EXAM Notes Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
A neutral buoyancy means the fish would ________ while a positive buoyancy would mean the fish would ______
A
float , rise
2
Q
A negative buoyancy would mean the fish would ______
A
sink
3
Q
establishing and maintaining neutral buoyancy is _____ specific
A
species
4
Q
What are the four strategies to achieve buoyancy in fishes?
A
retention of low density compounds, generation of lift during forward movement , minimize high density substances (tissues) , use of gas bladder (swim bladders)
5
Q
The Bohr effect affects Hb-O2 affinity how?
A
decreases
6
Q
Hyper osmotic regulators are _______ fishes
A
freshwater
7
Q
Is-osmotic regulators and hyposmotic regulators are _______fishes
A
saltwater
8
Q
Hagfish are __________
A
osmoconformers
9
Q
How is absorptive surface area optimized ? (2)
A
pyloric cecae, spiral intestine
10
Q
Buoancy saves ______ energy
A
energy
11
Q
gas bladder increases _____ ______ levels
A
blood gas levels
12
Q
Explain how niche expansion is an advantage for ectothermic fish?
A
competetive advantage, being warm means better chemical reaction rates
13
Q
Hyposmotic regulators gain _____ and loose ______
A
ion gain and water loss
14
Q
hyperosmotic regulators gain ____ and loose _______
A
water gain, ion loss
15
Q
Is euryhaline salmonids and reciprocal regulation of ion transport common?
A
no, few fish use this
16
Q
A vast majority of fish are carnivores over herbivores, name two benefits of this diet
A
high quality and energy diet
17
Q
Pyloric cecae, spiral intestine provide what 3 benefits for digestion?
A
increase intestinal length, increase volume and increase time for digestion
18
Q
what are the two mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products? differentiate the two
A
Ammoniotelism (ammonia is toxic) and Ureotelism (urea is less toxic, but energetically expensive to make)
19
Q
what are 5 ways fish have evolved ways in which they can perceive their environment?
A
- Bioelectric field
- Vision, eyes
- Olfaction (smell) and taste
- acousticolateralis system
- ear and lateral line system
20
Q
what is archimedes principle?
A
an object completely or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
21
Q
weightlessness is the same as ______ buoyancy
A
neutral
22
Q
positive buoyancy
A
density of object less than density of water
23
Q
negative buoyancy
A
density of object is greater than density of water
24
Q
what are two low density compounds that help buoyancy ?
A
fats and oils
25
what are some strategies to improve buoyancy in agnatha ? (jaweless fishes, lampreys etc)
- retention of fat, fatty livers
- cartilagenous skeleton
* ** do not have swim bladder
26
what are some strategies to improve buoyancy in sharks?
large livers, stored lipids, squalene (compound in sharks, oil substance), heterocercal caudal fin and streamlining to help generate lift, cartilagenous skelton
**** lacks swim bladder
27
sharks have a close to ______ buoyancy
neutral
28
when limiting low density compounds for buoyancy there are some limitations, what are these?
- restricted activity
| - inhability to rapidly alter density and therefore depth in response to changing pressure, temperature and salinity
29
do fish swim with swim bladder?
no
30
where did swim bladder/gas bladder originate?
arose from ancestral lung in early jawed vertebrates
31
the Coelocanth has a special swimbladder because it is a deep water bottom fish, what is this specialty?
lung/swimbladder is filled with fat that provides buoyancy
32
what is the difference between the physostomous and physoclistous gas bladder?
physostomous (stoma = mouth, is located in soft ray finned teleosts, digestive tract is attaced to swim bladder)
Physoclistous ( spiny ray finned teleosts, closed gas bladder, digestive tract closed off from swim bladder, separate)
33
boyles law:
P1V1=P2V2
34
how does inflation of physostomos bladder occur?
gulping and swallowing air at water surface, air diverted through pneumatic duct by increasing pressure in buccal cavity
35
why is gulping air less effective in deep water?
high pressure, therefore you would need large amounts of gas in deep water to achieve neutral buoyancy
36
how does deflation of physostomous bladder by reflux occur?
relax puckreflex, relax pneumatic sphincter, contraction of smooth muscle and elastic recoil of gas bladder wall and contraction of body wall, gas released into pneumatic duct, esophagus and negative buoyancy occurs
37
pneumatic duct has tissue which ________ ______ vented from gas bladder
reabsorbs gas (O2)
38
how do spiny ray finned fishes with a physoclistous (closed) gas bladder undergoe volume control?
well vascularized, rete mirable (capillary bed, vascularized),
39
rete mirable is in both physoclistous and physostomous gas bladder fishes (T/F)
true
40
Physoclistous gas bladders are missing the pneumatic duct and have a gas gland for ____________ and oval patch for ______________
gas gland for seceretion of gas, and oval patch for reapsortion of gas
41
counter current multiplier _________ O2 uptake by maintaining relatively stable PO2 gradient.
maximizes
42
Afferent capilalries have lactate and H+ which does what?
lactate (salting out of CO2, N2, O2)
**H+(root off effect, bhor shift, combine with HCO3 to generate CO2)
43
efferent capillaries have a slow root on effect meaning
ten seconds to restore HbO affinity, delay ensures PO2 sufficiently high to maintain efferent to afferent capillary PO2 gradient
44
the counter current multiplier effect can achieve gas exchange partial pressure up to _____atm
300 atm
45
Diffusion of gases from venous ________ to arterial _________ capillaries ensures very high gas partial pressures at swim bladder
1. (efferent)
| 2. (afferent)
46
the longer the capillaries the more _______ unloaded
gas
47
multiplication is ______ to the length of retial capilalries
proportional
48
what are the 3 concepts in thermoregulation
1. properties of water vs air
2. high body surface area in contact with water
3. low metabolic rates (most fishes)
* high rates of connective heat loss in water
49
name and describe the 4 strategies of thermoregulation
1. Poikilothermy
( Body Temperature varies with environment)
2. Homeothermy
(maintenance of constant body temperature)
3. Ectothermy
(Body Temperature determined 1º by environment )
4. Endothermy
( Internal generation of Heat, Regional endothermy)
50
what strategy do majority of fishes use for thermoregulation?
poikilothermy, body temp varies with environment
51
what is behavioural thermoregulation and why is this beneficial?
select the optimal temperature range, conserves energy, greater metabolic efficiency, temperature selection often transient (quick)
52
there are high rates of connective heat loss in _______ with thermoregulation
water
53
which fish species use regional endothermy?
continuous swimmiing species including mackeral and tuna, swordfish, billfish, large body sizes, large cutaneous arteries, those with heat exchange organs
54
what is the advantage (s) of heterothermy in macheral, sharks etc?
temperature of swimming muscle is greater than water temp, niche expansion, greater power output, higher axtivity for oxidative enzymes, red muscle rich in myoglobin, thicker blood vessels in rete mirable minimizes O2 loss to venous capillaries
55
regional endothermy in swordfishes and billfishes occurs where? why is it important
they have constant cranial temperature, and a heater organ at base of brain, CNS activity, unaltered by changing temps, vision maintained at all depths
56
lamnid sharks and tunas have a ____ ______ heat exchanger only
cranial heat
57
what are the 5 types of water environments?
1. freshwater FW = 0.1 to 0.2 ppt
2. saltwater SW = 34-37 ppt
3. hypersaline water HSW = >40 ppt
4. Brackish water BW = 0.5 to 30 ppt
5. Inland Saline Lakes 6 up to 200 ppt
(e. g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea)
58
compare osmolarity with fresh and saltwater
fresh 0.5-10 mosM
| salt 1050 mosM
59
osmoregulation
maintenance of osmolarity within body's normal operating limits
60
Ionregulation
control of internal ion concentrations in body fluids
61
ions are ______ which makes osmoregulation and ionregulation closely linked
osmolytes
62
Osmoconformer
body fluid osmotic pressure changes with medium
63
Osmoregulator
regulate internal osmotic concentrations
64
Ion Regulation
Control body fluid solute concentrations
65
ison regulation is used by _________ and ________
osmoconformers and osmoregulators
66
Euryhaline
tolerant to wide range of external salts
67
stenohaline
narrow tolerance range to external salts
68
***Osmoregulator vs conformer
slide 7
69
Hyperosmoregulation
diffusion salt across body surface, salt and water in feces
70
what are the 4 strategies of ion osmoregulatio in freshwater fishes?
1. Do not drink
2. Highly imperable tegument, deep tight junctions make gill less ion permeable
3. produce copius dilute urine
4. Active ion uptake via gills, freshwater ionocytes and respiratory cells
71
Bilge pump is used by ______ and ______ fishes
lampreys and bony fishes
72
the bilge pump and glomular kidney has a high ______ filtration rate and _______ flow rate
glomular (GFR) and urinary flow rate (UFR)
73
how does the bilge pump work?
- High rate of Na+, Cl- reabsorption at Proximal (PT) & Distal Tubules (DT)
- Little water reabsorption at underdeveloped/absent intermediate segment (IS) and at collecting tubule (CT)
74
movement against chemical gradients is _________ transport
active
75
compare the bloods ionocytes to freshwater
freshwater (low Na+, Cl-, K+, Variable Ca2+)
| Blood (high Na+, Cl-, low K+, Ca2+)
76
what are the freshwater acid base equivalents providing linkage between acid base regulation and ion regulation
H+, HCO3-
77
Describe ion exchange with acid base regulation
Na+/H+ (Na+ uptake for H+ or acid excretion, direct or indirect coupling)
Cl-/HCO-3 (Cl- uptake for HCO3 or base excretion)
78
what is the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA)
provides H+ and HCO3 from CO2 hydration reaction
79
Marine fishes have a salt influx when ________
feeding
80
what are some challenges marine fish have during osmoregulation
entry of toxic divalents, Mg2+, SO42-, salt influx during feeding, osmotic water loss
81
Hagfish are osmocofnormers with a ________ kidney and have ion secretions in _______
mesonephric, slime
82
osmoocnforming ion regulators are slightly ____________but hypoionic to seawater
hyperosmotic
83
urea osmoregulation
High [Urea] 100 times greater than in mammals,
| Slight, inwardly directed osmotic gradient, TMAO retained as a counterbalancing solute
84
What are the retention site for retaining solutes
the gill and kidney
85
The kidney ______concentrate NaCl
cannot
86
__________blocks ures reuptake
phoretin
87
Rectal gland secretes ____ and ______
Na+ and cl-
88
NaCl secretion stimulated by _______
ANP (Atrial Natiuretic Peptide)
89
Gills have ionocytes but involved in acid base regulation and not _______ secretion
NaCl
90
the coelacanth retains _____ and _____
urea and TMAO
91
what are some strategies for Hypoosmoregulators , marine teleosts and lampreys?
Impermeable Tegument, Drink Salt Water therfore active absorption of ions & water across gut, Active Na+ & Cl- extrusion via Saltwater ionocytes (Chloride Cells) therefore shallow tight junctionsdeep apical crypt
, associated with accessory cells, Kidney's Role limited to excretion of toxic divalents (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42-)
92
explain how drinking saltwater works
1. Imbibed SW is desalinated in esophagus (and stomach). NaCl but not water transport.
2. Water entering the intestine is now iso-osmotic with blood.
3. Absorption of NaCl carries water with it.
4. Ca and Mg in imbibed SW is not absorbed but precipitated by secreted HCO3- as carbonates CaCO3 and MgCO3
93
Drinkign salt water adds to salt _____, excess salt is secreted by ______ _______
load, gill chloride
94
________ in fish poop is important in marine carbon cycle
carbonates
95
_______ excretes small amounts of concentrated urine in sea water fishes
kidney
96
what is the main role of the kidneys in sea water fishes?
excretion of toxic divalents
97
catadromous migration
migrate down rivers as adults to spawn in the sea and juveniles back to fresh water to grow
98
anadromous migration
» migrate up rivers as adults to spawn and juveniles downstream to the sea to grow.
99
what are some arguments for the origin of glomular kidney?
1. High Pressure Filtration Kidney needed for processing N-wastes
2. Filtration kidney not restricted to vertebrates, crustaceans have marine origin
3. Hagfish are osmoconformers, filtration kidney
* ** likely a marine origin for vertebrates
* ** Hyposmoregulation in SW likely secondarily evolved after invasion of FW
100
Why is there lower osmolarity and ion concentrations retained after re invasion of salt water in vertebrates?
- lower osmolarity and salinity of body fluids (gills for osmoregulation and ion balance, kidneys form concentrated urine, vey long loops of henule)
- Urea retention for osmoregulation (isomotic)
101
name salt secreting gland for elasmobranch's birds and reptiles and coral catfish
Elasmobranch - rectal gland
Birds and reptiles -nasal/lingual salt glands
Coral catfish - Dendritic organ
102
freshwater fishes are _________ regulators
hyperosmotic
103
eurohaline salmonids use ________ regulation of ion transport
reiprocal
104
Pharyngeal mill is used for?
grinding food in pharynx, mechanical not chemical digestion
105
Epibrachial organ is used with what?
cross flow vs dead end filtration, in cross flow fluid flows parallel to filter surface and particles become more concentrated as filtrate leaves through the filter pores
106
Gill rakers are used for?
food capture
107
Desribe the two herbivore feeding behaviours?
browsers - selective and eat only plant
Grazers - less selective and include sediments
108
detrivores
feed on decomposing organic plant matter
109
omnivores
animal and plant matter
110
All larval fish are _________
carnivores (feed on zooplankton)
111
what are the 4 carnivourous feeding habits?
1. suspension feeders ( suction and ram feeding)
2. Benthic Invertebrate feeders (graspers, pickers, sorters)
3. Piscivores (active pursuit, stalking, ambush)
4. Scavengers (Carrion)
112
after ingestion of food, gut is responsible for _______
digestion
113
what are the 4 steps in physiology of fish digestion?
1. digestion
2. Absorption
3. Diffusion
4. Phagocytosis/pinocytosis
5. Active transport
114
does fish gut have a large intestine?
no
115
What are acessory organs ?
liver and pancreas
116
the gut tube in fish consists of ?
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- Intestine
- rectum
117
vertebrate stomach
acid peptic digestion, secretion of HCL and pepsinogen by same cell, oxynticopeptic cells
118
what is role of oxynticopeptic cells in fishes?
```
start of digestion.
Aids digestion of protein.
Breaks down cell wall and exoskeleton.
Barrier to pathogen entry into lower gut.
Improves Ca2+ and PO43- uptake.
Not just a storage site.
```
119
what are two major groups of fish stomachs?
stomachless (gastric) and stomach (Agastric)
120
Stomachless fish include _____% of fish species
25
121
what is the general trend for agastric and gastric fish?
agastric fish tend to be detrivores or herbivores and gastric fishes tend to be carnivores
122
The intestine is the site of _______ and _______
digestion and absorption
123
increased surface area increases________ ______ `
Absorptive Capacity
124
What characteristics of the intestine increase surface area
microvilli, folding of mucosa
125
Intestinal length is ____ to body length
proportional
126
what are the alternative ways of increasing surface area without increasing length of intestine
1. pyloric cecae (blind ended sacs, some bony gastric fishes)
2. Spinal Intestine (Spiral fold, chndrichthyans, chondrosteins, lungfish)
127
lipid carbohydrate and protein catabolis yeild ______ and ______
water and CO2
128
protein or amino acid catabolism result in _________
ammonia production
129
ammonia is ______
toxic, neurotoxic
130
ammoniotelic
excrete directly
131
_________ ___________ function as ammonia transporters
rhesus glycoproteins
132
_______ is predominant site of ammonia secretion
gill (90% ammonia and 10% urea)
133
ammonia needs to be ________ and excreted as ______
detoxified and excreted as urea
134
ureotelic
energetically costly 5ATP per urea
135
how do larval fishes excrete waste?
ureogenic by ornthine urea cycle
136
acuity
Clarity of vision or sharpness
137
Sensitivity
detection threshold
138
what are the 3 main functions of the fish eye?
Capture the light
Focus the image on the retina
Transform the image into neural signals
139
A snellen shart is used for
measure of visual acutity
140
Spectral changes with depth include?
- absorption and scattering, Reflection
141
whatare the main componants of the fish eye?
```
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Retina
Choroid
Falciform process
Sclera
```
142
what is needed in order for an image to be formed on the retina?
light needs to be bended or refracted
143
The corner is _____ in fish and _______ refraction between the cornea and water
thinner, little
144
Differentiate the lens in elasmobranchs and bony fish/lamprey?
Bony fish - Spherical
| elasmobranchs - Slightly flattened
145
the chorid contains reflective _______ _________
guanine crystals
146
The retina has two layers what are these?
outer layer with pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors and an inner layer with nervous tissue and nuclei of photoreceptors
147
what are the photreceptors in the fish eye?
rods (respond to dim light, poor sharpness, sensitivity)
| Cones (acuity, colour vision in some fishes)
148
zebra fish have a third eye known as the ______ _______
pineal gland
149
what is the pineal gland used for?
ultrasensitive light sensor, cues circadian and or seasonal behaviour
150
visual reception can be useful for what 4 behaviours?
1. Communication
2. Predator avoidance
3. Feeding
4. Shoaling and schooling
151
when communicating with visual signals _______ is key
pigmentation
152
chromatophores are used for ?
pigmentation
153
what and where are chromatophores?(3)
in the dermis of the skin
1. Carotenoids (red and yellow)
2. Melanins (red, brown, black)
3. Purines (colourless, crystaline substances
154
w=colouration pattern plays a role in what 3 things?
1. intraspecific communication
2. predator avoidance (camouflage)
3. thermoregulation (protection from UV light, photon capture)
155
intraspecific communication and colouration can be important for ___________ success, _______ sucesss, and ________ ____________ for schooling
reproductive sucess, feeding sucess, lateral lines for schooling
156
what are some examples in which fish use colouration for predator avoidance?
1. Disruptive colouration as camoflage
2. Countershading to disrupt attacks from above
3. Eye spots to focus attacks on tail
157
for chemoreception ________ location and _______ centers are key
receptor location, processing centers are key
158
is the olfactors organ the same in all species?
no
159
the size of the olfactory organ is dependent on what?
how much the fish relies on olfaction
160
Integration of olfactory perception is done by _______ ________
olfactory nerve
161
gustatory chemoreception
taste
162
How does gustatory chemoreception work?
Perception of chemicals upon contact
Used to identify food and noxious substances
Receptors – taste buds and free nerve endings (external surfaces)
163
where are taste receptors located?
-mouth, gill, gill arches, exterior surfaesm skin, fins and barbels
164
whatare the 3 ways fish can use gustatory chemoreception?
1. Fish feeding primarily by taste and sight, enlarged vagal lobes (VLM), prominent optic and facial lobes (FLM)
2. Fish feeding primarily through the use of barbels, enlarged facial lobes(FLM), reduced vagal lobes (VLM)
3) Fish feeding primarily by sight , poorly developed vagal and facial lobes, enlarged optic lobes (OL)
165
give some examples as to why olfaction and taste are improtant
- food detection, predator avoidance, parental care, location of spawning streams for adults
166
pollutants and pesticides can _________ olfactory sensitivity
decrease
167
gradient cues
temperature, salinity and chemicals
168
Celestial clues
- orientation by the position of the sun
169
Orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields
the importance of oceanic currents
170
how does chemo reception help with migration?
1. Gradient cues - temperature, salinity and chemicals
2. Celestial clues - orientation by the position of the sun
3. Orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields the importance of oceanic currents
171
how does the lateral line system help with accousticolateralis system?
- Detection of water movements
Orientation to the direction of the disturbance
– prey detection, predator avoidance
172
water is denser than air which makes it an ______ conductor of sound waves
efficient
173
the vibration of molecules is picked up by the ____ _____
inner ear
174
how does the swim bladder assist in hearing?
the swim bladder is connected to the inner ear which amplifies perception of higher frequency sounds
175
Swim bladder directly connected to the inner ear via _________ ________ to improve hearing
Weberian apparatus
176
neuromasts
mechanoreceptors that direct water movements
177
crippled prey
Sharks, skates and rays – sensitivity to low frequency vibrations and irregularly pulsed sounds
178
Continuous movement of pectoral fins helps with maintaining _________
equilibirum
179
is shoaling the same as schooling
no
180
what are the advantages and disadvantages of shoaling?
- Increased hydrodynamic efficiency
- Efficiency of food finding (watch your neighbour)
- Reproductive success (lots of mates around)
- Reduced risk of predation
- Dilution and confusion effects
- disadvantage would be decreased water quality at center of shoal
181
what are magnetite crystals used for??
geomagnetic orientation in fish
182
behaviour is highly influenced by _______ _______
sensory perception
