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Anatomy & Physiology II > Exam IV - Urinary, Electrolite Balances, And Reproductive > Flashcards

Exam IV - Urinary, Electrolite Balances, And Reproductive Flashcards

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0
Q

Kidney

A

We have two, retroperitoneal, highly vascular,

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1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Volume regulation, electrolyte balances, acid/base balances, elimination of wastes, and hormonal

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2
Q

Nephron

A

Functional urine here, filtration, reabsorption

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3
Q

Glomerular filtrate (filtration)

A

Same as plasma minus plasma proteins, proteins are filtered out so they are not lost through urine

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4
Q

GFR in males

A

125 ml/ minute

180 ml/ day

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5
Q

How many liters of urine do we produce in a day?

A

1-2

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6
Q

Peritubule capillaries

A

Also known as tubular reabsorption, Reabsorption of water, and other things

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7
Q

Tubular reabsorption of glucose

A

Reabsorbed by active transport, glucose not suppose to be in urine, transport maximum, renal plasma threshold

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8
Q

Transport maximum

A

The max at which glucose can be absorbed from the tubules

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9
Q

Renal plasma threshold

A

Plasma level at which something starts to appear into urine

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10
Q

How many mg / 100 ml of blood is considered diabetic?

A

140 mg

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11
Q

Glucosuria / glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

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12
Q

In the morning what’s the normal blood glucose level?

A

75mg/100 ml blood

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13
Q

After breakfast what is the blood glucose level?

A

125mg/100 ml blood

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14
Q

Tubular reabsorption of amino acids

A

Active transport (need carrier protein and energy and specificity), 15-16 carriers, one amino acid sometimes found in urine that’s okay, most commonly one found is cystine

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15
Q

Aminoaciduria

A

Amino acids in urine

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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption of uric acid

A

Forms crystals easily, which causes Gout

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17
Q

Gout

A

Sandy fluid between joints, usually in big toe

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18
Q

Tubular reabsorption of sodium ( Na+ )

A

Aldosterone causes you to save Na, 80% absorption in the kidneys, Cl follows sodium reabsorption, and h2o follows salt ( NaCl), salt being reabsorbed causes H+ and K+ to move into tubules and leave in urine.

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19
Q

Proteins and tubular reabsorption

A

Pinocytosis, from vesicles and suck it in, “drinking” ,

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20
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine

Caused by glomerus filtrate malfunction

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21
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomerus and kidney

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22
Q

Urea and tubular reabsorption

A

Nitrogen
Getting rid of by deaminating amine group
BUN - blood urea nitrogen

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23
Q

Tubular secretion

A

From peritubular capillaries to nephron tubules

Examples : H+ and K+

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24
Penicillin and tubular secretion
Foreign substance | If you have kidney disease amount of penicillin that you give ppl
25
Urine concentration
More concentrated or dilute urine depends on situation. When drinking a lot of water you want to produce a dilute urine. When in a desert you want to produce a concentrated urine to save water. Salt draws water
26
What defines the solute of a substance?
Either hyper- or hypo- tonic
27
If a cell is hypertonic to its environment which way will water move and why?
Water will move into the cell causing it to swell because water moves to higher concentrated areas. High water concentration to low water concentration.
28
Osmosis
The movement of water
29
Osmolarity
The expression of concentration
30
Counter current multiplier mechanism
This is how the kidneys either dilute or concentrate the urine. This involves a series of osmosis throughout the convoluted tubules, loop of Henle.
31
Loop of henle and the Counter current multiplier mechanism
Isotonic at the end of loop of Henle at 1,200 concentrated. Ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water so H2O isn't brought back in. The deeper in medulla the more concentrated. (Hypertonic to cortex)
32
Convoluted tubules, collecting tubule, and the Counter current multiplier mechanism
Distal convoluted tubules and collecting tumble have water pores.
33
Water pores open in collecting tubules?
To produce concentrated urine
34
Water pores closed in collecting tubules?
To produce dilute urine
35
ADH
Causes you to form a small and concentrated volume of H2O | Opens water pores
36
Juxta Medullary Nephrons
Important in concentrated urine production
37
Clearance
A measure of the ability of the kidney to remove a substance from the blood Elimination of waste from blood Clearing substance out of blood
38
Creatinine clearance
Creatine P system
39
GFR
Glomerular filtrate rate | Helps to tell how well kidneys are working
40
What do fluids include?
Intracellular (ICF) | Extracellular (ECF)
41
ICF
Intracellular fluids Inside cells = 25 Liters Electrolytes in fluids are K+
42
ECF
Extracellular fluids Inside body but outside cells = 15 Liters Electrolytes in fluid are Na+ Cl-
43
What is a common IV added to ECF?
``` Isotonic saline (salt water) 300 osmotic concentration which is normal ```
44
What goes in and what goes out during the Na / K pump?
K+ goes in | Na+ goes out
45
Water intake
2,500 ml a day need to be taken in 2,250 ingested 250 ml metabolic which is H2O produced by own metabolism
46
Water losses
2,500 ml a day is lost through urination, breathing, and sweating Sensible and insensible losses
47
Sensible water losses
You are aware of water loss. | Urination
48
Insensible water losses
Not aware of water losses. | Sweat
49
What is normal arteriole pH?
7. 4 | 7. 0-7.8
50
What are buffers used for? And how do they work?
They are used in defense to pH changes. They make strong acids weaker acids. Through dissociation. Strong acids = high dissociation Weak acids = low dissociation
51
What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of? 2 things in water?
NaHCO3 and NaOH
52
What three things are involved in the defense of changes in pH?
Buffers, respiratory system, and the kidneys
53
Respiratory system and pH change?
Bicarbonate equation | C02 + H20 ---- H2C03 ---- (H+) + HC03
54
Kidneys and pH change?
Slowest of all buffers | Normal pH is 6 (4.5 - 8.0)
55
What are the four primary Acid and Base disturbances?
Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis
56
Respiratory acidosis
``` Low pH and high H+ concentration Retention of CO2 causes this Usually someone with COPD Drives Bicarbonate equation to the right Hypoventilation Aspirin overdoes causes this too ```
57
Respiratory alkalosis
High pH and Low H+ concentration Excessive loss of CO2 causes this Drives Bicarbonate equation to the left Hyperventilation
58
Metabolic acidosis
Low pH and high H+ concentration Any cause other than Retention of CO2 causes this Diabetic patients
59
Metabolic alkalosis
High pH and Low H+ concentration Gaining too much base or losing too much acid Usually caused by eating too much base from trying to neutralize peptic ulcer
60
What three endocrine glands control the male reproductive hormones?
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Testes
61
Hypothalamus and male reproductive system
Controls anterior pituitary with GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
62
Anterior pituitary and the male reproductive system
FSH LH Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
63
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone Formation of sperm Formation of ovarian follicle
64
LH
Luteinizing Hormone Makes testes make testosterone Triggers ovulation in females
65
ICSH
Stimulates sperm production in the interstitial cells of Leydig
66
Testes
Leydig says to produce testosterone (Androgen) for sperm production
67
Two types of sperm cells
Spermatogonia | Sustentacular cell
68
Spermatogonia
Makes super through meiosis (cell division where diploid becomes haploid)
69
Spermatogenesis
Divide and give rise to sperm
70
Sustentacular cells
Nurse cells---Sertoli Where sperm is nursed and provide nutrients to sperm They produce testicular fluid, produce androgen binding protein (ABP), and provide immunological protection
71
ABP
Androgen binding protein | ABP binds to testosterone which allows testosterone to bind to spermatogonia
72
Female endocrine control
``` Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Ovaries Trophoblast / Placenta ```
73
Hypothalamus and female productive system
GnRH | Prolactin inhibitory
74
Anterior pituitary and female reproductive system
LH FSH Prolactin
75
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production
76
Posterior pituitary and female reproductive system
Oxytocin - positive feedback loop, produces uterine contractions, and milk letdown
77
Myoepithelial cells
Push milk forward
78
Ovaries
Produce estrogen (feminizing hormone) and progesterone (necessary for uterine lining)
79
Trophoblast / Placenta
Attaches to wall of uterus HCG is produced here by the egg and maintains the curious luteum which maintain estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain blood supply and nutrients to the egg
80
Decidua
Inner lining of uterine wall that is lost during menstruation
81
Hysterectomy
Uterus removed
82
Salpingectomy
Tubes tied or cut
83
Oophorectomy
Ovaries removed
84
Endometriosis
Uterine tissues outside of uterus (most commonly in uterine tubes)
85
What do the ovaries control?
The uterus
86
What is the first 10 days of the ovarian cycle called?
The follicular phase. GnRH is produced which FSH is produced then the new ovaries follicles begin to form
87
What is the 10-14 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulatory phase. LH is produced for this so ovulation will occur
88
What is the 14-28 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?
Luteal phase. Estrogen and progesterone is produced here.
89
Theoretically what happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation. | Ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of menstruation
90
What is the 0-5 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase. This is the clean up of the old lining
91
What is the 5-14 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Proliferating phase. This is where a new uterine lining is produced and estrogen and progesterone are coming from new follicles
92
What is the 14-28 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Secretory Phas. Estrogen and progesterone found here | Implantation occurs a week after ovulation
93
Menarche
First period | Usually ages 10-18
94
Menopause
Stopping of menstruation

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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