallbladder is initiated by what?
- Cholecystokinin
151
What is the blood supply of the gallbladder?
- Right hepatic A.
152
What is formed by the union of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?
- Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
153
What is the narrowest part of the billiary system?
- Sphincter of Ampulla
154
What functions to back-fill the gallbladder?
- Sphincter of bile duct
155
What is the weakest sphincter of the billiary system?
- Sphincter of pancreatic duct
156
The pancreas is drained by what?
- Pancreatic Duct (neck, body, tail) | - Accessory Pancreatic Duct (head and uncinate process)
157
What is the blood supply to the pancreas?
- pancreatic branches of splenic A. - Superior pancreaticoduodenal A. - Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal A.
158
What are the functions of the spleen?
- Produce lymphocytes in the newborn - Remove worn out RBC - Store RBC
159
The autonomic plexuses are named for what?
- The artery they lie upon

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions