Exam Q-Cards (5-13)

Question 1

Define probiotic

Answer 1

Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora

Question 2

Define prebiotic

Answer 2

Prebiotics are compounds in food that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The most common example is in the GIT, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome.

Question 3

Define Microbiome

Answer 3

the genomic content of the microbiota

Question 4

Define gut dysbiosis

Answer 4

the monnensal to pathogen transition

Hwne stress conditions rapidly decrease microbial diversity and promote the expansion of pathogens

Question 5

Define SIBO

Answer 5

excessive bacteria in the small intestine

Question 6

Gut microbiota of vaginally delivered infants has been observed to be enriched with what bacteria?

Answer 6

Lactobacillus sp

Question 7

What are 3 SCFA’s

Answer 7

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

Question 8

What bacteria mainly resides in human colon?

Answer 8

Bifiodobacteria

Question 9

What criteria classifies a compound as a prebiotic?

Answer 9

resistant to stomach pH
cannot be hydrolysed by mammalian enzymes
should not be absorbed in GIT
fermented by intestinal microbiota

Question 10

Name 4 functons of microbiota in human body

Answer 10

1. Stimulates intestianl epithelial cell regeneration
2. noruishes mucosa by SCFAs
3. stimulates local + systemic immune responses
4. assists in synthesis + metabolism of certian nutrients

Question 11

What health effects can gut dybiosis cause?

Answer 11

inflammatory conditions (IBS), metabolic conditions (diabetes), liver dysfunction, mental health

Question 12

What are 3 health benefits of fibre?

Answer 12

lowered CVD risk
better digestion/poop
lowered cancer risk

Question 13

Name the largest population of mononuclear cells/macrophages in the liver

Answer 13

Kuppfer cells

Question 14

What is the main group of enzymes involved in phase 1 detox?

Answer 14

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Question 15

What are three nutrientsd that support phase 1 detox?

Answer 15

copper, magnesium, zinc

Question 16

List three substances that lower phase 1 detox?

Answer 16

curcumin, clove oil, capsaicin

Question 17

name three amino acids that constitute glutathione

Answer 17

glutamine, cyteine, glycine

Question 18

What cofactors/nutrients are required for glutathion regeneration/antioxidative cycle?

Answer 18

Nutrients: selenium, vitamin C
Enzymes: glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase

Question 19

What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to anti-inflammatory mediators may alcohol inhibit?

Answer 19

Deltra-6 desaturase

Question 20

Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty liver?

Answer 20

carnitine

Question 21

Which two nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain

Answer 21

vitamin B2 + B3

Question 22

Name 3 nutrients which are needed for the electron transport chain

Answer 22

iron, copper, coenzyme Q10

Question 23

What are the end products of the electron transport chain

Answer 23

Water + ATPs

Question 24

What is a free radical

Answer 24

an atom or molecule that has 1 or more unpaired electrons

Question 25

Name 3 substances in our environment and two body processes that cause generation of ROS

Answer 25

exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking | Respiratory system in phagocytes, cytochrome P450 system

Question 26

What two food based nutrients act as antioxidants

Answer 26

Vitamin A, C, E | Carotenoids

Question 27

Which food based antioxidant checks/controls reduces hydrogen peroxide?

Answer 27

vitamin C

Question 28

What nutrients do lipoic acid regenerate

Answer 28

vitamin C, glutathione

Question 29

Which type of fats do vitamin E decrease the peroxidation of?

Answer 29

Poly-unsaturated fats

Question 30

Which is the micromineral that glutathione peroxidase dependent on?

Answer 30

selenium

Question 31

Which is the inflammatory intermediary metabolic by product int eh regeneration of methionine from SAMe?

Answer 31

Homocysteine

Question 32

What 3 nutrients lower homeocysteine levels?

Answer 32

B12, folate, B6

Question 33

Purine are prgressively oxidased to form which substance to be excreted in urine?

Answer 33

uric acid

Question 34

Pyrimidine syntheisis begins with which amino acid

Answer 34

glutamine

Question 35

What ways can telomere shortening be prevented

Answer 35

exercise, meditations, increases vegetables

Question 36

List four diseases which are associated with elevated plasma homocyteine levels in humans

Answer 36

Demenia Depression Kidney Disease CVD

Question 37

What 4 nutrients modulate HPA axis

Answer 37

vitamin C, omega 3, magnesium, probiotics

Question 38

What lifestyle modifications assit in regulation of HPA axis and modulate stress responses

Answer 38

Yoga, mindfulness

Question 39

What two foods inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes?

Answer 39

ginger, vitamin E

Question 40

Which amino acid forms the neurotransmitter serotonin

Answer 40

trytophan

Question 41

Which amino acid is required for formation of dopamine

Answer 41

tyrosine

Question 42

Which amino acid is required for GABA formation

Answer 42

glutamate

Question 43

List 3 nutrients required for optimal release and function of glutamate

Answer 43

glutamine, B6, niacin

Question 44

Name two foods that accumulate GABA

Answer 44

mushrooms, oats, soybeans

Question 45

Name two health diseases from too low GABA

Answer 45

ADHD, insomnia, depression

Question 46

Name the amino acid from which catecholamines are derived from

Answer 46

L-Tyrosine

Question 47

Where in the mitochondria are the cytochrome c enzymes located?

Answer 47

imtermembrane space

Question 48

List four symptoms of mitochrondial dysfunction

Answer 48

poor growth muscle weakness vision impairment learning disabilities

Question 49

Name four diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer 49

Alzheimers Parkinsons Diabetes Cancer

Question 50

Which mineral is the most common in extracellular fluids of the human body?

Answer 50

Sodium

Question 51

The most intracellular cation is

Answer 51

Potassium

Question 52

Sodium increases urianry excretion of which mineral

Answer 52

Calcium

Question 53

Name foods with high acid low and two with low acid load

Answer 53

high - meat, diary, eggs | low - fruits, veges, red wine