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EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

sociology definition

A

the study of society
(family (dynamics) school, peer groups, influence, social media, social interactions, laws )

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2
Q

psychology definition

A

scientific study of the human mind and its functions (mental health, thought process, dynamics in relationships, past experiences)

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3
Q

anthropology definition

A

broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time.

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4
Q

List the types of research methods
(Hint: there is 4)

A

Cover vs Overt
Participant vs Non-participant
Structured vs Unstructured
Quantitative vs Qualitative

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5
Q

Theories of Social Change

A

EVOLUTIONARY
CYCLICAL
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
CONFLICT

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6
Q

Luddism

A

opposing the use of technology

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7
Q

What defines a culture

A

beliefs and traditions passed down from generation to generation

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8
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions.

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9
Q

Learning Theory

A

monkey see monkey do
what you see is what you do

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10
Q

Operant Conditioning and discrimination

A

Operant Conditioning: method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behaviour

discrimination: treats a person or a group badly for reasons such as their race, age or disability.

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11
Q

Festinger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • cognitive dissonance theory
  • two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict
  • individuals who continue to smoke, even though they know it is harmful to their health
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12
Q

Robert Merton
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • strain theory
  • Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals
  • one who accepts the goal of wealth but cannot get a legal job will turn to illegal means of earning money
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13
Q

Piaget
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • cognitive development
  • children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
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14
Q

Eduard Spranger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A

development through childhood to adulthood to childhood

learn about values, etc.

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15
Q

Strauss-Howe
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • how young people think can tell us about big changes in society.
  • When teenagers care about something, it might show us what’s important for the future.
  • For example, if they care a lot about the environment now, it could mean we’ll all care more about it in the future.
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16
Q

G. Stanley Hall
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A

adolescent’s decreased level of self-control as the ‘storm’ and their increased sensitivity as the ‘stress’

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17
Q

Fledgling adults

A

a period of development spanning from about ages 18 to 29

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18
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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19
Q

Demographics

A

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

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20
Q

Erikson, identity diffusion

A

characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity.

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21
Q

Erikson’s stages

A

-

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21
Q

Agents of socialization

A

a combination of social groups and social institutions

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21
Q

Technological determinism

A

media technology shapes how we as individuals in a society think, feel, act

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21
Q

Technostress

A

unable to cope with new technology, causes stress, etc

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21
Durkheim
22
Kohlberg
- Kohlberg is known for his theory of moral development - Authority figures and social roles can influence a person's moral development
22
Mcluhan law
Enhance (Enhancing an ability): Enhances the ability to speak to each other Obsolete (Getting rid of an ability): Writing on paper Retrieve (Medium recovers which was previously lost): Talk to people at long distances Flip (What does the medium reverse/flip into when pushed to extremes?): Social Media
22
Robert Merton: Strain theory
Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
22
Travis Hirschi Deviant Control theory
strong social bonds and a sense of belonging deter individuals from deviating from social norms.
22
Social inequality
unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
23
Stratified society
Unequal distribution of rewards, resources and opportunities experiences and opportunities are defined by the social category they belong to
23
social stratification
Refers to structured systems of inequality that rank people according to a hierarchy
23
Social class
group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status.
24
Social justice
distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
25
Max Weber
Insisted that status + class + power = social inequality
26
SPA Theoretical perspectives on inequality (Hint: 2 conflict theorists)
Conflict Theorists = Karl Marx and Max Weber Karl Marx: primarily focused on class conflict within an economic context conflict would cause social change between upper and social class Marx Weber: Status + Class + Power = Social Inequality Status: Same life
27
Melvin Tumin
social stratification prevented qualified people from attempting to fill roles
28
Open system
An achievement-based economic system Allows for social mobility and changes between classes
29
Closed system
Their social status is ascribed by birth.
30
Intragratinol Mobility
Mobility within an individual’s lifetime
31
Intergenerational occupational mobility
Process of reaching occupation location higher or lower than location held by parents
32
Ascribed Status
A position assigned to a person at birth without any consideration for their characteristics or skills
33
Maquilas
first nations sweatshops
34
Globalization
free trade, moving service, culture, etc
35
Economic globalization
trading goods for money, services for money
36
Replacement levels
amount of births replace amount of deaths
37
Transnational corporation
businesses that have global reach
38
School of thought Psychology
psychoanalytic theory, behaviourism, learning theory
39
School of thought anthropology
structuralism, functionalism, cultural materialism
40
Functionalism
trying to meet members of society's physical and psychological needs. The roles people play in society
41
Structuralism
Based on binary opposites. Analyzing the good and bad in society
42
Cultural Materialism
looking at the technology and economics a society has
43
Psychoanalytic theory
the mind is divided into 3 sections (ego, superego, ID) Superego: Part of the unconscious mind telling the conscious what to do and what not to do Ego: The conscious part of the brain (aware of what is happening) ID: Part of the unconscious mind that gives aggressive impulses
44
Behaviourism
modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it (How were you raised at home)
45
Learning Theory
Monkey see, Monkey do
46
School of Thought sociology
Structural Functionalism Neo-Marxism Feminism Inclusionism Symbolic Interactionism
47
Structural Functionalism
how the institution works to meet the needs of society
48
Neo-Marxism
the richer is trying to get rich, society struggles with the power/needs of people
49
Feminism
inequality between men and women
50
Inclusionism
how does the society work to meet the needs and include everyone
51
Symbolic Interactionism
Individuals behave in the group, how they expect them to behave
52
3 main forces of social change
1. charismatic leaders - large visions - popular support - promises rewards 2. roles of elites - respected by many - very visible in society - has social power 3. population ready for change - social groups need to recognize the need for change - they then will choose to or choose not to embrace the change
53
Travis Hirschi
Humans are selfish inside but can control urges due to values set by society Inner Contiamention: Self esteem and morally developed Outer Containmention: Social controls, teacher and police (consequences will happen)
54
Durkheim
Increased social norms bring increased social cohesion, when everyone follows the same norms it creates better cooperation and unity
55
Baudrillard
Technology keeps humans disconnected from society People no longer spend time talking to family they live in cyberspace

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