Exam Q-cards (1-4)

Question 1

Which monosaccharide has a slower rate of uptake from the digestive tract?

Answer 1

Fructose

Question 2

The digestion of disaccharides occurs mainly in which location?

Answer 2

Upper small intestine

Question 3

. The digestive enzymes which achieve this are collectively known as ………

Answer 3

Disacharidases

Question 4

What is the name of the key enzyme involved in the breakdown of polysaccharides?

Answer 4

Alpha amylase

Question 5

By which transport mechanism are monosaccharide’s taken over the basolateral border
and into portal circulation?

Answer 5

Facillitated diffusion

Question 6

Glucose is up taken into cells via ………

Answer 6

Glucose transporters

Question 7

What is the name of the glucose transporter which is regulated by insulin?

Answer 7

GLUT 4

Question 8

Which three nutrients are required for the insulin receptor to function optimally?

Answer 8

Chromium, glutamine, B3

Question 9

How do short chained fatty acids travel through circulation?

Answer 9

Attached to albumin

Question 10

How do short chained fatty acids travel through circulation?

Answer 10

Peptides

Question 11

What two mechanisms are utilised to transport free amino acids across the basolateral
border? What reason may designate the use of one transport over the other?

Answer 11

High - diffusion

Low - sodium dependant pathways

Question 12

What group of enzymes hydrolyse a protein?

Answer 12

Proteases

Question 13

What syndrome allows small oligopeptides to enter circulation via paracellular or
intercellular routes, which can cause inflammatory reactions?

Answer 13

Leaky gut

Question 14

Name two carrier systems which transport amino acids into the liver?

Answer 14

Diffusion

Sodium dependant transport

Question 15

What substance is necessary to reform ascorbate from dehydroascorbate and is essential
for vitamin C metabolism?

Answer 15

Glutathione

Question 16

Is the absorption of vitamin C influenced by intake concentration? Explain?

Answer 16

Yes, after the body ingests more than 1000mg it cant absorb more than 50%

Question 17

Which cells in the human body have the highest concentration of vitamin C?

Answer 17

Adrenal + pituitary glands

Question 18

Vitamin C is necessary to activate an enzyme responsible for energy production and
collagen synthesis. Name this enzyme

Answer 18

Hydroxylase

Question 19

Name two co-enzyme/active forms of thiamine?

Answer 19

Thiamin di-phosphate

Thiamin tri-phosphate

Question 20

Name three foods which contain anti-thiamine factors?

Answer 20

Raw fish
Tea
Coffee
Blueberries

Question 21

What are the group of enzymes which break the phosphate bonds with thiamine prior to
absorption?

Answer 21

Phosphatases

Question 22

What inhibits thiamin transporters ThTr1 + ThTr2

Answer 22

Alcohol

Question 23

By what mechanism does the uptake of B1 occur into cells?

Answer 23

Active transport by ThTr1 + ThTr2

Question 24

What are the two co-enzyme forms of riboflavin?

Answer 24

Flavin mononucleotide

Flavine adenine dinucleotide

Question 25

Name three antagonists of vitamin B2?

Answer 25

Alcohol, sunlight, thryoid disease

Question 26

Which protein carrier transports majority of B2 through circulation?

Answer 26

Albumin

Question 27

Vitamin B3 may also be synthesized in the liver from which amino acid?

Answer 27

Trytophan

Question 28

By which two mechanisms does B3 get absorbed from the intestine at the brush border?

Answer 28

High - Passive diffusion | Low - sodium dependent active transport

Question 29

What is the coenzyme form of pantothenate?

Answer 29

Coenzyme A

Question 30

How is B5 mainly transported in circulation?

Answer 30

RBC | stored in liver and muscles

Question 31

Name the three phosphorylated coenzyme forms of pyridoxine?

Answer 31

Pyridoxine phosphate pyridoxal phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate

Question 32

What is the active form of B6 known as?

Answer 32

Pyridoxal-5-phosphate

Question 33

How is B6 absorbed across both the brush and basolateral border?

Answer 33

Passive diffusion

Question 34

Which enzyme and chemical are required to release B12 from peptide bonds in foods?

Answer 34

Pepsin | Hydrochloric acid

Question 35

What is the name of the glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells, although functions in the small intestine to aid B12 absorption?

Answer 35

Intrinsic factor

Question 36

. Name the mineral that is required for B12 absorption?

Answer 36

Calcium

Question 37

What is the major storage form of B12 in the liver?

Answer 37

adenosylcobalamin

Question 38

.In the circulation, vitamin B12 primarily travels bound to a protein named…….

Answer 38

Transcobalamin 2

Question 39

Name 3 factors which may inhibit the absorption of folate?

Answer 39

alcohol zinc deficiency lentils, oranges

Question 40

How does most of the folate travel through circulation?

Answer 40

folate binding proteins

Question 41

Colonic bacteria can produce biotin intrinsically: True or False

Answer 41

true

Question 42

. How does the absorption of vitamin A take place over the brush border?

Answer 42

active transport via micelle

Question 43

Inside the enterocyte, which B vitamin is needed to form retinol from beta carotene?

Answer 43

Niacin

Question 44

Name two substances which may enhance vitamin A absorption?

Answer 44

vitamin E, fat, fibre

Question 45

Describe the process by which vitamin D can be synthesized by sunlight and subsequently transported to tissues?

Answer 45

7-dehydrocholesterol converts pre-vitamin D to blood with chylomicrons then its activated by NADPH to 25OHD and stored in tissues

Question 46

Calcium is transported across brush border by………..transporter channels and assisted in its travel across (inside) the intestinal cells by………carrier protein.

Answer 46

TRPV6 and calbindin

Question 47

What are the two mechanisms of phosphorus absorption and why would one method be utilised over another?

Answer 47

high - passive diffusion | low - sodium dependant active transport

Question 48

How is chromium mainly transported through circulation?

Answer 48

bound to transferrin

Question 49

What is the name of the receptors which facilitate the transport of copper into cells from circulation?

Answer 49

ceruloplasmin receptors

Question 50

Name the compound found in the cruciferous vegetables that are known to act as iodine inhibitor?

Answer 50

goitrogen

Question 51

.By which mechanism is iodine taken up into the thyroid?

Answer 51

active transport

Question 52

Name two transport proteins which transport the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 through circulation?

Answer 52

thyroxine binding globulins | albumin

Question 53

Iron travels in the blood bound to what?

Answer 53

transferrin

Question 54

. Iron’s storage form is called…..

Answer 54

ferritin

Question 55

Name two ways manganese is transported through circulation.

Answer 55

albumin | alpha-2 macroglobulin

Question 56

Iron competes for absorption with manganese. Why may this be the case?

Answer 56

share the same DMT transporter

Question 57

. What form of selenium is thought to be better absorbed?

Answer 57

selenomethionein

Question 58

Name three other minerals are known to use the same transporter as zinc.

Answer 58

iron, manganese, copper

Question 59

Vanadium mimics the action of which hormone?

Answer 59

Insulin