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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam IV Deck II > Flashcards

Exam IV Deck II Flashcards

0
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness and ability to communicate to others our thoughts and feelings

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1
Q

The mind

A

A set of operations performed by the brain

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2
Q

Biological processes may _______

A

Not produce the same sensation in everyone

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3
Q

The neural circuits of consciousness are most likely distributed throughout what structures?

A

Cerebral cortex

Thalamus

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4
Q

Brain regions closely associated with arousal and consciousness include what structures?

A

Thalamus

Reticular formation

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5
Q

___________ must be extensive to cause loss of consciousness

A

Cortical lesions

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6
Q

Lesions between what can cause a coma?

A

Brainstem and thalamus

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7
Q

Localized lesions in ______or _____ can cause profound loss of consciousness or coma.

A

Thalamus

Reticular formation

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8
Q

What is not known concerning the physiology of consciousness?

A

How the firing of specific neurons leads to conscious perception

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9
Q

What happens with epilepsy concerning nerve cells?

A

Cells on one side of brain transmit the over activity to the other side via corpus collosum

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10
Q

What reduces the frequency of epileptic seizures?

A

Cutting the corpus collosum

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11
Q

Psychiatry

A

Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

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12
Q

“Mentally ill”

A

Diagnosable disorder of thought mood or behavior that causes distress or impaired function

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13
Q

Human behavior is the product of ________.

A

Brain activity

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14
Q

Characterized by a loss of contact (or touch) with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, and movement

A

Schizophrenia

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15
Q

Many patients of this illness appear to oscillate between normal and abnormal states

A

Schizophrenia

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16
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Reflect presence of abnormal thoughts and behaviors

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17
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Reflect the absence of responses that are normally present

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18
Q

Categories of schizophrenia

A

Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic

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19
Q

This disease runs in families, but in identical twins, only about half have it

A

Schizophrenia

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20
Q

This illness is associated with physical changes in the brain

A

Schizophrenia

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21
Q

Suggests that schizophrenia is caused by excessive activation of dopamine receptors in the mesocorticolimbic DA system

A

The dopamine hypothesis

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22
Q

The glutamate hypothesis

A

Suggests that schizophrenia is caused by the reduced activation of NMDA receptors

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23
Q

What do antipsychotic drugs do concerning schizophrenia?

A

Reduce hallucinations and delusions; block dopaminergic receptors

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24
Q

Chronic use of this drug creates schizophrenic like symptoms

A

Amphetamine

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25
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Antipsychotic drug

26
Q

Regions of brain associated with schizophrenia

A

Prefrontal cortex

Limbic system

27
Q

A mood disorder characterized by difficulties sleeping, excessive guilt, depressed mood or appetite, and trouble with memory or concentration

A

Depression

28
Q

These disorders reflect disturbances in emotion that are often highly distressful and make it difficult for the patient to function normally

A

Depression

29
Q

Unipolar disorders

A

Depression

Dysthymia

30
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

Mania

Cyclothymia

31
Q

Medical term for mood or emotional state

A

Affect

32
Q

Affective mood disorders

A

Depression

Bipolar disorder

33
Q

What has been implicated in playing a role in depression?

A

Disruption of the HPA system

34
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

NE

5HT

35
Q

Mood is related to the levels of released monoamine neurotransmitters and depression results from a deficit in one of these systems

A

The monoamine hypothesis

36
Q

Depletes CNS Catecholamines and serotonin by blocking their loading into synaptic vesicles

A

Reserpine

37
Q

Reserprine

A

Causes psychotic depression

38
Q

MAOIs

A

The enzyme that destroys Catecholamine and serotonin and caused a marked elevation in mood

39
Q

An antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of NE and 5HT, promoting their action in the synaptic cleft

A

Imipramine

40
Q

The inappropriate expression of fear that disrupts behavior and is maladaptive

A

Anxiety

41
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Panic attacks
OCD
PTSD
GAD

42
Q

Root of anxiety disorders

A

Can be genetic predisposition or stressful life events

43
Q

Panic attack

A

Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort lasting about 30 mins or less

44
Q

Repeated episodes of panic attack

A

Panic disorder

45
Q

Recurring obsessions or compulsions that are sufficiently severe to be time consuming or cause impairment and distress

A

OCD

46
Q

A group of symptoms that develop after an individual experiences an event that is potentially life threatening

A

PTSD

47
Q

Patient symptoms lasting more than _________ are classified as PTSD

A

A month

48
Q

A condition of worry or anxiety concerning several events lasting close to a month

A

GAD

49
Q

The stress response involves what parts? What is this response mediated by?

A

Hypothalamus
Humoral response
HPA axis

50
Q

Over expression of CRH in mice causes what?

A

Increased anxiety behaviors

51
Q

CRH neurons are located where? What parts are they regulated by?

A

Hypothalamus

Amygdala and hippocampus

52
Q

The amygdala activates the HPA axis via what structure?

A

The bed nucleus of the Stria terminalis

53
Q

What suppresses CRH release? Via what structure?

A

The hippocampus via glucocorticoid receptors

54
Q

What do glucocorticoid receptors do?

A

Respond to cortisol released from the adrenal cortex

55
Q

A feedback mechanism for when cortisol levels get too high

A

HPA system

56
Q

Sensory information enters the ___________, where it is processed and relayed onward to neurons in the _________.

A

Basolateral amygdala

Central nucleus

57
Q

Valium

A

Benzodiazepines

58
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Reduce anxiety

59
Q

How do anxiolytics work?

A

Bind to GABA receptors producing Increased inhibition

60
Q

Prozac

A

SSRI

61
Q

How to SSRIs work?

A

Bind to 5HT transporters prolonging their actions

62
Q

Also used for mood disorders

A

SSRIs

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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