*maybe study* Exam One Material 2.1-2.2

Question 1

What is the singular form of vertebrae?

Answer 1

Vertebra

Question 2

What are the two main parts of a vertebra?

Answer 2

• Body
• Vertebral arch

Question 3

What structure is formed by successive vertebral foramina?

Answer 3

Vertebral canal

Question 4

What binds the vertebrae together?

Answer 4

Intervertebral discs and ligaments

Question 5

Where are the muscles that move the vertebral column primarily located?

Answer 5

Posterior to the vertebral column

Question 6

What is the function of the body of a vertebra?

Answer 6

Weight-bearing

Question 7

What covers the intervertebral surfaces of vertebrae?

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage (vertebral end plates)

Question 8

What are the fused posterior components of the vertebral arch?

Answer 8

Two pedicles and two laminae

Question 9

What are the indentations on the pedicles called?

Answer 9

• Superior vertebral notches
• Inferior vertebral notches

Question 10

What do the vertebral notches of adjacent pedicles form?

Answer 10

Intervertebral foramina

Question 11

How many processes extend from the vertebral arch?

Answer 11

Seven

Question 12

What are zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 12

Joints between adjacent vertebrae

Question 13

What is stenosis in the context of the vertebral column?

Answer 13

Narrowing of the spinal canal

Question 14

What are the characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae?

Answer 14

• Small size
• Square-shaped body
• Triangular-shaped foramen

Question 15

What is the primary function of the atlas (C1)?

Answer 15

Supports the skull

Question 16

What is the dens and its function?

Answer 16

Perpendicular process on C2 acting as the axis for rotation of C1

Question 17

What is a Jefferson’s fracture?

Answer 17

Fracture of C1 involving at least two fracture lines

Question 18

What distinguishes C7 (vertebra prominens)?

Answer 18

Long spinous process and small or absent transverse foramina

Question 19

What is the main characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 19

Costal facets for rib articulation

Question 20

What is the shape of lumbar vertebrae bodies?

Answer 20

Larger due to weight-bearing function

Question 21

What is the sacrum composed of?

Answer 21

Typically five fused vertebrae

Question 22

What is the function of the coccyx?

Answer 22

Remnant of the tail, consists of usually four fused vertebrae

Question 23

How many vertebrae are in the adult vertebral column?

Answer 23

33 vertebrae

Question 24

What is kyphosis?

Answer 24

Increased posterior convexity of the thoracic region

Question 25

What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?

Answer 25

* Anulus fibrosus * Nucleus pulposus

Question 26

What happens to intervertebral discs with age?

Answer 26

They become less hydrated and stiffer

Question 27

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 27

Limits extension of the vertebral column

Question 28

What limits flexion in the vertebral column?

Answer 28

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 29

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 29

Connects adjacent laminae and assists in returning the vertebral column to an erect position

Question 30

What are the movements permitted in the cervical region?

Answer 30

* Flexion * Extension * Lateral bending * Rotation

Question 31

What is the primary movement allowed in the thoracic region?

Answer 31

Rotation

Question 32

What type of joint is formed between the bodies of the vertebrae?

Answer 32

Symphyses joint

Question 33

What is the role of the zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 33

Facilitate movement between adjacent vertebrae

Question 34

What is lumbarization of S1?

Answer 34

S1 is separated or partly separated from the sacrum

Question 35

What are the four normal curvatures of the adult vertebral column?

Answer 35

* Cervical curvature * Thoracic curvature * Lumbar curvature * Sacral curvature

Question 36

What is lordosis?

Answer 36

Increased anterior convexity of the lumbar spine

Question 37

What do the intertransverse ligaments connect?

Answer 37

Adjacent transverse processes

Question 38

What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?

Answer 38

Connects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

Question 39

What are the characteristics of opophyseal joint planes?

Answer 39

Almost horizontal, allows greater movement ## Footnote This orientation facilitates a wider range of motion compared to other regions.

Question 40

What limits movement in the thoracic region?

Answer 40

Thin discs and attachments of the ribs to the vertebrae ## Footnote Movement is primarily in the lower thoracic region.

Question 41

How are the thoracic zygopophyseal joints oriented and what is their impact?

Answer 41

Oriented vertically, limit flexion & extension but facilitate rotation ## Footnote This orientation allows for rotation to occur while restricting forward and backward bending.

Question 42

What movements are primarily permitted in the lumbar region?

Answer 42

Flexion and extension, some lateral flexion ## Footnote Rotation is not favored in this region.

Question 43

What factors contribute to lumbar injuries?

Answer 43

Rotational forces on the lumbar region ## Footnote Many injuries in the lumbar area occur due to excessive twisting motions.

Question 44

Describe the surfaces of lumbar zygopophyseal joints.

Answer 44

Curved and adjacent surfaces interlock, limiting range of motion ## Footnote Despite interlocking, flexion and extension still occur.

Question 45

What are the sources of blood supply to the vertebral column?

Answer 45

Segmental supply from: * Vertebral and ascending cervical arteries in cervical region * Posterior intercostal arteries in thorax * Subcostal and lumbar arteries in abdomen * Sacral arteries in pelvis ## Footnote These arteries ensure adequate blood flow to the vertebral structures.

Question 46

How is the venous drainage of the vertebral column structured?

Answer 46

Drained by venous plexuses along the vertebral column, both inside and outside the canal ## Footnote This venous network helps in regulating blood flow and pressure in the spinal area.

Question 47

What is spina bifida occulta?

Answer 47

A common congenital anomaly involving the laminae of L5 and/or S1 failing to develop normally and fuse ## Footnote This defect is present in 10% of the population and often does not lead to functional deficits.

Question 48

What distinguishes spina bifida cystica from spina bifida occulta?

Answer 48

More severe, associated with herniation of the meninges and/or spinal cord through the bony deficit ## Footnote This condition can lead to varying degrees of neurological problems.