Exam One Material: 1.1-1.2 Flashcards
1.1 Anatomy Terminology, 1.2 Introduction to Human Anatomy (217 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
The standard reference for describing location and movement of the human body. THE STARTING POINT
2
Q
What does the body look like in anatomical position?
A
- erect and upright
- head upright with face forward (eyes open, mouth closed)
- upper extremities at side (elbows extended, palms face anteriorly, thumb points away from body)
- lower extremities together (knees extended, feet together, toes pointing forward)
3
Q
What are the 6 common terms when describing where one point of the body is located in relation to another?
A
- proximal/distal
- inferior/superior
- medial/lateral
4
Q
The knee is ______ to the hip.
A
distal/inferior
5
Q
The skull is _____ to the shoulder blades.
A
superior
6
Q
The thumb is ______ to the pinky. (anatomical position)
A
lateral
7
Q
What is the difference between proximal v.s. distal?
A
Proximal is closer to the trunk
Distal is farther away from the trunk
8
Q
What is the difference between medial v.s. lateral?
A
Medial is closer to the midline
Lateral is further from the midline
9
Q
What is the difference between superior v.s. inferior?
A
Superior is closer to the head (cephalic or cranial)
Inferior is closer to the feet (caudal)
10
Q
Where is the anterior side of the body and what is another name for anterior?
A
The front side, ventral
11
Q
Where is the posterior side of the body and what is another name for posterior?
A
The back side, dorsal
12
Q
Superficial is ______ to the surface while deep is ______ from the surface.
A
closer, farther
13
Q
What is ipsilateral? Contralateral?
A
Ipsilateral is same side, contralateral is opposite side
14
Q
True or False:
For an ipsilateral movement, muscles on the right side of the neck will make the neck move right.
A
True, same side same movement
15
Q
What does it mean if there is a bilateral movement? What happens to the body in this motion?
A
Both sides will move at the same time
16
Q
True or False:
A unilateral movement occurs when only one side of the body moves.
A
True
17
Q
What are the 4 subdivisions of the body?
A
- Upper extremity [limb] and lower extremity [limb]
- Abdomen vs thorax
- Back
- Head and neck
18
Q
What does the upper extremity consist of? (7)
A
- Deltoid/Axilla
- Shoulder
- Arm
- Elbow
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
19
Q
What does the lower extremity consist of? (6)
A
- Hip
- Thigh
- Knee
- Leg
- Ankle
- Foot
20
Q
Why is it important to be specific when talking about subdivisions of the body?
A
Precise terminology allows healthcare professionals, students, etc to accurately describe locations, functions, and relationships between body parts.
21
Q
What does the median [sagittal] plane divide the body into?
A
antero-posterior plane dividing the body into EQUAL right and left halves
22
Q
What does the [para]sagittal plane divide the body into?
A
antero-posterior planes parallel to the median plane (doesn’t have to be equal)
23
Q
What does the coronal [frontal] plane divide the body into?
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
24
Q
What does the horizontal [transverse] plane divide the body into?
A
divides the body into an upper and lower half (superior and inferior)
25
In which of the planes does rotation occur in?
transverse
26
In which of the planes does flexion/extension occur in?
sagittal
27
In which of the planes does abduction/adduction occur in?
frontal
28
What are the 3 sections of the body?
1. Longitudinal section
2. Transverse [cross-] section
3. Oblique section
29
What would a longitudinal cut section look like?
down the length of the cut (straight down)
30
What would a transverse [cross-] section cut look like?
horizontal
31
What would an oblique section cut look like?
at an angle
32
Define flexion vs extension
Flexion: decreased angle
Extension: increased angle
33
Define ab/adduction
Ab: away from midline
Add: towards midline
34
Which plane does horizontal ab/adduction occur in?
transverse
35
Define int/ext rotation
int: turning a limb towards the body
ext: turning a limb away from the body
36
What is circumduction?
combination of flexion, adduction, extension and abduction / circular or conical limb movement
37
Where does pronation and supination occur? Which subdivision of the body?
Forearm
38
True or False:
Pronation and supination are not the same as rotation.
True they are not the same
39
In pronation, the palm faces _________. In supination, the palm faces _________. (anatomical position)
Pronation - posterior
Supination - anterior
40
Define inversion vs eversion
Inversion: foot up and in
Eversion: foot up and out
41
Define elevation vs depression
Elevation: upwards
Depression: downwards
(the scapula/shoulder)
42
Define protraction and retraction
Protraction: forwards
Retraction: backwards
43
Protraction and retraction are _________ and ________, respectively, of the scapula.
abduction and adduction
44
Where does lateral flexion occur and what plane?
the trunk and frontal coronal plane
45
What is opposition?
thumb touching other fingers - specific to the hand
46
Plantar vs dorsiflexion and what joint does this occur at
Plantar: toes down
Dorsi: toes up
ankle joint
47
What are the 3 main approaches to the study of human anatomy?
1. Regional anatomy
2. Systemic anatomy
3. Clinical anatomy
48
What is the regional anatomy approach?
study by the different body regions (e.g. the thorax; abdomen; back; UE & LE)
49
What is the systemic anatomy approach?
study of the body by systems (e.g. the circulatory system; skeletal system; muscular system; nervous system)
50
What is the clinical anatomy approach?
study of structure and function as related to the practice of medicine
51
What is the body composed of? (3)
1. cells
2. intercellular substance
3. body fluids
52
True or False:
Cells are the basic unit of an organism.
True
53
True or False:
Cells share common features such as a cell membrane, a nucleus, various organelles, etc.
True
54
True or False:
All cells are equal in size, shape, and function.
False
55
Define intercellular substance
material that is located between and supports the cell
(e.g. collagen or elastic fibers)
56
What are body fluids?
watery solutions with dissolved chemicals
57
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
fluids within the cells (inside)
58
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
outside the cells / includes blood plasma, lymph, and tissue [intracellular or interstitial] fluid
59
What are the 4 tissue types in the body?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscular
60
What is epithelial tissue?
Cells are arranged in continuous sheets with little intercellular space
61
True or False:
Epithelial tissue is like a covering.
True
62
What is covering epithelium?
protective/covers the surface of the body, lines the cavities of the body (ex. skin, peritoneum)
63
What is glandular epithelium?
secretory portion of glands
64
What is connective tissue?
supporting tissues/ binds together, strengthens other tissues. is composed of ground substance, fibers, and cells (e.g. bone, cartilage, subcutaneous tissues, fascia, blood cells)
65
What is nervous tissue?
(neuron) nerve cells, neurons, transmit signals between the brain and body (e.g. innervation of skin [sensory] and muscles [motor]
66
What is muscular tissue?
contractile, 3 types of muscle in the human body (how we do something)
67
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue in the body?
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
68
What are the 6 systems of the body?
1. skin
2. skeletal
3. nervous
4. muscular
5. cardiovascular
6. lymphatic
69
True or False:
Skin is a good indicator of health.
True
70
If a pt's skin is blue, it could indicate ______. If a pt's skin is yellow, it could indicate ________.
cyanosis, jaundice
71
What layer of tissue can skin be classified as?
epithelial
72
What does the skin do?
provides protection from the environment; heat regulation (thermoregulation); synthesis and storage of vitamin D; is a sensory organ
73
The skin consists of two layers -- the outer _____ and the inner ______
outer = epidermis
inner = dermis
74
True or False:
The epidermis [epithelial tissue] is avascular.
True
avascular means no blood supply
75
The epidermis varies in thickness. What is the average size? What about thick skin on the sole of the foot?
Average = 0.1mm
Sole of foot = 1.5mm
76
Superficial cells are continually lost. What are they replaced by and how?
Replaced by basal layer cells through repeated mitosis. )top sheds off and bottom (dermis) moves up
77
What is the dermis?
the dermis is a layer of connective tissue containing vascular and nervous elements, hair follicules, and glands
78
What are the two layers in the dermis from superficial to deep?
papillary
reticular
79
True or False:
The dermis is composed of dense, interlacing collagen fibers that provide strength and produce the tension lines in the skin
True
80
True or False:
If the epidermis is cut deep, blood comes from the dermis.
True
81
What is superficial fascia also known as and where is it located?
the hypodermis [or subcutaneous tissue], located beneath the dermis
82
What type of tissue is the hypodermis and what is its function?
loose connective tissue, functions in heat regulation by acting as insulation
83
True or False:
The superficial fascia (hypodermis) allows the considerable mobility of the skin that is observed over most of the body.
True
84
What are the two major subdivisions of the fascia?
1. superficial fascia/hypodermis
2. deep fascia
85
True or False:
The superficial fascia/hypodermis [adipose tissue] underlying the skin contains fat adipose cells.
True
86
What is deep fascia?
dense connective tissue; may have specific names
87
What does deep fascia form?
intermuscular septa; retinacula at the wrist and ankle; divides into compartments containing muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
88
What is the intermuscular septa?
between muscle divider, will divide barrier
89
What are the two components of the skeletal system?
axial and appendicular skeletons
90
What is the axial skeleton comprised of?
the skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs, and sternum (the middle)
91
What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of?
the bones of UE and LE, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles
92
What are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)
1. provide a rigid, supporting framework
2. protect organs - heart, brain, etc
3. provide a mechanical basis for movement
4. stores calcium and phosphates
5. form blood cells
93
What are the different bone shapes? (5)
1. long bones - tubular shaped (humerus)
2. short bones - cuboidal shaped (carpal bones)
3. flat bones - sternum
4. irregular bones - vertebrae
5. sesamoid bones - develop in tendons (patella)
94
True or False:
200+ bones that vary in shape and size make up the skeletal system.
True
95
______ is a relatively rigid form of connective tissue.
bone
96
What is organic "living" component?
mostly collagen; gives bone its strength and flexibility
97
What is inorganic component?
mostly calcium phosphates (hardness)
98
What are two different forms of bones?
compact [dense] bone (80%)
cancellous [spongy or trabecular bone] (irregular)
99
What are the two ways bones can develop and where are they typically found?
1. intramembranous ossification - skull (joining of membranes)
2. endochondral ossification - long bones (cartilage)
100
Bones consist of 3 different cell types. What are they?
1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
101
What are osteoblasts?
(the builders)
lay down new bone; some will become trapped and become the osteocytes
102
What are osteocytes?
(grown osteoblast)
located in small cavities - lacunae
103
What are osteoclasts?
(the breakers)
resorption of bone - important in remodeling of bone
104
True or False:
During childhood, bone formation exceeds or surpasses resorption; with the aging process, resorption exceeds formation, potentially leading to osteoporosis.
True
105
When do you have the most amount of osteoblasts?
when you are born
106
______ bone is the strongest form of bone.
compact
107
Arranged into repeating units called osteons or Haversian systems
okay
108
What does a central (haversian) canal contain?
blood vessels, and concentric lamellae (rings) form around it
109
What are lacunae and where are they located?
lacunae are small spaces containing osteocytes and are located between the lamellae
110
Where are extensions of the osteocytes found?
tiny canals called canaliculi extending from the lacunae
111
What is the canalicular system?
connects the lacunae together and central canal for allowing for exchange of metabolites between the blood and bone cells
112
What makes up the internal vascular system?
Haversian system and Volkman's canals
113
True or False:
Volkman's systems run transversely and connect the Haversian systems
True
114
True or False:
Spongy bone does not contain osteocytes.
True, it does not contain them
115
How are lamellae arranged?
in an irregular lattice type of configuration with thin columns called trabeculae
116
Where is spongy bone located and what does it do?
located where bones are not as heavily stressed and supports & protects red bone marrow (can be in center of dense bone)
117
Spongy bone is _____ and thus reduces overall weight of bone
lighter
118
Bone is covered by a vascular connective tissue on ts external surface called the _______.
periosteum
119
True or False:
The periosteum is rich sensory nerve supply and bone injuries are very painful.
True
120
Bone is covered on its internal surface, lining the marrow cavity, by the _________.
endosteum
121
Where is the periosteum located? Endosteum?
Periosteum - outside
endosteum - inside
122
What is a fracture and what does it result from? (2)
break or rupture in bone tissue
1. high force impact or stress
2. repetitive forces such as running
123
True or False:
Bones can fracture due to bad nutrition or high amount of osteoclasts.
True
124
What is a pathological fracture?
result of certain medical conditions that weaken bone such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, etc
125
What are joints/articulations?
junctions of two or more bones
126
How are joints classified?
according to the amount of movement allowed OR to the type of tissue holding the bones together
127
What is the difference between diarthroses and synarthroses?
Diarthroses = synovial joint
Synarthroses = "solid" joints
128
True or False:
synarthroses are subdivded according to the type of tissue connecting the bones - little or no movement allowed
True
129
What are the 3 subdivisions of synarthroses?
1. Cartilage
2. fibrous tissue
3. synotoses
130
What is cartilage?
tissue between the bony ends - connects the bones
131
__________ are epithelial growth plates
synchondroses
132
___________ are interosseus discs
symphysis
133
What does fibrous tissue connect?
the bones
134
What are sutures?
between pieces of the skull
135
What is syndesmosis?
between the ulna and radius of the forearm [interosseus membrane]
136
What is gomphosis?
between the teeth and bone
137
What is synostoses?
bone is the tissue that connects the bones of the joint, no movement is allowed, @ the epiphyseal plate when endochondal bone is finished at end of growth period
138
What are diarthroses?
synovial joints - permit; type of movement is largely determined by the shape of the participating bones
139
What are characteristics of diarthroses?
1. joint living
2. fibrous connective tissue joint capsule which is reinforced by ligaments which helps with stability
3. synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid for lubrication
4. articular cartilage [usually hyaline] covering ends of the bones
140
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1. plane
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. condylar
5. saddle
6. ball and socket
141
What are plane joints and give an example.
flat articular surfaces / gliding movements - intercarpal joints, AC joint
142
What are hinge joints and give an example.
convex (pointed) to concave (cave) articular surface / flexion and extension - elbow
143
What are pivot joints and give an example.
rounded surface into ring formed by bone and ligament / rotation - atlanto axial joint neck rotation
144
What are condylar joints and give an example.
"ellipsodial" / oval projection into oval depression / flexion, extension, ab/adduction, circumduction - wrist
145
What are saddle joints and give an example.
saddle shape with 2nd bone riding in saddle / same movement as condylar but more freely - CM jt. between thumb and trapezium
146
What is a ball and socket joint and give an example.
ball into cup-like depression / condylar motions plus rotation - hip and shoulder
147
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartliage
148
What is hyaline cartliage?
caps the ends of bones in synovial joints
149
True or False:
Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage.
True
150
___________ (cartilage cells) are large and tend to be alone or arranged in small groups; collagen fibers are present in the matrix.
Chondrocytes
151
Which type of cartilage allows for greater flexibility and where can it be found?
elastic - ear
152
_______ fibers are concentrated in the matrix close to the lacunae containing the large chondrocytes.
Elastic
153
__________ is found in the discs between adjacent bodies of the vertebra; symphysis pubis
Fibrocartilage
154
True or False:
Fibrocartilage provides cushioning, strength, and resists compression.
True
155
__________ is composed of mostly bundles of dense collagenous fibers that are arranged regularly; chondrocytes between the bundles.
Fibrocartilage
156
What are bursae?
"friction reducers"
are closed sacs of serous membrane filled with fluid
157
_______ serves as a cushion at points where a structure would be subjected to friction over bone
Bursae
158
True or False:
Bursae may separate bone and surrounding soft tissues like skin, ligament, tendon, and muscle.
True
159
What is it called when a bursae becomes inflammed, and can you name a condition of when the elbow bursae is inflammed?
bursitis, olecranon bursitis
160
What does the nervous system consist of?
cerebral hemisphere, brainstem, spinal cord, and the nerves [peripheral and cranial]
161
Which side of the body does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
the right side
162
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there, and how many of those are associated with the brain stem?
12 total, 10 with brainstem
163
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there that are associated with the spinal cord?
31 pairs total in all
164
What do the spinal nerves do?
it's how we get info out to the extremities to let us move our body
165
Where does the spinal cord reside?
in the vertebral canal
166
What are neurons? What are the 3 types?
specialized cells of the nervous system
1. sensory
2. motor
3. interneuron
167
What do sensory neurons do, what do they tell us?
things about the environmental factors
* recieves information from within the body and environment
168
What do motor neurons do, what is their purpose?
tells the body what to do and how to do it
* processes and integrates this information and may produce a response in the body
169
True or False:
There is a big communication between sensory and motor neurons.
True
170
________ cells/fibers are specialized for contraction.
Muscle
171
Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells/fibers arranged in ________ or ________, supported by connective tissue containing the blood vessels and nerves to the muscle.
bundles or fasciculi
172
What surrounds the muscle bundles?
fascia
173
What are the 3 types of muscle and where are they found?
1. smooth muscle - organs
2. cardiac muscle - heart
3. skeletal muscle - bones, moves skeleton
174
How are the types of muscle identified?
according to structure [striated or smooth] and function [voluntary or involuntary contraction]
175
What does smooth muscle form and is it voluntary or involuntary?
smooth muscle forms the muscular layers of hollow viscera such as blood vessels, the intestines, etc
it is involuntary
176
True or False:
Smooth muscle contracts involuntary.
True
177
_______ muscle fibers are small, fusiform in shape, and have a single nucleus -- no striations.
Smooth
178
Is smooth muscle autonomic?
yes
179
What does cardiac muscle form?
the muscular layer of the heart
180
_______ muscle has inherent rhythmic contraction modified by the nervous impulses in the heart's conduction system which in turn is modified by the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
Cardiac
181
True or False:
Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary control
True
182
How much of skeletal muscle forms the adult body mass?
40%
183
Is skeletal muscle structurally striated?
yeth
184
How does skeletal muscle attach in the body?
usually across joints, to the bones of the skeletal system [with exceptions]
185
True or False:
Skeletal muscle has numerous nuclei located peripherally and is normally under voluntary control.
True
186
A group of ______ forms a group of _______ which forms a ______
fibers, fascicles, muscle
187
What are the 5 ways skeletal muscles are named and give an example of each?
1. attachments - sternocleidomastoid
2. actions - levator scapulae
3. shapes - trapezius
4. numbers of different parts - biceps brachii
5. size - gluteus maximus
188
What are the different architectures of skeletal muscle?
1. circular - obicularis oculi
2. fusiform - biceps brachii (separating parts)
3. flat - internal oblique
4. unipennate - extensor digitorum longus (one point)
5. bipennate - rectus femoris
6. parallel - sartorius
7. quadrate - rectus abdominus
8. multipennate - deltoid
9. digastric - omohyoid (2 bellies)
10. convergent - pectoralis major (everything comes together)
189
Muscles have ___________ _______ structures attaching muscles to bone
connective tissue
190
What are the two types of connective tissue muscles have?
tendons and aponeuroses
191
What are tendons?
usually cord-like structures of dense CT; can be long or short; may be surrounded by a synovial sheath; may be easily palpated
192
What are aponeuroses?
flattened, sheath-like tendons (like seen on the abdominals)
193
What are the 4 roles in muscle movers?
1. agonists
2.antagonists
3. synergists
4. fixators or stabilizers
194
What is another name for agonist and what does it do?
"prime mover"
directly responsible for the given movement
195
What do antagonists do?
opposing the actions of an agonist
196
When an agonist and antagonist contract together, this is referred to as _____________. Give an example
co-contraction
elbow flexion/ext: pick up a microphone
197
What do synergists do?
assist the agonist
198
What do fixators/stabilizers do?
steady the more proximal parts of the limbs to allow movement of the distal parts
199
True or False:
Fixators/stabilizers may often be synergists.
True
200
What are the 3 types of contractions in muscles, what happens in each?
1. concentric - muscle shorten
2. eccentric - muscle lengthen
3. isometric - muscle stay same length
201
True or False:
During muscle activity, the fibers are "pulling" on all attachment sites.
TRUE
202
What does the cardiovascular system do? What are the two components?
transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, moves waste products away from the tissues; helps to control the body's temperature
1. arterial
2. venous
203
What does the arterial component consist of? Is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?
OXYGENATED
consists of the heart and the arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to be distributed throughout the body
204
True or False:
In the arterial component, you begin with the largest arteries and the vessels become progressively smaller as reach the tissues.
True
205
What is the order in which arteries travel throughout the body?
arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries
(large to small)
206
The smallest vessels are the ________
capillaries
207
Which way does the venous component travel?
towards the heart, they return the blood to the heart
208
What is the order in which the venous component goes back to the heart?
capillaries --> venules --> veins
(small to large)
209
What is systemic circulation?
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the ____ _________ to the body; veins return the unoxygenated blood from the body to the ______ _________
the flow of the blood to the tissues of the body via the arterial side; return via venous side
- left ventricle, right ventricle
210
Where does pulmonary circulation occur?
Arteries carry the ____________ blood from the heart to the lungs; the veins return the ____________ blood back to the heart from the lungs.
between the heart and lungs
- unoxygenated, oxygenated
211
What does the lymphatic system do?
collects fluid lost from vascular capillaries during nutrient exchange, excess fluid
212
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
a network of lymphatic vessels that carry the fluid -- the lymph. Smaller capillaries converge to form larger vessels
213
Where does the lymphatic system drain into?
the venous system in the neck
214
What do lymphoid tissues include?
the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, thymus
215
True or False:
The lymphatic system is important in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer
True
216
What is lymphedema?
swelling caused by accumulation of lymph fluid; may occur due to damage to the lymphatic system / malformations, damage to valves
217
True or False:
The cause of lymphedema is unknown in many cases
True, it is not known
