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Psych 111 > Psych Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Psych Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intelligence

A

One’s cognitive capability to acquire, process, recall, and apply info

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2
Q

What are the types of intelligence?

A

Fluid, crystallized, and emotional

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3
Q

Fluid

A

Ability to think on your feet

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4
Q

Crystallized

A

Ability to use language, skills, experience to address problems.

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5
Q

Emotional

A

Accurately understand emotions in yourself and in others. (Label and identify them)

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6
Q

Binet-Simon IQ test

A

Looks at your mental age/chronological age x100

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7
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

More modern, and tests a wider range of abilities.

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8
Q

What are the problems with IQ test measurements?

A

Flynn effect: New groups outperform old groups that scores were previously considered “normal” on IQ tests.
Also they may not accurately measure across cultures, economic backgrounds, etc.

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9
Q

What is a stereotype threat

A

The knowledge that a particular stereotype applies to you and it then affects your performance. (“People who look like you do worse on tests”)

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of problem-solving?

A
  • Heuristics (Educated guesses, rule of thumb, narrows down possible solutions)
  • Working backward
  • Insight (aha!)
  • Creativity (Combining ideas or behaviors in new ways)
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11
Q

What are some problems with problem solving?

A

Functional fixedness, Mental set, and confirmation bias

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12
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Thinking only of typical functions of objects

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13
Q

Mental set

A

Persists in patterns that have worked in the past

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14
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Searching for evidence to support your idea while ignoring everything else.

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15
Q

What is learning?

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior comes by experience or practice.

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16
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A

Implicit learning, habituation, sensitization

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17
Q

Implicit learning

A

Changes in behavior even though you never intended to learn something. Is also nonassociative learning, which is a single repeated exposure that leads to behavior change. Is often seen in animals.

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18
Q

Habituation

A

Becoming less responsive

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19
Q

Sensitization

A

Becoming more responsive to something

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20
Q

What are some principles of effective learning?

A

Forgetting, metacognition, and transfer-appropriate processes

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21
Q

Forgetting

A

Updating knowledge and forgetting the wrong way to do something.

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22
Q

Proactive interference:

A

Cannot learn something new because of something you have already learned.

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23
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Forgetting something you learned because of something new you learned.

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24
Q

Metacognition

A

Monitoring your own learning and memory.

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25
Q

Transfer-appropriate processes

A

Memory works better when retrieval is similar to the encoding process (studying classical music for the music room)

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26
Q

Masses Practice v. Distributed practice

A

Massed means it’s all enclosed together. Distributed is learning that takes place over time.

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27
Q

Classical conditioning

A

You pair two stimuli until the first stimulus elicits a response of the second stimulus. (Dogs and bells and droll)

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28
Q

Conditioned Stimulus/response

A
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29
Q

Unconditional stimulus/response

A
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30
Q

Operant conditioning

A
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31
Q

Primary reinforcers

A
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32
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A
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33
Q

Negative reinforcers

A
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34
Q

Punishment by application and removal

A
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35
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A
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36
Q

Encoding

A
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37
Q

Engrams/memory traces

A
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38
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A
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39
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A
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40
Q

Hindsight bias

A
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41
Q

Misinformation effect

A
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42
Q

Storage

A
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43
Q

Retrival

A
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44
Q

Serial position effect

A
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45
Q

Sensory

A
  • Iconic
    Eidetic
  • Echoic
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46
Q

Short term + long term memory

A
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47
Q

Episodic

A

Events in a particular time and place.

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48
Q

Semantic

A

Permanent storage of general knowledge

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49
Q

Flashbulb

A

Automatic encoding happens when an unexpected event has a strong emotional association to you.

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50
Q

Retrograde v. Anterograde amnesia

A
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51
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Presented with new information that affects your memory.

52
Q

False memories

A

People come up with memories that never occurred at all.

53
Q

Photo spreads

A

Police show lineup with initial suspect and people who are known to be innocent (foils)

54
Q

Schemata

A

Memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.

55
Q

Consciousness

A

An awareness of what is going on around you
- Waking: clear organized
- Altered: Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity, difference from waking consciousness.

56
Q

Low Awareness

A

Cues: sweating with snakes
Priming: Activation of certain thoughts that make them easier to think of and act on, cultural rules.
You can most easily influence someone in low awareness (hypnosis)

57
Q

High awareness

A

More control of their own thoughts (mindfulness)

58
Q

Freud’s theory of consciousness

A

Memories and basic motivations are not always accessible to our conscious minds.

59
Q

Hypnosis

A

Dissociation (a separation from our awareness)
Hypnotherapy (a form of therapy to help someone. Used in addiction and pain reduction)

60
Q

Hallocinogens

A
61
Q

Depressants

A
62
Q

Stimulants

A
63
Q

What are some of the effects of a decline in sleep? (risk in obseity)

A
64
Q

Do sleep amount and time matter?

A

YES.

65
Q

Insomnia

A
66
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
67
Q

Narcolepsy

A
68
Q

Night Terrors

A
69
Q

REM Behavior disorder

A
70
Q

N1 (theta waves)

A
71
Q

N2 (theta waves)

A
72
Q

N3 (delta waves)

A
73
Q

REM stage

A
74
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

There are two types: State and trait dissociation.

75
Q

State dissociation

A

A temporary symptom. Lasting only a view minutes or hours.

76
Q

Trait dissociation

A

An integral aspect of personality. It’s a part of you.

77
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Extensive forgetting typically associated with highly aversive events. (Getting helped at gunpoint, but you can’t remember any other events of that day)

78
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

Short-lived reversible amnesia for personal identity, involving unplanned travel or wandering.

79
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

Feeling as though you are an outside observer of your own body.

80
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Experiencing two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control of your behavior.

81
Q

What are the areas of study in social psychology?

A

Attraction, attitudes, peace and conflict, social influence, and social cognition.

82
Q

Where does social psychology fit in the levels of analysis?

A

It uses all levels, but usually falls into the higher levels. (culture.environment, relationships/groups, behavior, thoughts/feelings/perceptions)

83
Q

Social categorizations

A
84
Q

Stereotypes

A
85
Q

Implicit personality theory

A
86
Q

Situational Cause

A
87
Q

Dispositional cause

A
88
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
89
Q

Actor-observer bias

A
90
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Sense of discomfort or distress when your behaviors do not correspond with your attitudes

91
Q

ABC model of attitudes

A

Affective component (emotions and feelings)
Behavior component (actions)
Cognitive component (thoughts, thought processes)

92
Q

Conformity

A
93
Q

Normative social influence

A
94
Q

Informational social influence

A
95
Q

Obedience

A
96
Q

Social facilitation

A
97
Q

Social impairment

A
98
Q

Social loafing

A
99
Q

Groupthink

A
100
Q

Group polarization

A
101
Q

Central persuasion

A

Direct, relevant, logical messages.

102
Q

Peripheral persuasion

A
103
Q

Testimonials and endorsements

A
104
Q

Presenting message as education

A
105
Q

Word of mouth

A
106
Q

The Maven

A
107
Q

Free gifts

A
108
Q

Reciprocity

A
109
Q

Social proof

A
110
Q

And that’s not all

A
111
Q

Sunk cost trap

A
112
Q

carcity

A
113
Q

Foot in the door

A
114
Q

Door in the face

A
115
Q

Triad of trustworthiness

A

Authority (parents, teachers, doctors)
Honesty (moral dimension of trustworthiness)
Likability (if we like you, we are forgiving)

116
Q

Fixed action patterns

A

Sequences of behavior that happen the same way, same order, every time they’re elicited.

117
Q

Stereotyping/stereotype content model

A
118
Q

Prejudice

A
119
Q

Discrimination

A
120
Q

Difference between stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecy

A
121
Q

Blatant bias (social dominance orientation)

A
122
Q

Subtle biases (implicit association tests)

A
123
Q

Agression

A
124
Q

What are some causes of aggression?

A
125
Q

Relational aggression

A

Intentionally harming another person’s social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group.

126
Q

Hostile Perception Bias

A

The tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive.

Psych 111 (4 decks)

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