exam prep Flashcards by Kerrie Smyth

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.

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Cytoplasm

Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.

Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.

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Description: Outer layer; protein surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Function: Protective layer that separates the interior of a cell from its surroundings. Controls the movement of the particles in and outside the cell.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

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Description: background; liquid atmosphere; jelly like substance that contains organelles.

Function: transports, absorbs, and processes nutrients. Holds organelles.

Cytoplasm

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Ribosomes:

Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.

Functions: makes proteins

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Description: each cell contains thousands. Stationary and mobile. appear in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm.

Functions: makes proteins

Ribosomes

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Centrioles

Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.

Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers

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Description: composed microtubules, cylinder shaped found in the cytoplasm.

Function: Involved in the cell division. forms spindle fibers

Centrioles

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Mitochondria

Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.

Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP

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Description: Bean shaped structures with inner fold and double membrane.

Function: uses sugars and turns it into energy, and makes ATP

Mitochondria

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Nucleus

Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts:
Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located

Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.

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Description: Sphere shaped, 3 parts:
Nuclear membrane (pores); nucleolus; nucleoplasm. Centrally located

Function: Controls cell activities. Passage ways for RNA suspends nucleolus.

Nucleus

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.

Function: Makes/transports proteins

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Description: Tubes and flattened sacs studded with ribosomes, near to the Nulceus.

Function: Makes/transports proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes

Functions: Makes/transports fats

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Description: Tubes and flattened sacs, not studded with ribosomes

Functions: Makes/transports fats

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Golgi Body (apparatus)

Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected

Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles

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Description: Countless sacs formed near nucleus not connected

Functions: Stores/modifies/sorts/packages proteins into vessicles

Golgi Body (apparatus)

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Lysosomes

Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything

Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts

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Description: Round sacs that contain digestive chemicals to break down anything

Functions: Enzymes that function break down food particles, cell wastes and worn-out cell parts

Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide

Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds

Description: Rounds sacs that contain peroxide

Functions: Digest foreign bodies; neutralize toxic compounds

Peroxisomes

Vacuole

Description: smaller organelles in cells

Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes

Description: smaller organelles in cells

Function: membrane-bounded sacs for storage of water/food/wastes

Vacuole

Flagella

Description: Long and thread like Function: Movement (wipe like action)

Flagella

Cillia

Description: tiny hair like structures outside of the cell Function: Trap dust/movement

Cillia

Homeostasis

A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment. Examples are the maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.

Homeostasis

Components of the feedback system

Stimulus - condition, eg temperature Receptor - information affects Control centre - sends a command to Effector - responds (negative/positive feedback) Response - stimulus removed, homeostasis restored

Components of the feedback system

negative feedback systems

reverses the direction of the process being regulated. eg. blood pressure, blood glucose levels, body temperature

negative feedback systems

Positive feedback systems

keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, blood clotting, breastfeeding

keeps the process it is regulating going in the same direction (intensifies or enhances the process). eg childbirth - oxytocin, breastfeeding

Positive feedback systems

structure and function of plasma membrane

``` Transport Communication Enzymatic reactions Cell identification Formation of cell junctions ```

Concept of selective permeability

Means that cell membranes and their proteins allow the transport of some chemicals but not others. Phospholipid bilayer: - permeable to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide - polar chemicals such as ions and glucose can not pass through the phospholipid bilayer

Epithelial tissue - characteristics and features

Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size Avascularity - no blood supply into the epithelium. Underneath there is connective tissue which does have a blood supply. Cells are 'fed' through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface Attachment - there is an attached surface Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate

Polarity - orientation (top and bottom), free surface and attached surface Cellularity - freely identified cells that have similar shape and size Avascularity - no blood supply into the this tissue. Cells are 'fed' through diffusion through the connective tissue (basal surface), from the apical surface Attachment - there is an attached surface Regeneration - cells move to the surface, die and shed, cells below push to the top. It has a high mitotic rate = high regeneration rate

Characteristics and features of epithelial tissue

Connective tissue - characteristics and features

Collagen is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content. Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together. Vascular - connective tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves. Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.

Collagen is the main protein of this tissue and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content. Cellularity - does not have cellularity, it is random and has lots of shapes and structures jumbled together. Vascular - this tissue is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves. Regeneration - healing time is prolonged due to the high level of blood supply and nerves.

Characteristics and features of connective tissue

Function of epithelial tissues

``` Epithelial tissue covers all body surfaces, forms glands and lines hollow organs body cavities and ducts. Epithelial tissues: - provide physical protection - control permeability - provide sensation - produce specialised secretions ```

Function of connective tissue

Connective tissue protects, supports and binds organs. Connective tissues: - establish structural framework - transports fluids and dissolved materials - protecting delicate organs - supporting surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types - storing energy reserves (fatty tissue) - defending the body from invading micro organisms

Simple squamous epithelium

lines the lungs

Epithelium tissue that lines the lungs

Simple squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

skin

Epithelium tissue that forms skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Sweat glands and urethra

Epithelium tissue that forms sweat glands and urethra

Stratified cuboidal epithelium