Exam IV Deck II

Question 0

Consciousness

Answer 0

Our awareness and ability to communicate to others our thoughts and feelings

Question 1

The mind

Answer 1

A set of operations performed by the brain

Question 2

Biological processes may _______

Answer 2

Not produce the same sensation in everyone

Question 3

The neural circuits of consciousness are most likely distributed throughout what structures?

Answer 3

Cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Question 4

Brain regions closely associated with arousal and consciousness include what structures?

Answer 4

Thalamus

Reticular formation

Question 5

___________ must be extensive to cause loss of consciousness

Answer 5

Cortical lesions

Question 6

Lesions between what can cause a coma?

Answer 6

Brainstem and thalamus

Question 7

Localized lesions in ______or _____ can cause profound loss of consciousness or coma.

Answer 7

Thalamus

Reticular formation

Question 8

What is not known concerning the physiology of consciousness?

Answer 8

How the firing of specific neurons leads to conscious perception

Question 9

What happens with epilepsy concerning nerve cells?

Answer 9

Cells on one side of brain transmit the over activity to the other side via corpus collosum

Question 10

What reduces the frequency of epileptic seizures?

Answer 10

Cutting the corpus collosum

Question 11

Psychiatry

Answer 11

Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

Question 12

“Mentally ill”

Answer 12

Diagnosable disorder of thought mood or behavior that causes distress or impaired function

Question 13

Human behavior is the product of ________.

Answer 13

Brain activity

Question 14

Characterized by a loss of contact (or touch) with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, and movement

Answer 14

Schizophrenia

Question 15

Many patients of this illness appear to oscillate between normal and abnormal states

Answer 15

Schizophrenia

Question 16

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 16

Reflect presence of abnormal thoughts and behaviors

Question 17

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 17

Reflect the absence of responses that are normally present

Question 18

Categories of schizophrenia

Answer 18

Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic

Question 19

This disease runs in families, but in identical twins, only about half have it

Answer 19

Schizophrenia

Question 20

This illness is associated with physical changes in the brain

Answer 20

Schizophrenia

Question 21

Suggests that schizophrenia is caused by excessive activation of dopamine receptors in the mesocorticolimbic DA system

Answer 21

The dopamine hypothesis

Question 22

The glutamate hypothesis

Answer 22

Suggests that schizophrenia is caused by the reduced activation of NMDA receptors

Question 23

What do antipsychotic drugs do concerning schizophrenia?

Answer 23

Reduce hallucinations and delusions; block dopaminergic receptors

Question 24

Chronic use of this drug creates schizophrenic like symptoms

Answer 24

Amphetamine

Question 25

Chlorpromazine

Answer 25

Antipsychotic drug

Question 26

Regions of brain associated with schizophrenia

Answer 26

Prefrontal cortex | Limbic system

Question 27

A mood disorder characterized by difficulties sleeping, excessive guilt, depressed mood or appetite, and trouble with memory or concentration

Answer 27

Depression

Question 28

These disorders reflect disturbances in emotion that are often highly distressful and make it difficult for the patient to function normally

Answer 28

Depression

Question 29

Unipolar disorders

Answer 29

Depression | Dysthymia

Question 30

Bipolar disorders

Answer 30

Mania | Cyclothymia

Question 31

Medical term for mood or emotional state

Answer 31

Affect

Question 32

Affective mood disorders

Answer 32

Depression | Bipolar disorder

Question 33

What has been implicated in playing a role in depression?

Answer 33

Disruption of the HPA system

Question 34

Monoamine neurotransmitters

Answer 34

NE | 5HT

Question 35

Mood is related to the levels of released monoamine neurotransmitters and depression results from a deficit in one of these systems

Answer 35

The monoamine hypothesis

Question 36

Depletes CNS Catecholamines and serotonin by blocking their loading into synaptic vesicles

Answer 36

Reserpine

Question 37

Reserprine

Answer 37

Causes psychotic depression

Question 38

MAOIs

Answer 38

The enzyme that destroys Catecholamine and serotonin and caused a marked elevation in mood

Question 39

An antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of NE and 5HT, promoting their action in the synaptic cleft

Answer 39

Imipramine

Question 40

The inappropriate expression of fear that disrupts behavior and is maladaptive

Answer 40

Anxiety

Question 41

Anxiety disorders

Answer 41

Panic attacks OCD PTSD GAD

Question 42

Root of anxiety disorders

Answer 42

Can be genetic predisposition or stressful life events

Question 43

Panic attack

Answer 43

Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort lasting about 30 mins or less

Question 44

Repeated episodes of panic attack

Answer 44

Panic disorder

Question 45

Recurring obsessions or compulsions that are sufficiently severe to be time consuming or cause impairment and distress

Answer 45

OCD

Question 46

A group of symptoms that develop after an individual experiences an event that is potentially life threatening

Answer 46

PTSD

Question 47

Patient symptoms lasting more than _________ are classified as PTSD

Answer 47

A month

Question 48

A condition of worry or anxiety concerning several events lasting close to a month

Answer 48

GAD

Question 49

The stress response involves what parts? What is this response mediated by?

Answer 49

Hypothalamus Humoral response HPA axis

Question 50

Over expression of CRH in mice causes what?

Answer 50

Increased anxiety behaviors

Question 51

CRH neurons are located where? What parts are they regulated by?

Answer 51

Hypothalamus | Amygdala and hippocampus

Question 52

The amygdala activates the HPA axis via what structure?

Answer 52

The bed nucleus of the Stria terminalis

Question 53

What suppresses CRH release? Via what structure?

Answer 53

The hippocampus via glucocorticoid receptors

Question 54

What do glucocorticoid receptors do?

Answer 54

Respond to cortisol released from the adrenal cortex

Question 55

A feedback mechanism for when cortisol levels get too high

Answer 55

HPA system

Question 56

Sensory information enters the ___________, where it is processed and relayed onward to neurons in the _________.

Answer 56

Basolateral amygdala | Central nucleus

Question 57

Valium

Answer 57

Benzodiazepines

Question 58

Anxiolytics

Answer 58

Reduce anxiety

Question 59

How do anxiolytics work?

Answer 59

Bind to GABA receptors producing Increased inhibition

Question 60

Prozac

Answer 60

SSRI

Question 61

How to SSRIs work?

Answer 61

Bind to 5HT transporters prolonging their actions

Question 62

Also used for mood disorders

Answer 62

SSRIs