Exam questions Flashcards by Ming Chan

Although epidemiologist provider the scientific evidence
relating to health-related states, events, and services they should
never influence the policy making process.
-True
-False

False

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Which of the following variables are health determinates?
(Select all that apply)
- Education
- Genetics
- Environment
- Nutrition
- Neighborhood

Education*
Genetics *
nutrition
Environment*
Neighborhood*

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A risk factor is a cause of disease or part of the casual chain
that leads to disease.
- True
- False

true

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Arrange the following items in the order of the chain of infection
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Host

Reservoir *1
Portal of exit* 2
Mode of transmission*3
Portal of entry*4
Host*5

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When a person has a risk factor for a disease, that means that
the person will eventually develop the disease.
- True
- False

false

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Reservoirs of infectious disease include
- Animals
- Insects
- Humans
- All of the above

All of the above

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Acquiring a surgical site infection related to the use of
contaminated surgical equipment would be an example of a
direct mode of disease transmission.
-True
-False

-False

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A patient acquired syphilis after having sexual intercourse
with a new sexual partner. This is an example of .
- Direct transmission
- Transmission by a vehicle
- Indirect transmission
- Transmission by a vector

Direct transmission

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Developing an infectious disease after a tick bite would be an
example of indirect disease transmission.
- True
- False

True

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Vectors include
- Food
- Mosquitoes
- Eating utensils
- All of the above

Mosquitoes

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Active immunity can be achieved through SELECT ALL
THAT APPLY
- Vaccination
- Cocooning
- Administering immunoglobulins
- Breastfeeding

Vaccination

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To achieve heard immunity, approximately what percentage
of the population needs to be immunized?
- 50%
- 75%
- 85%
- 95%

85%

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Administering immunoglobulin to someone exposed to
rabies would be an example of active immunity.
- True
- False

false

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Protecting a newborn infant from influenza
include (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
- Cocooning
- Vaccinating the mother during pregnancy
- Herd immunity
- Having the mother breastfeed the infant

Cocooning *
Vaccinating the mother during pregnancy*
herd immunity

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The epidemiological triad includes
- Vehicles, vectors, and fomites
- Agent, host, and environment
- Surveillance, field investigations, and analytical studies
- Rates, ratios, and proportions

Agent, host, and environment *

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The Bradford Hill criteria are used to
- Determine causation
- Evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a screening test
- Determine statistical significance
- Evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention

Determine causation

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Most infectious disease are the result of a single causative
agent.
- True
- False

false

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Most diseases are diagnosed during which of the following
stages?
- Stage of susceptibility
- Stage of subclinical disease
- Stage of clinical disease
- Stage of recovery, disability, or death

Stage of clinical disease

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Providing physical therapy for a person who has experience
a spinal cord injury would be an example of
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
- Primordial prevention

Tertiary prevention *

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Vaccinating employees for influenza is an example of
- Primary prevention
-Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
- All three levels of prevention

Primary prevention*

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Using mammography to identify women who have breast
cancer is an example of
-Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
- Both primary and secondary prevention

Secondary prevention*

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A rate is a count of the number people in the population with
a health -related condition of interest
- True
-False

False

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Adjusted rates are used to control the effects of age on a
health outcome when comparing the rate for different
populations.
- True
- False

true

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A population pyramid is used to describe the age and gender
distribution of a population.
- True
- False

true

In the United States, surveillance data is collected by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. - True - False

true

Hospitals and primary care providers in the community are required by law to report cases or notifiable diseases to local or state health departments. - True -False

true

Surveillance is performed by public health officials. Practicing clinicians such as nurse and physicians do not play a role in surveillance activities - True - False

false

Public health surveillance includes which of the following activates? - Data collection and analysis - The development and implementation of health promotion programs - The implementation and evaluation of disease control programs - All of the above

all of the above

Public health surveillance is best described as - A method of monitoring persons exposed to a disease - An extensive data collection system - A continuing watchfulness of public health problems - A system for quickly intervening during an outbreak of Disease.

A continuing watchfulness of public health problems

Which of the following terms describes the number of new cases of a disease during a specified time interval in a specified population? - incidence - Prevalence - Period prevalence - Point incidence

incidence

Morbidity is used to document - The number of cases of disease - The number of deaths due to the disease being studied - The number of births in relationship to the number of deaths - The number of cases of infectious diseases

The number of cases of disease

Which of the following terms describes the number of all cases of a disease during a 6-month period? - Incidence rate - Incidence proportion - Period prevalence - Point prevalence

Period prevalence

The maternal mortality rate measures the number of maternal deaths - Anytime during pregnancy, regardless of the cause of death - Anytime during pregnancy and the first 6 weeks after birth - Only during pregnancies resulting in a live birth -Anytime during pregnancy and due to pregnancy related Problems.

- Anytime during pregnancy and the first 6 weeks after birth*

The neonatal mortality rate refers to - The number of deaths during the first year of life - The number of fetal and neonatal deaths during the 4-week period before and after birth - The number of deaths within the first 27 days of life - The number of deaths in the first 7 days of life.

The number of deaths within the first 27 days of life *

Which vital statics is most commonly used to compare the health status of nations - infant mortality rate -Cruse mortality rate - Birth rate - Neonatal mortality rate

infant mortality rate

A risk ratio of 1.0 indicates - An equivalent risk of disease in the groups being compared - A 1% risk of getting the disease - A reduced risk of getting the disease - An increased risk of getting the disease

An equivalent risk of disease in the groups being compared*

. A risk ratio of 2.0 indicates that - The exposed group was twice as likely to have the disease than the unexposed group - The exposed group was protected from the disease - The exposed group was half as likely to develop the disease than the unexposed group -The unexposed group had a greater risk of developing the Disease.

The exposed group was twice as likely to have the disease than the unexposed group *

Attributable risk is an estimate of - The overall risk of acquiring a disease -The risk of getting a disease associated with a specific exposure - The risk of getting a disease during a specified time - The incidence proportion

The risk of getting a disease associated with a specific exposure*

A team of researchers begins studying infants at the time of birth and continues to follow the infants throughout childhood and into early adulthood. This type of study would be classified as a -Prospective cohort study - Cross- sectional study - Case -control study - Randomized controlled trial.

Prospective cohort study

A group of clinical nurse leaders has undertaken the responsibility of identifying an effective fall reduction program for their clinical unit. Which of the following types of studies would provide the highest level of evidence for this project? - Randomized clinical trial - Prospective cohort study - Meta-analysis - Ecological study

Meta-analysis

Which of the following types of studies provides the lowest level of evidence on the evidence pyramid? - Retrospective cohort study - Quasi- experiment - Cross- sectional study - Case – control study

Cross- sectional study *

A clinical nurse leader is evaluating the impact of a new intervention focused on reducing the risk of central line blood stream infections. The relative risk in patients receiving the intervention was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76,0.96) This statistic means that - The new intervention reduces the risk of infection - The new intervention increases the risk of infection - The new intervention has no impact on the risk of infection - The impact of the new intervention cannot be determined.

The new intervention reduces the risk of infection *

The Framingham Heart Study is an example of - Prospective cohort study - Longitudinal cross -sectional survey - Randomized clinical trial - Ecological study - Case control study

Prospective cohort study

Which of the following risk of statistics should be reported for a randomized clinical trial - Odds ratio -Relative risk -Attributable risk -Proportionate risk

-Relative risk

a Nurse researcher is planning to test whether preoperative bathing with disinfectant soap decreases surgical site infections. Which research design would provide the best evidence to determine whether the intervention worked? - Ecological study - Prospective cohort study - Case control study - Randomized clinical trial

Randomized clinical trial

In a case- control study, the likelihood of developing disease in the cases and control group is compared using a/an - Relative risk ratio - Attributable risk statistic - Odds ratio -Absolute risk statistic

Odds ratio

If a person who does not have a disease has a negative screening test for the disease, the results would be considered a - True negative -False positive - True positive -False negative

True negative

Screening program to detect people likely to have latent disease are an example of - Primary prevention - Secondary prevention - Tertiary prevention - Primordial prevention

Secondary prevention

The ability of a screening test to correctly identify who has a disease is the tests - Reliability - Positive predictive value - Sensitivity - Specificity

sensitivity

The terminology screening and diagnosis can be used interchangeably - True - False

False

The ability of a screening test to identify people who do not have the disease is known as - Sensitivity - Negative predictive value - Specificity - Accuracy

Specificity *

If a person has a negative screening test for a disease, that means that the person is not at risk of developing the disease - True - False

False

Screening is designed to identify cases during which stage of the disease? - stage of susceptibility - stage of preclinical disease -stage of advanced clinical disease - stage of recovery

stage of preclinical disease

Endemic means that a disease - Occurs at a higher-than-expected rate for the population - Appears sporadically in the population - Is habitually present in the population - Is present in lower-than-expected number in a population

Is habitually present in the population

An outbreak of salmonella occurs in a community. The outbreak is traced to undercooked chicken served at a potluck supper. This type of outbreak would be classified as a - propagated epidemic - point source epidemic - intermittent source epidemic - mixed epidemic

- point source epidemic

during the outbreak of an infectious disease, the geopgraphic distribution of cases should be described using a/an - epidemic curve - line chart - spot map - histogram

spot map

. an epidemic curve is used to display the geographic location of the cases of illness - true -false

false

during an outbreak, disease control measures can be directed toward the (select all that apply) -host -reservoir -agent -portal of entry -mode of transmission

-host* -reservoir* -agent* -portal of entry* -mode of transmission*

a person with highly contagious and life threatening disease such as ebola should be quarantined to prevent the spread of disease -true -false

False