Exam one - from the review Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The goal is to improve the human condition.
2
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
The father of psychology.
3
Q
Edward Titchener
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Another founding father of psych. Known for structuralism, and for bringing psych to the U.S.
4
Q
William James
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Functionalism.
5
Q
Margaret Washburn
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First woman to get a PhD in psych.
6
Q
Francis Cecil Sumner
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First African American to get a PhD in psych.
7
Q
Sigmund Freud
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Psychodynamics.
8
Q
B.F. Skinner and Watson
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Developed behaviorism.
9
Q
Pavlov
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Also developed behaviorism. Did the bells when it was time to feed the dogs to train them to salivate. Classical conditioning.
10
Q
Structuralism(introspection)
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The mind and thoughts. Looking at the structure of the brain.
11
Q
Functionalism
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Mind processes and how they function.
12
Q
Gestalt Psychology
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Big picture psychology. (WWII Jewish refugees)
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Q
Psychodynamic
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Young childhood experiences influenced how people would act later in life.
14
Q
Behaviorism
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conditioning people through rewards/consequences.
15
Q
Humanism
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The human experience,
16
Q
Cognitive Psychology
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Our thoughts are what influence our behavior
17
Q
Sociocultural psychology
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How society and our culture influence our psychology
18
Q
Evolutionary psychology
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What biological changes are going to influence behavior.
19
Q
Biopsychosocial
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The interconnection between biological, psychological and socio-environmental factors and how they effect your health
20
Q
Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis
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Null is whatever the outcome is, nothing will happen. Alternative is something will happen. (Anxiety doesn’t have an effect on test scores vs. anxiety does have an effect on test scores)
21
Q
Empirical/empiricism
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Basing results off of evidence.
22
Q
Falsifiability
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When we research something, there has to be another side to it, and it has to be falsified. It has to be something that can be proven to be untrue. (You can’t research whether or not the water bottle’s color is purple or not. It just is purple)
23
Q
Inductive vs. deductive reasoning
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Inductive reasoning is a positive thing. If something happens, another thing will happen. Deductive is if something happens, another thing will NOT happen.
24
Q
P-value & significance testing
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P value is a significant test. It’s testing whether or not your results are random chance, or are valid results. You can’t a p-value of less than 5%.
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Objective vs. subjective
Objective is unbiased facts. Subjective is biased, and opinionated.
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Type i error vs. type ii error.
A type one error is a false positive. SHOULD be negative. (Told a man that he's pregnant). A type two error is a false negative SHOULD be positive (told a pregnant woman she is not pregnant).
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Correlation coefficient r
Measures the direction and the magnitude of the relationship between two things. As one goes up, the other goes up. The closer the number is two one, the stronger the relationship will be.
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Longitudinal design
When you study one group of people over a long period of time.
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Cross sectional
A snapshot study. Multiple groups of people at one point in time.
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Experimenter effect
When the experimenter phrases things or acts in a certain way that makes the participant act in favor to the hypothesis.
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The 5 guidelines in the code of ethics
Informed consent (tell people what's going on), confidentiality (you NEVER leak names), privacy (nothing about your study is going to threaten the person's privacy), benefits outweigh risk (the study has to be getting you good information), deception studies/debriefing (you have to debrief the people after).
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"real-world" vs. laboratory research
Real world is like an observational study (great external validity). Laboratory is running an experiment where you control the variables (great internal validity)
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Internal vs. external validity
Internal validity means that inside the study, all of the questions are measuring what they say you're going to study. Eternal validity is how well your study is going to apply to the real world.
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cohort effect
When a certain group of people are all going to act the same way/or all act different from another group of people.
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Random assignment vs. random sampling
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Attrition
When people drop out of your study.
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Independent vs. dependent variable
Independent=the thing that you manipulate/change. Dependent=what you're measuring.
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correlation
If one goes up, another goes up (positive) if one goes down the other goes down (negative)
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Exact replication
Taking the study and doing it again exactly.
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Conceptual replication
Taking the same study, keep it how it is, but change one aspect about it. Makes for more specific findings.
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Open science replication rate
Only 36% of studies are replicated.
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Potential solutions to the replication crisis
Publish findings that were not significant too.
Publish replication attempts no matter what.
Open data/access journals.
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Monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins
Identical and fraternal twins.
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Nature vs. Nurture
The question of how much genetics and how much our environment shapes who we are.
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Behavioral genetics
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Adoption studies
Help us see how much nature impacts development, and how much nurture impacts. (This is because identical twins have the exact same dna) Think parent trap.
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Heritability coefficient
R: a number from -1 to +1. It measures the genetic influence on traits.
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Pitfalls of heritability coefficients
Sometimes genes can be changed based on environmental factors. Twin studies are very rare, which makes it hard for reliability.
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Hindbrain
Medulla, pons, reticular formation, and the cerebellum.
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Medulla
All the things that keep you alive. Basic human functions.
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Pons
Sleep/awake, left/right body coordination, arousal.
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Frontal lobe
Executive function. Decision making, logic, reasoning, higher mental processes, planning.
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Parietal Lobe
Primary somatosensory Cortex. (touch, temperature, body position) / touch & attention
Takes in sensory info, and carries out stuff as well.
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Temporal lobe
Related to the 5 senses. Auditory processing, language, hearing, speech
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Occipital lobe
Vision.
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Reticular formation
Attention, arousal and alertness
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Cerebellum
Fine movements and balance.
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The Limbic system
Emotional wreck man. Behavioral and emotional responses. Helps to facilitate memory storage, and link the conscious to the unconscious as well. Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
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Thalamus
Receive sensory information, and then direct it to different parts of the brain/body to be processed. Sensory center. Hearing, sight, touch, and taste. These things go straight to the thalamus, and then the thalamus sends it elsewhere.
60
Hypothalamus
Hormones. If you're hungry/thirsty. Different drives/motivations to do things.
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Hippocampus
Memories.
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Amygdala
Anxiety and fear.
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Cingulate Cortex
Emotional and cognitive processing, selective attention
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The Cortex
Occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe.
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fMRI & MRI
Magnetic resonance. functional magnetic resonance imaging. Asked to typically preform a task while you're inside, so they can track the blood flow through the brain. Great with spatial resolution (where things are in the brain)
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PET
They inject radioactive material into your blood flow and then they track where they goes through your brain. Great with spatial resolution (where things are in the brain)
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CT
Computer topography. Like a really advanced x-ray. Great with spatial resolution (where things are in the brain)
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EEG
Electron Encephalogram. Tracks the various electrical impulses from the neurons in your brain. This is the one imaging technique that's good with temporal resolution. It's like real-time updates as things are happening.
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Central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord.
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Peripheral nervous system
Everything that branches out from the central nervous system. (the body’s link to the outside world)
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Somatic
The intentional movements you make. Walking, dressing yourself, drinking water, ect.
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Autonomic
Different functions that happen without your awareness.
Sympathetic/parasympathetic are subbranches of your nervous system because they engage automatically.
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Sympathetic
STRESS. fight-or-flight. Doesn’t do a good job of distinguishing what’s an immediate threat, and what’s not. When our bodies are engaged in chronic stresses, bad things happen because you’re in a constant state of “go, go, go”
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Parasympathetic
Rest and digest. It calms down adrenaline, cortisol, and gets your digestion going. When the sympathetic nervous system is engaged, the parasympathetic is paused. This is what helps you rest and recover. Finding ways to cope with stress is key because your physical health decreases the longer you’re disengaged from parasympathetic.
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Action potential vs. resting potential
Resting potential is when nothing is happening. The resting potential of a neuron is -70 mv. Action potential is when a neuron has received a signal and then sends that signal down to communicate with other neurons.
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Excitatory potential vs. Inhibitory potential
(EpSp and Ipsp) Excitatory potential push the neuron towards action potential. Inhibitory potential push the neuron farther from action potential.
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Neurotransmitter
A chemical substance that is released from neurons to communicate with other neurons (think dopamine, ect)
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The soma is...
another term for cell body!
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General adaption syndrome (GAS)
Three stages of stress: Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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Eustress
The helpful type of stress! Comes from positive events.
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Distress
Bad type of stress. Comes from negative events. If the stress comes from a negative event, it's always distress.
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What are the health consequences of chronic stress?
Weakened immune system
Increased risk of heart disease
Diabetes, cancer, obesity
Central adiposity (fat in the mid section)
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HPA Axis
The hypothalamus. It's the physiological response to stress! Hypothalamus perceives a stress, sends it to the pituitary gland, which then sends it to the adrenals which then release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Cortisol
The primary stress hormone. It's released every single day. (peaks about 30 minutes after waking up)
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine is released in fight-or-flight response, norepinephrine is released when the stressor goes away.
86
Generalized Anxiety disorder
It's a persistent worry over normal, everyday concerns that usually do not concern people. It also has to interfere significantly with daily functions.
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Panic disorder
When you experience panic attacks in situations where the average person would not have an attack.
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Obsessive Compulsive disorder
When an individual has a certain obsession, and then engages in compulsory actions to be more in line with the obsession. People with OCD would not be able to function if compulsions were interrupted.
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Social anxiety disorder
Anxiety in social settings.
90
What are the vulnerabilities related to anxiety disorders?
Biological - genetics/neurobiological
Specific - experiences which direct and channel our anxiety. Also trauma, unpredictable stressors.
Psychological - Learned behaviors or ideas. This is influenced by early experiences which we may not remember.
91
What are the gender differences in stress response?
Women will typically go with the tend-and-befriend response
Men will turn to fight-or-flight.
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Problem-focused coping
When you adress a problem head on when you're stressed.
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Emotion-focused coping
Dealing with the problem's emotional impact. (Journaling, going a run, etc)
94
What are the different types of meditation?
Mindfulness meditation:
Progressive muscle relaxation:
Visualization: Visualizing your success/outcome
95
Transduction
Converting your sensations into perceptions. It's turning your sensations into a neural impulse.
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Synesthesia
Your sensory processing is jacked up.
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Sensory Adaptation
Sensations becoming less exciting. (your 5th scoop of ice cream isn't as tasty as your 1st)
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Gustation
Taste
99
Olfaction
Smell
100
Audition
Hearing
101
Vision
Seeing
102
Absolute thershold
The minimum amount of stimuli required for you to perceive it. (Hearing test wish beeps...you can't hear all the beeps, but the first one you can hear is your absolute threshold).
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Differential threshold
The minimum difference in stimuli needed to perceive the difference in stimuli. (Ex. the minimum loudness needed between two beeps)
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Selective attention
You're focused is on one thing. Choosing to only perceive one thing, and ignoring the rest. Measure through the dichotic listening test (different sounds in different ears)
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Divided attention
Focusing attention on more than one task
106
Multitasking
Not actually a think, just task switching. UNLESS the task is fully automated.
107
Change blindess
Not noticing obvious differences.
108
Intelligence
Your cognitive abilities
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The most widely used intelligence scale. It measures a wide range of intellectual abilities. Gives variety!
110
Flynn effect
People becoming more intelligent over time. When new waves of people take an old IQ test and get a higher score.
111
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think on your feet! Problem solving. Think puzzles, escape rooms, ect.
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Crystalized intelligence
Facts! More experienced.
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Emotional intelligence
the ability to accurately discern other's/your own emotions
114
Stereotype threat
When before preforming a task you're informed of a stereotype and because of that it effects your performance negatively. "people who look like you fail this test"
115
Functional fixedness
We are blocked from solving problems because we keep thinking of only typical functions of objects. (You can’t use a scooter to break down the door…)
116
Describe some of the major contributions the following scientists made to the study of intelligence :
Charles Spearman: He said it was an all or nothing thing. An early researcher on intelligence. Presented the idea of the general factor.
Francis Galton: Studied individual ability. He established intelligence as a variable that can be measured.
Alfred Binet: Helped develop the IQ test. Mental age/Chronological age x 100 = IQ :)
David Wechsler: Said that there was many aspects of intelligence.
