Exam IV Deck I

Question 0

Three types of tissues the ANS Innervates

Answer 0

Glands
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

Question 1

The ANS is composed of structures located where?

Answer 1

Central and peripheral

Question 2

What does the ANS regulate in general?

Answer 2

Involuntary functions associated with homeostasis

Question 3

The physiological actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are usually _________.

Answer 3

Opposed to eachother

Question 4

The sympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what types of behaviors?

Answer 4

Stress or crisis

Fight or flight and sex

Question 5

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what?

Answer 5

Non crisis processes such as digestion, growth, energy and immune responses

Question 6

Do all tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What controls the ANS?

Answer 7

Cells in the peri ventricular zone of the hypothalamus

Question 8

Divisions of ANS

Answer 8

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

Question 9

In the somatic nervous system alpha motor neurons have what type of effect on skeletal muscles?

Answer 9

Very rapid

Question 10

Actions of the ANS

Answer 10

Multiple
Diverse
Slow acting

Question 11

Functions of ANS are more or less complex than that of somatic motor system?

Answer 11

Much more

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurons I’m both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 12

ACh

Question 13

What type of neurons use ACh as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 13

Preganglionic of sympathetic AND parasympathetic

Question 14

Postganglionic neurons use different neurotransmitters depending upon what?

Answer 14

Whether they are part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic

Question 15

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _____, and the effects are _______, acting entirely through _______.

Answer 15

ACh
Mostly local
MAChRs

Question 16

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______, and the effects are _______.

Answer 16

NE norepinephrine

Widespread throughout the body

Question 17

Lower motor neurons are ______.

Answer 17

Autonomic

Question 18

In the ANS the cell bodies of Lower motor neurons lie where? Is this in contrast or in similarity to the somatic motor system?

Answer 18

Outside of CNS, in clusters called autonomic ganglia

In contrast

Question 19

Postganglionic neurons are driven and controlled by _________.

Answer 19

Preganglionic neurons

Question 20

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons lie where?

Answer 20

Within the spinal cord and brainstem

Question 21

The somatic motor system controls its peripheral targets via ________.

Answer 21

A monosynaptic pathway

Question 22

The ANS controls its peripheral targets via __________.

Answer 22

Disynaptic pathway

Question 23

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions operate _________.

Answer 23

In parallel

Question 24

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ?

Answer 24

They use distinct pathways and transmitters

Question 25

Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division emerge from where?

Answer 25

Middle third of the spinal cord

Question 26

Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division emerge from where?

Answer 26

Brain stem | And lower sacral segments of the spinal cord

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

Regulates autonomic, visceral, endocrine, and behavioral processes

Question 28

Hypothalamus regulates what?

Answer 28

Temp Hunger Thirst Emotion

Question 29

The hypothalamus is composed of several nuclei distributed into three functional areas or zones:

Answer 29

Lateral Medial Periventricular

Question 30

Hippocampal formation

Answer 30

Limbic system

Question 31

The hypothalamus receives afferent input from the _______ via the _________, from the amygdala via the ________, and from the septal area via the medial _______.

Answer 31

Limbic system Fornix Stria terminalis Medial forebrain bundle

Question 32

The hypothalamus also receives input from what?

Answer 32

Cerebral cortex | Brainstem

Question 33

Anti diuretic hormone

Answer 33

ADH

Question 34

ADH

Answer 34

Vasopressin

Question 35

What synthesizes ADH?

Answer 35

The paraventricular and supra optic nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 36

Where is oxytocin transported?

Answer 36

Posterior pituitary

Question 37

What transports oxytocin?

Answer 37

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 38

_______ acts on the kidneys to regulate _________.

Answer 38

ADH | water absorption

Question 39

______ acts on the uterus to stimulate contractions and on the _______ to stimulate milk release

Answer 39

Oxytocin | Mammary glands

Question 40

Communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is ______.

Answer 40

Hormonal

Question 41

Are there nerve fibers extending from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary?

Answer 41

No

Question 42

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from cells of the ________ are secreted into the ________ to act on different cell types in the _________.

Answer 42

Hypothalamus Portal vascular system Anterior pituitary

Question 43

Different cell types in the ________ release different hormones that are released into systemic circulation

Answer 43

Anterior pituitary

Question 44

GH

Answer 44

Growth hormone

Question 45

TSH

Answer 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 46

ACTH

Answer 46

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 47

FSH

Answer 47

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 48

LH

Answer 48

Luteinizing hormone

Question 49

Cortisol is produced by what?

Answer 49

Adrenal cortex

Question 50

What does cortisol do?

Answer 50

Mobilizes energy reserves and suppresses immune system; prepares body for stress

Question 51

Cortisol in the blood acts as a _______ to inhibit ______ release.

Answer 51

Negative feedback manner | CRH

Question 52

Cortisol is a _______ and _____ cross the blood brain barrier.

Answer 52

Steroid | Can readily

Question 53

What type of steroid is cortisol?

Answer 53

Lipophilic

Question 54

The cerebral cortex is composed of a ______ gray matter and a ________ white matter

Answer 54

Outer | Underlying

Question 55

Much of the cerebral cortex is hidden within ______

Answer 55

Various sulci

Question 56

Functional vertical units of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex

Answer 56

Cortical columns

Question 57

Cortical columns

Answer 57

Vertical units of the gray matter

Question 58

Most of the cerebral cortex contains ______ layers. How are these layers classified?

Answer 58

6 | According to the major cell type within that layer

Question 59

The cortex contains what type(s) of neurons?

Answer 59

Both excitatory and inhibitory

Question 60

Layer 1 of cerebral cortex

Answer 60

Axons and dendrites

Question 61

Layer II of cerebral cortex

Answer 61

Golgi cells

Question 62

Later III cerebral cortex

Answer 62

External pyramidal cells

Question 63

Layer IV cerebral cortex

Answer 63

Granule and Golgi cells

Question 64

Layer V cerebral cortex

Answer 64

Internal pyramidal cells

Question 65

Where does the cerebral cortex receive most of its afferent input?

Answer 65

Thalamus

Question 66

What other structures other than the thalamus provide afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 66

Brainstem | Basal forebrain

Question 67

________ also arise from other areas of the cerebral cortex itself and from the contra lateral cortex

Answer 67

Cortical afferents

Question 68

Contra lateral cerebral cortex

Answer 68

Corpus collosum

Question 69

Limbic system

Answer 69

Motivation and emotion | Learning and memory

Question 70

What structures do limbic structures communicate with? Directly or indirectly?

Answer 70

Hypothalamus, midbrain PAG | Directly or indirectly

Question 71

Afferent connections

Answer 71

``` Etorhinal cortex Septal area Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate gyrus Brainstem RF ```

Question 72

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 72

Perforant pathways which carry fibers concerning olfactory visual and auditory info

Question 73

Efferent connections arise from what?

Answer 73

Pyramidal cells within hippo and subicular cortex

Question 74

What type of connection contributes largely to the Fornix?

Answer 74

Efferent

Question 75

Precommissural Fornix

Answer 75

Supplies septal area

Question 76

Postcommissural Fornix

Answer 76

Supplies diencephalon

Question 77

Commisural component

Answer 77

Connects hippos

Question 78

Affective neuroscience

Answer 78

Concerned with emotion

Question 79

In studying emotions we must remember what?

Answer 79

To distinguish between emotional experiences and emotional expression

Question 80

What type of emotional system has not yet been identified?

Answer 80

Circuits comparable to that of visual system

Question 81

Location/function of amygdala

Answer 81

Temporal love | Fear/aggression

Question 82

3 nuclei that composes the amygdala

Answer 82

Basolateral Corticomedial Central

Question 83

Amygdala allows for what?

Answer 83

Integration of info from different sensory modalities

Question 84

Amygdala receives info concerning what?

Answer 84

All sensory systems

Question 85

Growth hormone-release hormone is synthesized by what?

Answer 85

Growth hormone

Question 86

What does growth hormone synthesize?

Answer 86

GH RH | GH IH

Question 87

Thyroid stimulating hormone synthesizes what?

Answer 87

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 88

Corticotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?

Answer 88

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 89

Gonadotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?

Answer 89

Follicle stimulating and Luteinizing hormone