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Gross Anatomy > Exam IV - General Information > Flashcards

Exam IV - General Information Flashcards

(144 cards)

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1
Q

/What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  • Remove water, salts, and products of protein metabolism from the blood
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2
Q

What injury may be mistaken for kidney pain?

A
  • Strained psoas major
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3
Q

What is the name of the vertical fissure on the medial surface of the kidney?

A
  • Hiilum of the kidney
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4
Q

What structures are located within the hilum of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Vein
  • Renal Arter
  • Ureter
  • Autonomic and Sensory Nerves
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5
Q

The structures that enter the hilum of the kidney are collectively known as what?

A
  • Renal Pedicle
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6
Q

How many renal pyramids are included in the renal medulla?

A
  • 8-12
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7
Q

How many renal papillae fit into the minor calices?

A
  • 8-12
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8
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Artery
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9
Q

What is drained by the left renal vein?

A
  • Left kidney
  • Suprarenal Gland
  • Gonad
  • Diaphragm
  • Body Wall
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10
Q

The renal plexus is formed by what?

A
  • Celiac Plexus
  • Aortic Plexus
  • Thoracic and Lumbar splanchnic Nerves (mainly least splanchnic)
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11
Q

What is the function of the fat around the kidney?

A
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Support
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12
Q

T/F The Ureter is interperitoneal.

A
  • False; it is retroperitoneal
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13
Q

What are the three constrictions where kidney stones may become lodged?

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction
  • Pelvic Brim
  • Where it enters the wall of the bladder
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14
Q

What is the blood supply of the ureter?

A
  • Renal A.
  • Gonadal A.
  • Aorta
  • Common iliac A.
  • Superior Vesical A.
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15
Q

What is the innervation of the ureter?

A
  • Renal Plexus

- Hypogastric Plexus

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16
Q

What part of the suprarenal glands secrete catecholamines?

A
  • Medulla
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17
Q

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes corticosteroids?

A
  • Cortex
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18
Q

What is the medulla of suprarenal gland derived from?

A
  • Neural crest cells (modified sympathetic ganglion)
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19
Q

Which suprarenal gland is pyramidal and which one is semilunar?

A
  • Right - Pyramidal

- Left - Semilunar

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20
Q

What is the blood supply for the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Superior Suprarenal A. (Inferior Phrenic)
  • Middle Suprarenal A. (Aorta)
  • Inferior Suprarenal A. (Renal A.)
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21
Q

Where does each suprarenal gland drain?

A
  • Right - directly into inferior vena cava

- Left - left renal vein

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22
Q

What is the innervation of the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Celiac Plexus
  • Thoracic Splanchnic N.
    (Primarily Sympathetic)
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23
Q

What gland, relative to its size, has the largest autonomic nerve supply of any organ?

A
  • Suprarenal Glands
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24
Q

The right crus of the diaphragm originates from where?

A
  • Upper three lumbar vertebrae

splits to surround the esophagus

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25
The left crus of the diaphragm originates from where?
- Upper two lumbar vertebrae
26
What connects the the right and left diaphragmatic crux?
- Median Arcuate Ligament (also forms the border of the aortic hiatus)
27
What connects the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the TVP of the 1st lumbar?
- Medial Arcuate Ligament (passes over the psoas major muscle and sympathetic trunk)
28
What connects the TVP of L1 to rib 12?
- Lateral Arcuate Ligament (passes over puadratus lumborum)
29
The lumbar plexus is made up of what nerves?
- Anterior primary rami L1-L3 and part of L4
30
Iliohypogastric Nerve (L1)
- Sensory to the skin covering the pubis and gluteal region
31
Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)
- Sensory innervation to the skin of scrotum/labia majora and the thigh
32
Genitofemoral Nerve (L1,L2)
- Genital Branch: Supplies the cremaster muscle - Femoral Branch: Supplies the skin over the femoral triangle - Pierces psoas major
33
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (L2,L3)
- Supplies skin of Ant. and Lat. aspects of thigh | - Travels across iliacus
34
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
- Supplies the muscles and skin of thigh
35
Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
- Supplies muscles and skin of medial surface of thigh
36
Where does the aorta bifurcate?
- Anterior to L4
37
What are the 4 functions of the pelvis?
- Locomotion - Partruition - Support of Abdominal Viscera - Protection of Pelvic Viscera
38
Which way does the pelvic cavity project?
- Posteriorly from abdmonal cavity
39
What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?
- Sacral Promontory - Sacral Alae - Arcuate Line - Pectin Pubis - Pubic Crest
40
T/F The opening itself is the pelvic brim, the border is the pelvic inlet.
- False; the opening is the pelvic inlet, the border is the pelvic brim
41
What divides the greater and lesser pelvis?
- Pelvic brim
42
What are the functions of the greater pelvis?
- Support abdominal viscera | - Attachment site for muscles of locomotion
43
What is contained within the lesser pelvis?
- Lower part of G.I. tract - Urinary Bladder - Lower part of ureter - Internal reproductive organs
44
What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
- Pubic Symphysis - Isciopubic Rami - Ischial Tuberosities - Sacrotuberous Ligament - Tip of the Coccyx
45
What structures make up the pubic arch?
- Pubic Symphysis - Ischiopubic Rami - Ischial Tuberosities
46
Which pelvis type has a long A-P diameter and short transverse diameter?
- Anthropoid Pelvis (some males; 20% females)
47
What pelvis type has a short A-P diameter and wide transverse?
- Platypelloid Pelvis (rarest; most associated with birthing difficulties)
48
Which pelvis type has a hear-shaped inlet?
- Android Pelvis (most males; 30% females)
49
Which pelvis type has an ovoid/round inlet?
- Gynecoid Pelvis (50% females; ideal for childbirth)
50
Know differences between male/female pelvis.
- Page 155
51
What are the joints associated with the pelvis?
- Lumbosacral Joint (contains IVD) - Sacroiliac Joint (Synovial Joint; Least mobile) - Pubic Symphysis (fibrocartilaginous; contains interpubic disc) - Sacrococcygeal Joint (contains IVD; often fused)
52
Sacralization of L5 is a variation of which pelvic joint?
- Lumbosacral Joint
53
What effect does the hormone relaxin have on pelvic joints?
- The joints become more loose
54
What is transmitted within the Greater Sciatic Foramen?
- Piriformis - Sup. and Inf. Gluteal Vessels and Nerves - Internal Pudendal Vessels - Pudendal Nerve - Sciatic Nerve - Post. Cutaneous N. of Thigh - N to Obturator Internus - N. to Quadratus Femoris
55
What are the boundaries of the greater sciatic foramen?
- Greater Sciatic Notch - Sacrotuberous Lig. - Sacrospinous Lig.
56
What are the boundaries of the lesser sciatic foramen?
- Lesser Sciatic Notch - Sacrotuberous Lig. - Sacrospinous Lig.
57
What is transmitted in the lesser sciatic foramen?
- Tendon of the Obturator Internus - N. to Obturator Internus - Internal Pudendal Vessels - Pudendal N.
58
What is the only structure that passes through the lesser sciatic foramen that doesn't also pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
- Tendon of the Obturator Internus Muscle
59
What is the bony framework of the lateral pelvic wall?
- Hip bone that lies below the pelvic brim
60
What is the lateral pelvic wall primarily covered by?
- Obturator Internus Muscle | - Obturator Fascia
61
What is the bony framework of the posterior pelvic wall?
- Sacrum and Coccyx
62
What is the posterior pelvic wall primarily covered by?
- Piriformis Muscle | - Coccygeus Muscle
63
What structures make up the pelvic floor?
- Peritoneum | - Pelvic Diaphragm
64
Where does ascites and blood accumulate in the male pelvis?
- Rectovesical Pouch
65
Where does ascites and blood accumulate in the female pelvis?
- Rectouterine pouch
66
Where do ectopic pregnancies usually occur?
- Rectouterine Pouch
67
What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
- Coccygeus | - Levator Ani
68
What are the two openings in the pelvic diaphragm?
- Urogenital Hiatus (transmits urethra and vagina) | - Anal Aperture
69
What is the most posterior part of levator ani?
- Iliococcygeus
70
What is the main part of levator ani?
- Pubococcygeus
71
What forms a sling around the urethra beneath the prostate?
- Puboprostaticus
72
What forms a sling arouund the urethra and vagina?
- Pubovaginalis
73
Which portions of levator ani function in micturition?
- Puboprostaticus and Pubovaginalis
74
What may be affected with sacral misalignment?
- Fecal Continence - Partruition - Urinary Continence - Integrity of Pelvic Floor
75
What are the branches of the external iliac A.?
- Deep Circumflex Iliac A. | - Inferior Epigastric A.
76
The internal iliac A. continues as what below the inguinal lig.?
- Femoral Artery
77
What is the major source of blood to structures within the pelvis?
- Internal Iliac A.
78
What branch of the iliolumbar A. supplies iliacus and ilium?
- Iliac Branch
79
What branch of the iliolumbar A. supplies psoas major and quadratus lumborum?
- Lumbar Branch
80
What artery anastomoses with median sacral artery?
- Lateral Sacral Artery
81
What artery supplies Glute Max?
- Inferior Gluteal A.
82
What artery supplies the muscles of the thigh?
- Obturator A.
83
What artery supplies the inferior part of the bladder, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles?
- Inferior Vesical A.
84
What artery supplies the middle portion of the rectum, prostate, and vagina?
- Middle Rectal A.
85
What other arteries supply structures within the pelvis?
- Gonadal A. (aorta) - Superior Rectal A. (inf. mesenteric) - Median Sacral A. ( aortic bifurcation)
86
Most pelvic structures drain into the caval system. Which do not?
- Rectum and Anal Canal
87
What structures form the sacral plexus?
- Lumbosacral Trunk (L4,L5) | - Anterior Primary Rami of S1-S4
88
What nerve supplies glute med., glute min., and tensor fasciae latae?
- Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
89
Weakness in muscles supplied by superior gluteal nerve results in what?
- Trendelenburg Gait | glute med., glute min., tensor fascia lata
90
What is the largest nerve in the body?
- Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
91
What nerve supplies obturator internus and superior gemellus?
- Nerve to Obturator Internus (L5-S2)
92
What nerve supplies hte quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus?
- Nerve to Quadratus Femoris (L5-S1)
93
What nerve is sensory to part of the gluteal region and perineum?
- Post. Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (S1-S3)
94
Which branches of the sacral plexus supply the pelvis?
- N. to Piriformis (S1,S2) (Piriformis Syndrome) - N. to Levator Ani and Coccygeus (S3,S4) ( urinary/fecal incontinence, problems w/ partruition, integrity of pelvic floor) - N. to External Anal Sphincter (S4) - Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4) (sexual dysfunction)
95
What structures make up the coccygeal plexus?
- Ventral primary rami of S4, S5 | - Coccygeal Nerve
96
What is supplied by the coccygeal plexus?
- sacrococcygeal joint - coccyx - overlying skin
97
How do sympathetic fibers reach the pelvis?
- Downward continuation of sympathetic trunk | - Downward continuation of aortic plexus
98
What is formed by the formation of left and right sympathetic trunks?
- Ganglion Impar
99
What is the continuation of the aortic plexus?
- Superior Hypogastric Plexus - Sympathetic fibers from lumbar splanchnic N. - Visceral Afferent Fibers
100
What connects the superior hypgastric plexus to the inferior hypogastric plexus?
- Left and Right Hypogastric Nerves
101
What is formed by the union of the hypogastric, pelvic splanchnic, and sacral splanchnic nerves?
- Left and Right Inferior Hypogastric Plexuses
102
What is contained within the pelvic plexuses?
- Sympathetic Fibers - Parasympathetic Fibers - Visceral Afferent fibers
103
The inferior hypogastric plexuses give rise to what?
- Subsidiary plexuses (supply pelvic viscera)
104
What preganglionic sympathetic nerves arise from the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the inferior hypogastric plexus?
- Sacral Splanchnic Nerves
105
What parasympathetic nerves arise from S2-S4?
- Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
106
What is the upper limit of the rectum?
- Rectosigmoid Junction
107
What is the lower limit of the rectum?
- Anorectal Junction
108
T/F The rectum has no mesentery, omental appendices, or haustra.
True
109
What is the peritoneal covering of the rectum?
- Upper third: covers front and sides - Middle third: covers front - Lower third: no covering
110
Where does one get anal hemorroids?
- Anal Columns (5-10 longitudinal folds)
111
What connect the lower ends of the anal columns?
- Anal Valves
112
What are the recesses between the anal valves and wall of the anal canal?
- Anal Sinuses (assist with lubrication)
113
What marks the lower limit of the anal valves around the circumference of the anal canal?
- Pectinate Line
114
What is the continuation of smooth muscle layer below the pelvic diaphragm under involuntary control?
- Internal Anal Sphincter
115
What is the blood supply of the rectum and anal canal?
- Superior Rectal A. - Middle Rectal A. - Inferior Rectal A. - Median Sacral A.
116
Know the differences between tissue above and below pectinate line.
Page 167
117
Know the mechanism of defecation.
Page 167
118
T/F When the bladder is full, it lies entirely within the pelvis.
False; it does when it's empty; may rise to the umbilicus when full
119
What forms the apex of the bladder?
- Superior and inferolateral surfaces
120
What forms the neck of the bladder?
- inferolateral surfaces and fundus
121
Where is the retropubic fat pad located?
- Retropubic Space
122
What attaches the prostate gland to the pubis?
- Puboprostatic Lig.
123
What attaches the base of the bladder to the rectovesical/rectouterine fold?
- Lateral Lig. of the Bladder
124
What is located on the posterior and inferior wall of the bladder?
- Trigone
125
What marks the openings of the trigone?
- Internal Urethral Orifice | - Two Ureteric Orifices
126
What is formed when the ureter travels obliquely through the bladder wall?
- Flap Valve
127
What is the median ridge which extends above and behind the internal urethral orifice?
- Uvula of Bladder
128
What is the smooth muscle that lies within the wall of the bladder?
- Detrusor Muscle
129
What is the blood supply of the bladder?
- Superior Vesical A. - Inferior Vesical A. - Vaginal A.
130
What blood vessels drain the bladder?
- Prostatic/Vesical plexus
131
What is the innervation of the bladder?
- Sympathetic: lower 3 T and upper 2 L | - Parasympathetic: Pelvic Splanchnic N. (S2-S4)
132
Know the Mechanism of Micturition.
Page 170
133
What is the innervation of the ductus deferens?
- Sup. and Inf. Hypogastric Plexus
134
What glandular structures lie lateral to the ampullae of the ductus deferens?
- Seminal Vesicles
135
The seminal vesicles join the ductus deferense to form what?
- Ejaculatory Ducts
136
What is produced within the seminal vesicles?
- Alkaline component of semen
137
T/F The Seminal Vesicles store sperm.
False
138
What is the innervation of the seminal vesicles?
- Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
139
What makes up the ejaculatory duct?
- Ductus Deferens | - Duct of Seminal Vesicle
140
What is the blood suppy to the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct?
- A. to the ductus deferens - Inferior Vesical A. (most important) - Middle Rectal A.
141
Where do the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic utricle open?
- Seminal Colliculus
142
What receives the ducts of the prostate gland?
- Prostatic Sinus
143
What is the blood supply to the prostate gland?
- Inferior Vesical A. - Middle Rectal A. - Internal Pudendal A.
144
What is the innervation of the prostate gland?
- Prostatic Plexus (Inferior Hypogastric Plexus)

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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