Module 9

Question 1

What is Disease?

Answer 1

• Disease is an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
• Diseases arise from infectious agents, inherent weaknesses, lifestyle, aging, or environmental stresses

Question 2

Causes of Disease

Answer 2

• Identifying the causes of disease and the mechanisms by which they spread remains a primary focus in
  epidemiology
• The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation is referred to as etiology

**epidemiology focuses on course of disease and how it spreads

Question 3

what are risk factors?

Answer 3

• factors or events associated with the disease of interest
• risk factors are not necessarily direct causes of disease or injury but are associated with the development of the disease or injury

Question 4

what are examples of risk factors (4)

Answer 4

• Poverty (persons living at 100% FPL)
• Neighborhood
• Race (self reported, race for addressing disparities related
  to various health risk factors)
• Education

Question 5

General Classifications of Disease: Acute Disease

Answer 5

Disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms

Question 6

General Classifications of Disease: Chronic Disease

Answer 6

Less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long time periods, if not a lifetime

Question 7

what is communicablity?

Answer 7

The ability of a disease to be transmitted from one person to another or to spread through the population

Question 8

what is communicable disease?

Answer 8

When a disease is contagious, or capable of being communicated or transmitted

Question 9

what makes cancer infectious d/t?

Answer 9

genetic link and HPV factor

Question 10

what is the chain of infection

Answer 10

• Reservoir
• Portal of exit
• Transmission
• Direct
• Indirect
• Airborne
• Portal of entry
• Susceptible host

Question 11

what is reservoir?

Answer 11

Habitat in which the agent grows and lives

Question 12

what can reservoirs be? (4)

Answer 12

• Human
• Animal
• Insects
• Environment (plants, soil, water)

Question 13

what are examples of portal of exit? (6)

Answer 13

• Respiratory tract
• Blood
• Semen
• Other body fluids
• Crossing the placenta (mother-to-fetus)
• Blood sucking mosquitos

Question 14

mode of transmission: direct

Answer 14

Direct contact (kissing, sexual intercourse, soil contact)

Question 15

mode of transmission: indirect

Answer 15

• Vehicleborne (food, water, bedding, instruments)
• Vectorborne (mosquitos, fleas, ticks)

Question 16

mode of transmission: airborne

Answer 16

• Droplet spread (direct transmission)
• Airborne (dust, droplet nuclei) (indirect transmission)

Question 17

what makes a susceptible host

Answer 17

• Immune status
• Overall health
• Hygiene

Question 17

examples of portal of entry (9)

Answer 17

• Respiratory tract
• Mouth
• Reproductive tract
• Venous or arterial access
• Urinary
• Skin
• Gastrointestinal
• Conjunctival
• Transplacental

Question 18

what are active immunity?

Answer 18

Body produces its own antibodies in response to having been vaccinated or having a specific disease pathogen invade the body

Question 19

what are passive immunity?

Answer 19

• Administration of immune globulin
• Transplacental transfer of immune globulins to the fetus
• Transfer of antibodies and other immunoprotectant in
  human milk

Question 20

what percent of the population need to be immunized for herd immunity to be effective?

Answer 20

85% or more

Question 21

what is cocooning?

Answer 21

• Used to protect infants from communicable diseases
• Only family and friends who are fully immunized are allowed to be around the infant

Question 22

what vaccines given during pregnancy are effective in protecting newborns?

Answer 22

• influenza ( protects the baby several months after they’re born and can be given to mother at any time)
• pertussis (Tdap) recommended during the 3rd trimester

Question 23

what are the determinants of health? (4)

Answer 23

• Biological
• Environmental
• Social
• Health behaviors

Question 24

Biological Sources of Disease (8)

Answer 24

* Congenital * Hereditary * Infectious * Inflammatory * Metabolic * Nutritional * Tumors * Vascular

Question 25

environmental sources of disease

Answer 25

* Allergens * Chemical exposures * Infectious organisms * Nutrition * Physical agents * Trauma

Question 26

social determinants of health

Answer 26

- economic stability - neighborhood and built environment - health and health care - social and community context - education

Question 27

what are the models of disease causation (3)

Answer 27

- Multicausality - Causal Pie Model - Web of causation

Question 28

what is included in the epidemiological triad?

Answer 28

- agent - host - environment

Question 29

what are the agents?

Answer 29

* Microorganisms - Infectivity: Ability to infect - Pathogenicity: Proportion of infected people who develop clinical disease - Virulence: Proportion of cases that are severe or fatal - Amount of exposure - Duration of exposure * Chemical agents - Toxicity - Dose - Exposure period * Physical agents or forces - Type - Magnitude - Duration **needs to be present for disease to occur

Question 30

what is the BEINGS model of disease causation?

Answer 30

B – Biological, Behavioral E – Environmental I – Immunological N – Nutritional G – Genetic S – Services, Social, Spiritual

Question 31

stage of susceptibility

Answer 31

person is healthy but is susceptible to disease

Question 32

stage of subclinical disease

Answer 32

* Pathological changes occur and some can be detected by screening * No apparent symptoms. Person is asymptomatic * Incubation period for infectious diseases * Latency for chronic disease

Question 33

stage of clinical disease

Answer 33

* Onset of symptoms * Diagnosis usually occurs during this stage

Question 34

what are the stages of disease? (4)

Answer 34

- Susceptibility - Preclinical (subclinical, presymptomatic, latent) - Clinical - Recovery, disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) or death

Question 35

primary prevention

Answer 35

* Used during the stage of susceptibility, before any disease process has started * Protects against the disease - Place the host in good health - Protect against disease (e.g., immunization) - Public health measures

Question 36

secondary prevention

Answer 36

* Used during the preclinical (latent) and early clinical stages of disease * Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and minimize or eliminate complications

Question 37

tertiary prevention

Answer 37

* Used during the advanced stage of disease or when disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) has occurred * Measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability