Midterm 1 Flashcards
(307 cards)
1
Q
What is the importance of water on fish
diversity?
A
profoundly influenced distribution, structure and function and speciation
2
Q
what are the two major groups of modern fishes?
A
- Cyclostomata (jaweless fishes) ex. hagfish, lamprey
- Gnathostomata (jawed fishes)
ex. chrondrichthyes
3
Q
name a few functions of scales
A
protection, aid in swimming and calcium store
4
Q
Red muscle is used more for _______ swimming while white muscle is used more for _______ swimming
A
endurance, burst
5
Q
water has very ______ O2 solubility
A
low
6
Q
Gills are effective with O2 ______
A
extraction
7
Q
Hyperventilation would lead to an _________and________ within systemic arteries
A
increase in PO2 decrease in PCO2
8
Q
The Bohr effect describes the decrease in CO2 hemoglobin affinity in response to increased PO2? (T/F)
A
False
The bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen hemoglobin affinity from an increase in PCO2
OR
The haldane effect describes the decrease in CO2 Hb affinity in response to increased PO2
9
Q
Bohr effect
A
The bohr effect describes the decrease in oxygen hemoglobin affinity from an increase in PCO2
10
Q
haldane effect
A
The haldane effect describes the decrease in CO2 Hb affinity in response to increased PO2
11
Q
the convective transport of carbon dioxide involves conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate which occurs in _________ and is catalyzed by the enzyme _________. However the majority of the bicarbonate is transported to the lungs in the ____________
A
red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase, plasma
12
Q
monophyletic
A
common ancestor and all descendents
13
Q
paraphyletic
A
excluding some descending groups
14
Q
bony fishes
A
osteichthyes
15
Q
Cartiligenous fishes
A
chondrithyes
16
Q
Jawed fishes
A
Gnathistomota
17
Q
Jaweless fishes
A
Agnatha
18
Q
craniata
A
brainc case or skull
19
Q
what is the vertebrate hypothesis?
A
fossil record, studying adult animals, group with other fishes, most studies based on anatomy have supported the vertebrate hypothesis
20
Q
cyclostomata hypothesis
A
lamprey and hagfish form a clase
21
Q
*** Are hagfishes vertebrates?
A
yes supported by cyclostomata hypothesis, have vertebrate like development in juvenile but lost in adulthood
22
Q
the cyclostomata hypothesis is supported by what?
A
molecular phylogenetics, mitochondrial DNA and rRNA
23
Q
placoid scales are what shape?
A
tooth like
24
Q
name 3 characteristics of chondrithyes
A
- placoid scales
- cartilaginous
- endoskeleton
- no swim bladder or lungs
25
what are the two sister groups of chondrithyes?
rays, skates, chimeras
26
Name a few characteristics of Osteichyes
Bony skeleton, lung/swim bladder, operculum covers gills
27
Sarcopterygii and ray finned fishes are part of ___________
Osteichthyes
28
Spiracles
breathing holes on top of fish
| - on many ray finned fishes
29
______% of fish are freshwater
41
30
allopatric speciation
divergence due to geographic isolation
31
sympatric speciation
divergence without geographic isolation
32
water has a high density 800x greater than air which is good for generating _______
but causes a resistance to motion ______
thrust, drag
33
Euphotic
sunlight zone, to 200m, limit for most fish
34
Disphotic
twilight zone, to 1000m, few fish, specializations include barbels, electric , luminescence
35
Disphotic
twilight zone, to 1000m, few fish, specializations include barbels, electric , luminescence
36
Aphotic
dark zone, fewer known sizes, similar specializations with darkness
37
FSGD stands for
fish specific whole genome duplication
38
do fishes form a monophyletic group?
no they form a paraphyletic group
39
what are extant fishes?
Most numerous and diverse vertebrate group contains 3 main clades
40
synapomorphy
trait that is shared by two or more taxa and present in most recent common ancestor
41
hagfishes are a ______ group to vertebrates
sister
42
lamprey and hagfish belong to a _________ group, and they are _______ groups
monophyletic, sister groups
43
Gnathostomata are a ___________ with _____ nostrils
superclass, two
44
Gnathostomata have 3 groups which are:
1. placoderms (heavy armoured)
2. Chondrichthyes(cartilagenous)
3. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
45
what gave rise to terrestrial vertebrates?
Bony fishes, Osteichthyes
46
Chonddrichytes use ____ as an osmolyte and salt secreting gland
urea
47
do sharks have a swim bladder?
no
48
what is the difference between skates and rays?
most rays live bearing while skates are mostly egg bearing, rays have whip like tail with poisonous spine, skates have fleshy tail without spine
49
Osteichthyes have a _______ that covers gills
operculum
50
Sarcopterygii are part of ___________ and name 3 characteristics
Bony fishes, fleshy or lobed fins, common ancestor with tetrapods, notochord retained
51
Ray finned fishes are part of _________ name a few characteristics
bony fishes, fins have web of skin, two sub groups (chondrostei, Neopterygii)
52
relic
plant or animal is taxon that persists as a remenant of what was once a diverse and widespread
ex. gar pike
53
what are the two groups of Ray finned fishes
Teleostei (see tree), Holostei (relic)
54
most oceans are ______ and ______ light
unproductive and without light
55
_____% of species are in the open ocean with the most distribution being in the ______ zone
13%, bottom benthic
56
Human edges have the most distribution of fish near __________
nearshore and coastal
57
difference between density and viscosity?
density (measure of mass of substance per unit volume)
| Viscosity ( describes a liquids resistance to flow)
58
in case of water in a higher temperature there is ______ density and ______ viscosity
lower, lower
59
what are some adaptations for density and viscosity in water?
streamlining, high proportion to swimming muscles
60
how do fish detect sounds through water?
detection via inner ear, swim bladder, and lateral line system
61
sound in water is ___ times faster than air
5
62
buccal opercular pump
gills
63
whats the difference in oxygen content in air vs water
water 1-10m/L DO (dissolved oxygen)
| Air 210 ml/L DO
64
water is a _______ solvent
universal
65
what are 4 important properties of water?
1. oxygen is limiting
2. Electrolytes
3. Organic compounds and nutrients
4. Xenobiotics (metals, pesticides)
66
fishes have a ____ evolutionary history
long
67
what are the two major groups of modern fishes
Cyclostomata (jaweless)
| Gnathostomata (jawed
68
______ of _____ profoundly influenced distribution, structure and
properties of water
69
medial fins consist of ?
dorsal, caudal and anal
70
parcel fins consist of?
pectoral and pelvic
71
describe some characteristics of rover predators
Streamlined fusiform, narrow caudal peduncle, forked tail, constant movement, swordfish, tuna, shark
72
describe some characteristics of lie in wait predators:
flattened heads, long pointed snouts, large teeth filled mouth, narow and elongate (torpedo), pike, gar, barracuda, rapid exceration, not endurance
73
describe some characteristics of surface oriented fish:
small, upward pointing, flattened head, large eyes, fusiform deep to body
74
what is the function of surface oriented fish?
capture phytoplanton and small fishes at surface, and obtain O2 from water air interface, (auatic respiration)
75
name some characteristics of bottom fish
swim bladder reduced or absent, flattened,
76
what are the 5 subtypes of bottom fish?
bottom rovers, bottom clingers, bottom hiders, flatfishes, rattails
77
_______ provides protection, is used for calcium storage, drag reduction, and independently evolved in cartilagenous and bony fishes
scales
78
what are the 3 scale types?
Placoid (sharks)
Ganoid (gars)
Elasmoid (bony fishes)
79
tiny toothlike, sandpaper and improve hydrodynamic efficiency sclaes
placoid
80
heavy bone base, interlocking scales, ancestral condition in bony fishes
ganoid
81
derived in bony fishes,bony ridged, two sub types (cycloid, ctenoid scales)
elasmoid
82
Cycloid scales are _____ while stenoid scales are _______ like projections
round, comb
83
what is an example of biomimetics?
the speedo LZR racer fast swimsuit, replicate of sharks to reduce drag and speed
84
bony fishes scales are superoleophobis, what does this mean?
when submerged, allows for self cleaning surface resistance to fouling as water washes away the contaminating particles
85
is shark skin antifouling?
yes
86
what are the 6 categories which place fish into different body shapes?
1. body shape
2. scale type if present
3. shape and placement of fins
4. mouth shape and possition
5. gill openings
6. sense organs
87
even distribution of fins is good for
stability and maneuvering
88
dorsal and anal fins far back for ambush predators is good for generating ________
thrust
89
this bottom fish has grippers or suction cups and modified pelvic fins to grip the bottom in fast flowing streams
bottom clingers, ex. mudskipper
90
bottom hiders ______ clinging devices but are similar to _______
lack, clingers
91
Flounder are a flatfish, how do they feed?
mouth oriented to allow bottom feeding and eyes positioned dorsally
92
skates and rays have extremely large pectoral fins used as ______
wings
93
deep bodied fish have a laterally flattened ___________ shape
compressiform
94
what is the functional significance of fin placement for deep bodied fish?
maneuver in tight spaces, bottom foragers
95
eel like fish are _________
anguilliform
96
what is a good example of a body form not conforming to phylogeny?
eel like anguilliform
97
placoid scales (sharks) improve what?
hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing drag
98
a sturgeon has _____ scales
ganoid
99
ctenoid scales are __________ scales and improve what?
elasmoid scales and improve hydrodynamic efficiency
100
how is shark skin antifouling?
combination of features including low drag, riblets, flexion of scales and mucous layer
101
what reflects the design of a fish for living in an aquatic environment
gross anatomy
102
the body shape of a fish are related to lifestyle and ____ restricted to phylogeny
not
103
what are the 3 functions of fins, name the specific fin per function
1. propulsion (caudal)
2. stability (paired fins)
3. maneuverability (typically paired fins)
104
explain the convergent evolution of fins
caudal fin for prepulsion, paired medial fins to control picth roll and yaw
105
fin rays for structural support include
ceratotrichia (sharks stiff, unbranched cartilage)
| Lepidotrichia ( bony fish, flexible, segmented, unbranched)
106
These fins are a ancestral condition and assist in steering and breaking
Pelvic fins
107
these fins reduce rolling, and are for fast swimmers
dorsal and anal fins
108
rearmost fins, finlets with anal and dorsal fins reduce _____
drag
109
this fin is primarily for prepulsion
caudal fin
110
what are the 3 shapes of caudal fins
1. Homoceral
2. Heterocercal
3. Diphycercal
111
what are the two subtypes of homoceral caudal fins?
1. Lunate (stiff like caudal peduncle, deeply forked)
| 2. Isoceral (lack defined lobes)
112
lunate fines are very efficient for ______ , with a _____ aspect ratio for fish like tuna and marlin
thrust, high
113
isoceral fins have a _______ aspect ration that generates ________ for _____________ swimming
low, thrust, burst
114
Heterocercal fins are stiff in sharks which generates _________ while being _______ in sturgeon which _________ generate lift
lift, flexible, doesnt
115
lungfishes have ______ fins which merge to form one ______ fin
diphycercal, caudal
116
what is the adipose fin?
fleshy fin that lacks fin rays, not for fat storage, vestigial not functional but present.
117
what are fin spines?
| what are they for?
derived in many groups of fishes frequently in centre of body mass, defense mechanism by increasing effective size, larger than mouth of predator, often associated with posion glands, catfishes etc
118
the muscular system in fish is the ______ of body mass
majority
119
energy storage included lipids for _________, polysaccharides for __________, and proteins for __________ of life
endurance, burst swimming, end of life cycle
120
this muscle is used for aerobic endurance, slow speed of contraction, slow speed swimming
red muscle
121
red muscle has fatigue resistant fibres that does what?
slow atp consumption rate, has numerous mitochondria, O2 buffering and storage
122
ATP is supplied via what in red muscle?
oxidative phosphorylation
123
an abundant capillary supply in red muscle is for ?
O2 delivery
124
White muscle is good for
anaerobic Burst swimming
125
this muscle has a high glycogen content, high contraction velocity, thick fibre, short term activity and acceleration
white muscle
126
white muscle has a ____ buildup in which _______ is needed
lactate, recovery
127
For continuously highly active fish ex. marlin would have what type of muscle?
red muscle
128
Intermittent sustained high speed swimming fish, ex striped bass, would have what type of msucle?
large lateral bands of red muscle,
129
intermittent burst swimming, for rover predators such as dog fish, sharks etc would have what type of muscle?
mainly white muscle with thin red muscle bands
130
what is a drifter?
ex european eel, uses gulf stream to get home, transparent and leaf shaped
131
***what are the two componants for a propulsive wave of biomechanics of swimming?
generating thrust
| overcoming drag
132
what is a propulsive wave?
wave of contraction that travels down the body
133
during the generation of thrust amplitude ______ as wave moves from head to tail
increases
134
pressure drag vs vortex drag
pressure drag
(displacement of cross sectional area, form drag)
Vortex drag ( pull back by vortices)
135
what is fictional drag ?
water molecules stick to skin
136
what is an adaptation for overcomming drag ?
fusiform (almond) shaped body, tappered at both ends which decreases drag
137
muscles and scales ______ friction
decrease
138
what is drag ?
force exerted in opposite direction to movement
139
what are interstitial forces?
tendancy of masss to remain at rest or keep moving unless upon by force
140
define swimming?
continued forward motion between strokes due to inertia, interstitial forces (momentum) is greater than viscous forces (drag)
141
what is reynolds number?
predicts ratio of inertia vs viscous forces
142
reynolds number is _________ in fast swimmers
high
143
Re>1 means fish moves ______
forward
144
what is power?
proportional to rate of contraction, proportional to amplitude of undulations
145
what is anguliform swimming?
whole body flexion, eels, lamprey, assumed inneficient
146
what is sub carangiform swimming?
undulation of posterior 1/3 to 1/2 of body, rover predators, salmon and bass
147
what is carangiform swimming?
undulation of posterior 1/3 of body, amplitude increases anterior to tail, jacks, tuna and mackeral
148
what is thunniform swimming?
oscillation of tail, convergent evolution, fast cruising speed, low drag, decreased turbulance, billfish, marlins, lamnid sharks
149
what is ostraciform swimming?
boxfish, sculling with caudal fin, low velocity, slow,
150
what is MPf swimming?
fins alone swimming, many teleost, median and paired fins
151
labriform vs rajiform?
both fins alone swimming, labriform ( rowin or flapping ), rajiform (undulatory waves using enlarged pectoral fins )
152
skates and rays use what type of swimming?
rajiform
153
what is isometric scaling ?
linear dimensions of an object change in proportion to one another as it gets larger
154
what is allometric scaling?
systemic changes in body proportions with increasing body size
155
most groups of animals follow ________ scaling
allometric
156
how are metabolic costs of locomtion measured?
swim tunnels, respirometers
157
O2 consumptions ________ swimming speed
increases
158
increasing temperature _____ water viscosity
decreases
159
O2 solubility _______ with increasing temp
decreases
160
what are pitch roll and yaw?
pitch (up and down movements of head and tail)
roll (rotation about central axis)
yaw (side to side of head)
161
fast swimmers have pectoral fins that reduce drag how?
fold into slots
162
aspect ratio
height to SA, preformence indicator
163
the adipose fin was though to be vestigial but could possibly be ?
precaudal flow sensor, allowing maneuverability in turbulent waters
164
the vertebral column in fish is _________ but __________
incompressible but flexible
165
the central axis for muscle attatchment is what?
the vertebral column
166
the muscular system is vertically organized into ______ shaped _______
w shaped myomeres
167
oxidative phosphorylation takes place along the ?
inner mitochondrial membrane
168
which muscle requires recovery?
white muscle due to lactate buildup
169
_________ _________ reflects muscle fibre use and makeup
lifestyle
170
water is ________ meaning exert force _________
incompressible, exert force against
171
the lateral forces of swiming ________ out
cancel eachother out
172
mechanisms of swimming include rythmic undulations of all body parts accompanied by what?
sequential contraction of myomeres
173
power is ______ to rate of contraction and ________ to amplitude of undulations
proportional and proportional
174
BCF vs MPF
body and or caudal fin propulsion vs median and or paired fin propulsion
175
______% of fish use non BCF models
15
176
MPF models can be used along with BCF models for what?
manoevering and stabalization
177
_______ scaling rarely occurs in animals
isometric
178
drag ratio
speed proportional to the power
179
power is reliant on ______ -_______
muscle contraction
180
power increases in proportion to ______ _____________
body mass
181
surface area ______ as the power to drag ratio _______ in fishes
decreases, increases
182
larger fish should swim _____
faster
183
O2 consumption ____ with swimming speed
increases
184
SMR
standard metabolic rate, is the metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed ectotherm , at a particular temp
185
ucrit
critical swimming speed,
186
BMR
basic metabolic rate, amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in post absorptive state, meaning digestive system is inactive, requires 12 hours fasting in humans
187
the mass specific metabolic rate represents the costs per unit weight, this ________ with larger body sizes
decreases,
| more efficient at higher body sizes
188
how does rotary valve assembly work?
fish attracted to controlled stream flow, enter slowly pivoting rotary valves, fish exit through chamber, and continue to swim updamn or culvert, fish swim easily upward to bouyancy
189
vertical slot fishways are more for _____ swimming while denil fishways are more for _______ swimming
burst, prolongued
190
what do PIT tags do?
passive integrated transponder tags, track individual fish when they pass through an array
191
most fishes have _____gills
internal
192
internal gills are covered by ____________
| positioned with ____ slits and irrigated mainly via _______-_______ pump
operculum, gill slits, buccal-opercular pump
193
external gills are found on a few fish name one?
lungfish
194
whats better for repsiration water or air and why?
water is less efficient medium for repsiration due to its lower o2 solubility, lower O2 difusibility, greater density and viscosity
195
does increased temperature increase of decreased disolved oxygen?
lead to lower DO
196
O2 availibility ______ as metabolic demand increases
decreases
197
what are 4 consequences of water breathing?
greater ventilatory flow required to deliver O2 to gills
2. High ventilatory costs
3. Lower O2 consumption MO2 per unit weight in water
4. Low blood PCO2
198
O2 and CO2 diffuse from ______Pgas to ______ Pgas
high to low
199
the ______ is the most efficient gas organ in vertebrates
gill
200
how is non resspiratory blood supplied?
supplied to gills via Venolymphatic vessels and basal blood vessels
201
O2 is sensed by __________
chemoreceptors
202
why is countercurrent gas exchange usefull?
maximizes O2 uptake by maintaing relatively stable PO2 gradient
203
oxygen must flow from an area of _____ to _____
high to low
204
describe counter current gas exchange
Fish gills use a design called ‘countercurrent oxygen exchange’ to maximize the amount of oxygen that their blood can pick up. They achieve this by maximizing the amount of time their blood is exposed to water that has a higher oxygen level, even as the blood takes on more oxygen. Countercurrent oxygen exchange means the blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction as the water flowing over the gills. This flow pattern ensures that as the blood progresses through the gills and gains oxygen from the water, it encounters increasingly fresh water with a higher oxygen concentration that is able to continuously offload oxygen into the blood. The low-oxygen blood, which is just entering the gill, meets low-oxygen water. Since there is more oxygen in the water, the oxygen can flow from water to blood. Likewise, the high-oxygen blood, which has nearly passed the entire length of the gill, meets fresh, high-oxygen water, and oxygen continues to flow from water to blood
205
is there a cost to a higher surface area oxygen uptake wise?
yes there is a osmoregulatory compromise
206
what is gill remodelling in crucian carp?
lamellae becomes protruding in hypoxic conditions , where lamellar SA increases, in normoxia lacks protruding lamellae
207
ILCM
interlamellar cell mass
208
larval lampreys use what type of ventilation?
velar pump
209
larval lampreys are ________ breather
unidirectional
210
Vellar pump is a ________ -_______ recoil of brachial chamber
compression recoil
211
post metamorphic lampreys use what ventilation?
tidal ventilation
212
describe tidal ventilation
Contraction of branchial musculature forces water across the gills and out the external branchiopore, followed by elastic recoil which expands branchial pouch to draw in water.
213
is tidal ventilation always used by post metamorphic lampreys?
no only used when feeding, because not very efficient
214
what fish uses uniderectional ventilation using vellar pump?
hagfish
215
do hagfish tidally ventillate when feeding?
no they undure apnea
216
elasmobranchs use what ventilation mechanism?
buccal parabranchial pump
217
descirbe the buccal parabranchial pump
dual pump mechanism, creates alternerate negative sucction and positive pressure to draw water and then force across gills.
218
the pressure is always __________ in the parabranchial cavity vs the buccal cavity despite _________ pressures in both
lower, oscillating
* increase volume of parabranchial cavity
219
describe inhalation vs exhalation in buccal parabranchial pump
inhalation ( floor of buccal cavity drops, flap valves closed, decreased pressure in buccal cavity, draws water in)
Exhalation ( spiracle closed, floor of buccal cavity rises, increased pressure in buccal cavity and pharnyx forces water across gills into parabranchial chamber and forces open flap valves)
220
RAM ventilation is initiated by
rapid swimming, critical velocity, mouth opens and water is forced through buccal cavity across gills
221
RAM ventilation is generally initiated at ?
1-2 body lengths per second
222
aquatic cutaneous ventilation occurs 96% of the time in ________ fish
larval
223
in adult fish is skin a usual organ of gas exchange?
no as it is poorly vascularized
224
what are faculative air breathers
some fish retain the ability to breath in water
225
obligate air breathers are
must breath through air, will drown if denied acess
226
why would fish air breath?
1. take advantage of O2 at water air interface
2. desication of habitat
3. receding waters
4. overland migrations
227
what are some solutions to the challenges air breathers face?
1. thicker widely spaced lamellae
2. retain gills in moist microenvironmnet
3. limit migrations to moist periods
4. use other mechanis of airiel respiration
228
accessory air breathing organs are?
cutaneous respiration, skin, buccal cavity, swallow air, swim bladders, lungs etc
229
gills are generally _______ in air breathers
reduced
230
what are some mechanisms for air breathing?
1. cutaneous respiration
2. mouth( well vascularized buccal cavity, reduced gills which have ability to shed CO2)
3. Gut (swallow air, O2 delivered in specialized gut regions, CO2 excreted at gills)
4. lungs or swim bladders
231
lungfish are ________ air breathers
obligate
232
gars are _______ air breathers
faculative
233
what are 6 factors affecting O2 consumption rate?
1. life stage, eggs have low Mo2, juveniles have greater than adults
2. Body size (allometric scaling)
3. feeding (specific dynamic action)
4. activity level (MO2 is proportional to red muscle activity)
5. Temperature (greater BMR at higher temp)
6. Lowered dissolved oxygen (ventilation icnreased to sustain MO2, MO2 reduced below critical PO2)
234
water has very _____ O2 solubility
low
235
external gills on fish like the african lungfish can cause ___________ why?
vulnerability, colourful or looks like food for other fish, exposed
236
respiartion is depependent on ________ _______ gradients
partial pressure
237
Hypoxia is _____ O2 while anoxia is ____ O2`
low O2, No O2
238
normoxia
a state in which the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired gas is equal to that of air at sea level
239
why are gills the most efficient gas exchange organ in vertebrates?
according to ficks law, with a large surface area and short diffusion distance the rate rate of difusion can be maximized
240
_______% of oxygen is extracted from water`
80
241
slow species would have ______ laminae while active species would have _______ laminae
thicker, thinner
242
there is a greater surface area of gill laminae in ________ species compared to ________ species
greater in active than slow
243
crucian carp can do what with their gills?
remodel then to increase lamenar surface area when introduced to hypoxia for 7 days which is low O2 in the water,
244
describe the buccal opercular pump
suction pump and pressure pump, work synchrinously expansion and contraction and as even water flow as possible, buccal cavity has negative pressure as mouth opens and sucks water in
245
what breathing mechanism is specific to lamprey?
velar pump, compression recoil of cartilagenous scaffold
246
lamprey breath _______ when feeding
tidally
247
hagfish have water inflow through their ________
nostril
248
hagfish endure apnea and ________ when feeding
hold their breath
249
why do some larval fish use cutaneous respiration?
SA ratio okay very small gills not well developed
250
what are some functions of the cirulatory system?
- oxygen delivery
- nutrient uptake and delivery
- waste removal
- osmotic and ion balance
- communication, hormones
- thermoregulation
- damage repair
- immunity
251
the circulatory system of fish is a _____ circuit
single
252
the circulatory system composes of what 3 componants ?
1. blood
2. blood vessels
3. the heart (pump)
253
leukocytes
white blood cells, nucleated, associated with immunity
254
leukocytes are responsible for
removal of damaged cells and debris
255
erythrocytes (RBCs) usually have ______ and are larger in _________
haemoglobin, larger in elasmobranchs
256
RBC size ________ with activity level, why?
decreases, lower diffusion distance and greater exchange SA
257
haematocrit (Hct)
Packed RBC volume, reflects O2 demand, percentage of RBC
258
blood cell production arises from?
hemocytoblast precursors as immature RBCs or WBCs
259
does blood cellcproduction happnen in bone marow?
no bone marrow
260
MCHC depends on
mean hematocrit concentration, life stage, environment, activity level, gender, season
261
Haemoglobin does reversible _______ binding
oxygen
262
the cooperative O2 binding in haemoglobin increases ______ for bidning of O2 to other subunits
affinity
263
_________ increases blood O2 carrying caacity
Haemoglobin
264
less than _____% of O2 is disolved in the plasma
5
265
Plasma O2 carriage _______ at cold temperatures
increases
266
the croccodile ice fish doesnt have haemoglobin what adaptations does this fish have?
low metabolic rate, sluggish lifestyle, very large heart
267
lampreys and hagfish have _____ haemoglobin
monomeric (when oxygenated)
268
bony fishes have _______ haemoglobin
tetrameric ( 4 subunits )
269
P50
the point at which 50% saturation is attained
270
P50 is ______ proportional to HbO2 affinity
inversely
271
a low p50 is important during ________ or warm water
hypoxia
272
a higher P50 promotes _____ unloading at _______
O2 unloading at tissue
273
Tense state (deoxy state) has a _____ affinity for O2
low
274
Relaxed state (oxy state) has a _____ affinity for O2
high
275
The bohr effect means _______ HbO2 affinity
decreased
276
with the Bohr effect there is _______ PCO2 and _______ pH
increased, decreased
277
the bohr affect is important for?
O2 unloading at tissue
278
blood with high hb-O2 affinity often show a lack of __________
cooperativity
279
what is the root affect?
exaggerated bohr effect, decreased HbO2 carrying capacity
280
H+ production leads to _______ of O2
Jettisoning
281
Organic phosphates affect HbO2 affinity how?
conformational change in Hb
282
what will happen to HbO2 affinity if ATP and GTP are present compared to depleted?
present lower HbO2 affinity therefore improved O2 uloading
if depleted improved O2 loading by RBC
283
the greater the temperature the ______ HbO2 affinity
lower
284
Haldane effect
reverse bhor effect
| - HbCO2 affinity lowered when Hb is oxygenated, CO2 can be carried by Hb
285
when is the Haldane effect greatest?
fish living in stagnant water, carp
286
what is the cortex?
dense compact myocardium, coronary artery
287
the cortex is well developed in ______ fishes and __________
active fishes and elasmobranchs
288
the cortex is less associated with _____ fish
sluggish
289
the spongy mycocardium is the universal _____ layer
inner
290
what part of the heart depends upon O2 reserves and nutrients in venous blood
spongy myocardium
291
fish hearts are _____
myogenic
292
pacemakeer cells are in the ______ region
sinoatrial
293
do fish hearts have conducting fibres?
no
294
cardiac preformance relys on what equation?
cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume
295
chrontropic effects
altered heart rate in beats per min
296
intropic effects
altered stroke volume
297
whats an intrope?
agent that alters the force or energy of msucular contractions
298
describe the heart in burst swimming compared to endurance swimming
burst (lower cardiac output, lower stroke volume and lower arterial pressure, but opposite for recovery)
endurance (increased cardiac output, greater stroke volume, greater
299
Cardiac output ______ with temperature
increases
300
during hypoxia what happens to cardiac output?
its maintained
301
what is the frank starling mechanism?
stroke volume is greater with ventricular filling
302
the frank starling mechanism is influenced by ?
diastolic volume and cardiac filling pressure
303
what is contractility?
the change in development force at a given resting muscle fibre length
304
what are the factors that influence cardiac filling?
1. Vis atergo (push0
| 2. Vis a fronte (pull)
305
the PNS is used for __________ while the SNS is used for ___________
rest and digest
fight or flight
306
what are the sites for release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
EP (chromaffin tissue outside heart, heart in cyclostomes (lungfish))
NEP (adrenergic nerves )
307
fish hearts have _____ chambers
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