Exam III - Lipids, TAG, Lipoproteins

Question 1

FA Sources

Answer 1

Diet: TAG, FA, phospholipid

De novo

Question 2

FA Synthesis sites

Answer 2

liver, adipose, mammary gland

Question 3

Committed/Rate limiting step FA synthesis

Answer 3

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Question 4

Carboxylation Acetyl CoA –> Malonyl CoA

Answer 4

Biotin dependent

Question 5

Monomers for FA synthesis

Answer 5

Thiol ACP

Thiol Cys

Question 6

How FA synthesizes

Answer 6

omega to alpha end

Question 7

FA Elongation

Answer 7

Condensation, KS
Reduction, KR
Dehydration, D
Reduction, ER

Question 8

FA final product

Answer 8

Palmitic Acid 16:0

Question 9

Regulation FA Synthesis

Answer 9

ATP : citrate lyase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase - allosteric, covalent, gene expression
Fatty acid synthase

Question 10

+ FA Synthesis

Answer 10

insulin, dephosphorylation

Question 11

• FA Synthesis

Answer 11

AMP, AMP Kinase, Glucagon, Ep

Question 12

Elongation FA

Answer 12

smooth ER, mitchondria
SER: malonyl CoA
acetyl CoA: mito

Question 13

Beta oxidation rate limiting step

Answer 13

carnitine palmitoyl transferase

Question 14

Desaturation

Answer 14

double bonds in ER

NADH, Cytochrome b5, desaturase

Question 15

omega FA antioxidants

Answer 15

20: 5 EPA
22: 6 DHA

Question 16

FA oxidation

Answer 16

beta oxidation - mitochondria

Question 17

Phase II beta oxidation

Answer 17

oxidation
hydration
oxidation
lysis

Question 18

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase

Answer 18

CPT 1- OMM, forward

CPT 2- IMM, reverse

Question 19

TAG

Answer 19

3 FA + glycerol

Question 20

TAG synthesis

Answer 20

GPAT –> AGPAT –> PAP –> DAG –> DGAT –> TAG

Question 21

TAG synthesis - small intestine

Answer 21

MAG –> MGAT –> DAG –> DGAT –> TAG

Question 22

Regulation TAG synthesis

Answer 22

AGPAT2

Question 23

TAG –> DAG

Answer 23

HSL: hormone sensitive lipase

Question 24

Oxidation 1 palmitic acid

Answer 24

129 ATP

oxidized in liver and muscle

Question 25

Beta oxidation energy yield

Answer 25

``` 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP 1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 acetyl CoA = 7 ATP - 2 ATP = 129 for palmitic acid ```

Question 26

FA B-oxidation regulation

Answer 26

malonyl --X--> CPT-1 | ACC - acetyl CoA carboxylase

Question 27

Odd chain FA

Answer 27

propionyl CoA - 3C

Question 28

Peroxisomal B-oxidation

Answer 28

VLCFA

Question 29

Peroxisomal a-oxidation

Answer 29

Phytanic acid

Question 30

Ketone bodies

Answer 30

23 ATP only made in liver mitochondria used in starvation

Question 31

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 31

Increase: HSL, TAG lysis, FA ox, acetyl CoA, NADH, PEPCK Decrease: malonyl CoA, TCA, OAA, citrate

Question 32

Lipid Function

Answer 32

energy storage membrane structure cell signaling insulation

Question 33

Lipid classification

Answer 33

storage lipid | membrane lipid

Question 34

Types of Lipid

Answer 34

FA, TAG, Phospholipid, steroid, glycolipid

Question 35

Phospholipid digestion

Answer 35

phospholipase A2 | micelle in ileum

Question 36

Cholesterol digestion

Answer 36

cholesterol esterase | free cholesterol in duodenum and jejunum

Question 37

TAG digestion

Answer 37

micelle + bile salt

Question 38

Micelle components

Answer 38

FA, cholesterol, MAG | Vitamin A, D, E, K

Question 39

Saturated FA

Answer 39

0 double bonds | solid at room temp

Question 40

LCFA

Answer 40

14 - 22 C

Question 41

Palmitic acid

Answer 41

16:0

Question 42

Stearic acid

Answer 42

18:0 | most abundant

Question 43

Monounsaturated FA

Answer 43

1 double bond

Question 44

Polyunsaturated FA

Answer 44

2 double bonds | arachidonic acid - eicosanoids

Question 45

Unsaturated FA

Answer 45

liquid at room temp | double bonds

Question 46

TAG Digestion

Answer 46

``` lingual lipase gastric lipase SCFA HCO3- bile salt and micelle ```

Question 47

Lingual Lipase

Answer 47

SCFA, MCFA

Question 48

Gastric Lipase

Answer 48

SCFA, MCFA

Question 49

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 49

phospholipase cholesterol esterase TAGs

Question 50

Pancreatic enzymes

Answer 50

CCK, Secretin

Question 51

Malabsorption FA

Answer 51

Orlistat, Olestra

Question 52

Lipoprotein

Answer 52

Lipid + apoprotein

Question 53

Apoprotein

Answer 53

cell-surface receptors | synthesized in liver and intestine

Question 54

Chylomicron

Answer 54

largest and least dense dietary lipid --> peripheral tissue 90% TG

Question 55

VLDL

Answer 55

hepatic lipids 60% TG high cholesterol, low TAG

Question 56

LDL

Answer 56

hepatic cholesterol

Question 57

HDL

Answer 57

reverse cholesterol and apoprotein carrier largest # apoproteins most dense

Question 58

ApoB 48

Answer 58

lipids loaded in SER

Question 59

ApoC II

Answer 59

activated lipoprotein lipase

Question 60

Apo E3

Answer 60

receptor recognition

Question 61

Blood cholesterol guidelines

Answer 61

< 200 mg LDL < 130 Total HDL 3.5:1

Question 62

Milky lymph

Answer 62

chylomicrons

Question 63

ApoB

Answer 63

Liver - ApoB 100 | Intestine - Apo B48

Question 64

LPL

Answer 64

hydrolyzes TG

Question 65

CETP - cholesterol ester transfer protein

Answer 65

VLDL modified in plasma

Question 66

Conversion VLDL

Answer 66

IDL --> LDL by HTGL

Question 67

LCAT

Answer 67

Lecthin cholesterol acyl transferase + ApoA1 --> HDL

Question 68

ApoCII and ApoE

Answer 68

chylomicrons and VLDL

Question 69

HDL2

Answer 69

HDL2 --> SRB-1 --> conversion HDL2-->HDL3

Question 70

SREBP2

Answer 70

Sterol regulatory element binding protein | integral ER membrane bound transcription factor

Question 71

ACAT

Answer 71

acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase

Question 72

atherosclerotic

Answer 72

plaque | scavenger receptors: SR-A

Question 73

LDL High Cholesterol

Answer 73

INSIG binds SREBP-SCAP | increases LDL in plasma

Question 74

LDL Low Cholesterol

Answer 74

SREBP --> golgi + SCAP binds SRE increases LDL receptors, cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA reductase