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NEP Exam Review > Exam IV Review > Flashcards

Exam IV Review Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the non-modifiable risks for CVD?

A
  • family
  • race
  • age
  • biological sex
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2
Q

what are the modifiable risks for CVD?

A
  • smoking
  • diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars
  • sedentary lifestyles
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • excessive alcohol
  • high BP
  • high blood lipid levels
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3
Q

what are the modifiable risks for type II diabetes?

A
  • being overweight/obese
  • low physical activity
  • lifestyle factors (poor sleep and dietary habits)
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4
Q

what are the non-modifiable risks for type II diabetes?

A
  • genetics (shown in twin studies: if one twin has type II diabetes, the other is more likely to develop or have it)
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5
Q

what lifestyle modifications can be made to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of type II diabetes?

A
  • start controlling your weight
  • increase physical activity levels
  • modify your diet

if lifestyle changes do not work, oral medications or insulin injections may be needed

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6
Q

what is the influence of the glycemic index of food?

A
  • carbohydrates have the biggest effect on blood glucose
  • glycemic index: blood glucose response to a food compared with a standard (ex. glucose or white bread)
  • glycemic index is also influenced by type of CHO (simple, complex, or fiber), the processing/temperature, ripeness, etc.
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7
Q

what foods/products can you injest to help with the prevention of CVD?

A
  • statins
  • fiber
  • plant sterols
  • niacin
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8
Q

what is the relative prevalence of both types of diabetes in the USA?

A

type I:
- only 5-10% of diabetics have type I diabetes
type II:
- 9 out of 10 people have type II diabetes
- by 2030, 5.5 million people will have diabetes

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9
Q

what organ creates and secretes insulin?

A

the pancreas

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10
Q

what are some situations in which hypoglycemia may occur, and what are the symptoms?

A

definition:
- when blood glucose is <70 mg/dL
types of hypoglycemia:
- fasting
- reactive
- insulin overmedicating (can cause death)
symptoms:
- headache
- hunger
- sweats
- feeling shaky
- confused
- dizzy
- grumpy

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11
Q

what are the important tissues of pregnancy and what are their functions?

A
  • uterus: stores the female eggs and is where they are fertilized. later, it provides nourishment to the developing fetus
  • placenta: provides oxygen and nutrients to a fetus, as well as removing waste products
  • umbilical cord: the physical and emotional attachment of the fetus to its mother. it provides nutrients and removes waste
  • amniotic sac: protects the fetus from harm and regulates its body temperature
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12
Q

what is the term used for the entire period of development from fertilization to birth?

A

gestation

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13
Q

what are the definitions of full term, premature, low birth weight, and small for gestational age?

A
  • full term: a baby born between 38-42 weeks
  • premature: a baby born <37 weeks
  • small for gestational age (SGA): a baby who’s birth weight is <10th percentile of gestational age. SGA babies are at risk for stillbirth, and hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease as adults
  • low birth weight (LBW): a baby born weighing <5 lbs, 5 oz. in the US, the average newborn weighs ~8 lbs.
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14
Q

what nutrients should be increased in intake during pregnancy?

A

the following nutrients’ intake should be increased by 50% during pregnancy:
- protein
- folate
- iodine
- zinc
- iron

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15
Q

what nutrients should remain the same during pregnancy?

A
  • calcium
  • vitamin d
  • choline
  • omega 3s
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16
Q

what is pica and what is it caused by?

A

pica is the urge to eat inedible things (such as dirt, ice, clay, paper, etc.). it is thought to be caused by anemia.

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17
Q

why is folic acid important in pregnancy?

A

folic acid (folate) helps with the development of new cells. all women (15-40 y/o) need 400 mg/day, but pregnant women need 600 mg/day. folate deficiencies lead to:
- birth defects
- fetal growth problems
- autism
- neural tube defects
in 1998, FDA required grain fortification (in bread, cereal, flour, and pasta)

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18
Q

what happens when a pregnant woman consumes too much vitamin a?

A

the baby can be born with serious birth defects, or has a high risk of being spontaneuously aborted

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19
Q

what are the recommendations for alcohol intake during pregnancy?

A

consuming alcohol during pregnancy can cuase fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). because of this, there is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. drinking can cause:
- limb damage
- kidney damage
- brain damage
- small head size

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20
Q

what factors influence birth weight?

A
  • duration of pregnancy
  • weight status of mom before conception
  • amount of weight gained by mom during pregnancy
  • whether the mom smoked during pregnancy
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21
Q

what are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mom and the baby?

A

mom:
- reduces the risk of breast/ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, and high blood pressure
- helps her recover from pregnancy quicker
- lowers chance of PPD
- free source of the nutrients a baby needs
baby:
- breastmilk is the complete, sole source of nutrition for a baby
- antibodies from the mom get passed to the baby, so it has a lesser chance of getting sick

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22
Q

in what cases is breastfeeding NOT recommended?

A

if the mother has:
- infectious disease (HIV/AIDS)
- chickenpox or herpes on the nipples
- is taking cancer treatment medications
- had nipple replacement surgery
- has a drug or alcohol addiction

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23
Q

what are the different types of breastmilk and what are the differences in their nutrient content?

A

colostrum (first 1-5 days post-birth):
- has a lot of proteins and antibodies

foremilk:
- higher in lactose, protein, and water

hindmilk:
- more fat

because of the different types of milk, babies should be fed for as long as possible

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24
Q

what are the nutrient needs of infants?

A
  • infants need ~40 kcal/lbs body weight per day
  • 40-50% needs to come from fat
  • DHA for brain growth
  • no more than 20% calories from protein
  • special needs for iron, vitamin d, zinc, and fluoride
  • vitamin k injections are given to newborns
  • need plenty of fluids (risk for dehydration),,, no juice or sweet beverages, only breastmilk or formula
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25
how can you help children develop healthy eating habits?
- eat regular family meals - have a variety of healthy snacks and foods - model good eating behavior by eating healthy foods around toddlers - involve them with cooking - avoid forcing them to eat something
26
what nutrients are children consuming to little/too much of?
children in the US tend to consume more sugar and sodium, and not enough calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, fiber, and vitamins d + e
27
what is a food jag, and is it normal?
a food jag is when a child will onyl eat a certain type of food (usually one type or one group of foods) every day for every meal. food jags are a normal part of childhood development.
28
what are common food allergies?
- milk - eggs - peanuts/tree nuts - wheat - soy - fish - shellfish
29
what age group experiences the most growth?
2-10 year olds experience gain of 5 lbs and 2-3 inches in height per year
30
what is a growth spurt?
a growth spurt is when a child begins growing in height relatively quickly
31
what are the effects of a growth spurt on the appetite of a child?
generally, before a growth spurt, a child's appetite and hunger will increase. this happens so their bodies can create fat stores that will help fuel their growth spurt
32
what are the differences in growth spurts between girls and boys?
girls' growth spurts begin when they are around 9-12 years old and end when they are 14-16 years old. boys' growth spurts begin when they are 12-14 years old and end when they are about 16 years old
33
in which stage of life are food preferences and physical activity patterns established?
food preferences and physical activity patterns are established during childhood (2-18 years old)
34
what are the physical/developmental signs that a baby is ready to start eating solid food?
a baby will be able to eat solid foods once their "tongue thrust" reflex has disappeared. so, when the baby stops pushing the food out of its mouth with its tongue, it is able to eat solid foods
35
what are the BMI cutoffs in children?
undernutrition: less that the 5th percentile healthy: 5th to less than 85th percentile overweight: 85th to less than 95th percentile obesity: 95th percentile or higher
36
what are the effects of childhood obesity?
obese children are a higher risk for: - high blood pressure - high cholesterol - type II diabetes - asthma - joint problems - gait (walking problems) - fatty liver disease - psychological problems - precocious sexual development - obesity as adults
37
what types of growth charts are used to monitor growth in girls and boys?
doctors can use the CDC growth charts as well as BMI charts to monitor growth
38
when does menarche occur in adolescent girls?
menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs in girls generally when they are 12-14 years old
39
what are some possible consequences of eating too much fast food?
eating too much fast food can increase your sodium, fat, and calories consumed, and fill you up with empty calories. this can lead to weight gain and potential obesity
40
how much weight does the average college freshman gain and why?
according to research, the college freshman gains about 3-4 pounds. its also been found that 75% of college students gain weight. this weight tends to be retained, and occurs because of a new style of eating (buffet), stress, low physical activity, bad sleep habits, and sometimes, alcohol
41
what are some long-term effects of college weight gain?
gaining weight in college is generally retained, and can put you at increase risk for heart problems, diabetes, and some forms of cancer
42
how can you prevent weight gain in college?
when eating at dining halls, you can fill your plate with fruits and veggies first, then adding on other things. try to eat in places with a wide variety of foods to choose from and incorporate more physical activity (such as going to the Rec or walking/biking to classes)
43
what are some possible reasons young adults don't get enough calcium in their diets?
most young adults don't drink milk regularly, so it cuts a large amount of calcium from their diets. furthermore, as people age, our body's calcium storage abilities lessen over time
44
what is an eating disorder, and what do they look like?
an eatin disorder is an unhealthy or abnormal relationship with food. they tend to rise in response to stressors or traumatic events, with 20% being women and 10% being men. there are three common types: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. causes include: - genetics/predispositions - psychological and personality issues - sociocultural norms - self esteem issues - past dieting behaviors - a cultural emphasis on being thin
45
where in the body is alcohol absorbed and metabolized?
alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, and metabolized in the liver into fat for energy
46
what is the average rate of alcohol metabolism?
the liver can metabolize 1 oz. of alcohol per hour
47
what factors affect whether or not a person becomes intoxicated?
- biological sex - body weight - how much you've drank - food intake before or during - use of drugs or medications - genetics
48
what is binge drinking?
binge drinking is the consumption of multiple alcoholic drinks in a short period of time. in men, 5 or more drinks can be considered binge drinking, while in women, it is 4 or more drinks
49
what is a "standard drink"?
a "standard drink" is an alcoholic beverage that contains roughly 14 grams of pure alcohol. this is found in: - 12 oz. regular beer - 5 oz. wine - 1.5 ounces distilled spirits
50
what is considered moderate alcohol intake?
women: greater than or equal to 1 standard drink/day men: greater than or equal to 2 standard drinks/day
51
what are the US dietary guidelines for alcohol consumption?
if alcohol is consumed, women can have up to one drink per day, and men can have up to 2 drinks per day only by adults of the legal drinking age
52
what are the theories of aging?
programmed theories: - programmed longevity - endocrine theory - immunological theory damage of error theories - free radicals - protein cross-linking - DNA damage - epigenetic change in DNA
53
what segment of the population is growing the fastest?
people aged 85+ are currently growing the fastest
54
what are the physiological changes of aging?
- changes in cells and tissues - increased risk of disease and death - many nutritional implications
55
what is lifespan?
the span of time between the birth and death of a person. there have been modest gains in lifespan over the last 20th century
56
what is life expectancy?
the overage number of years individuals in a specific population are expected to live. this number has increased dramatically over the 20th century
57
what factors influence lifespan?
disease - heart disease - cancer - diabetes smoking education race socioeconomic status
58
what are the dietary recommendations for older adults to delay the onset of age-related disease?
eat a diet that is: - sufficient, but not excessive in calories - low in saturated/trans fats - high in whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits, and veggies, - cooked/prepared safely
59
what is sarcopenia?
sarcopenia is the involuntary loss of skeletal muscles. it is age-related
60
why might an older adult lose their desire to eat?
- reduced olfaction/gustation - poor dental health - effects of medication on appetite/nutrient absorption - drug/nutrient interactions - age related GI changes - socioeconomic factors - psychological factors
61
what are some common nutrient-related problems of the elderly?
- reduced gastric production can lead to vitamin b12 and calcium deficiency - higher chance of dehydration due to reduced thirst sensation and increased fluid loss
62
what are the lifestyle choices of 7th-day adventists?
7th Day Adventists are a religious group that has been shown to live longer on average. key factors in their lifestyle include: - no smoking - plant based diets - being physically active - emphasis on consumption of nuts - maintaining a healthy BMI
63
what are the effects of staying active and eating well on older adults?
staying active and eating well can delay the onset of age-related diseases and makes the body healthier overall. physical activity can offset the effects of sarcopenia as well
64
what is a blue zone?
a blue zone is a geographical area of the world with increased longevity. areas include: - loma linda, ca - nicoya, costa rica - sardinia, italy - icaria, greece - okinawa, japan

NEP Exam Review (4 decks)

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