Exam Review Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What would we expect to happen to our cells if the urine was a very pale colour?
A
Cells will lyse rapidly
2
Q
What plasma colour is normal for Equine?
A
Very yellow
3
Q
What are some changes that occur overtime in a blood sample/with aged blood?
A
if serum or plasma is touching rbcs the glucose dereases, if exposed to light bilirubin will decrease 50% per hour, cells deteriorate or rupture, vacuolization of cells, platelets become macrocytic
4
Q
Casts in urine only come from the ______
A
kidney tubules
5
Q
If protein is present in urine, you should check the sediment for signs of ______ or _______. Why?
A
blood, inflammation. if no hemorrhage or inflammation present, it means there could be tubular lesions
6
Q
a) how are struvite crystals and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals similar?
b) what is the best way to tell them apart?
A
a) both can be elongated, rectangular shapes with pointed ends. Both are colourless.
b) the struvite crystal appears 3D with a bevel and the COM is flat
7
Q
Grey top tubes are primarily used for _________ when sample is sent to an outside lab
A
Glucose testing
8
Q
Why do we want to avoid excitement in patients before collecting blood?
A
Epinephrine causes immediate changes including neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and thrombocytosis
9
Q
Once you centrifuge a sample and get the serum or plasma, it is ok to not label it because it is easy to tell which one it is
A
False. Its impossible to tell, label serum or plasma!
10
Q
Aged blood makes neutrophil chromatin appear:
A
expanded and hypochromic
11
Q
The colour of urine is usually affected by the ________
A
concentration
12
Q
What is a LTT tube?
A
Lavender Top Tube
13
Q
What is the turnaround time for a sample?
A
Once a sample is collected the blood smear should be made in 15 mins
14
Q
Compare the optimal viewing area (OVA) to the feathered edge (FE) in the following ways
a) Size of cells
b) Central pallor
c) Shape of cells
d) Colour of cells
e) Distribution of cells
A
a) OVA is the proper size while FE is larger than the cell should be (macrocytic)
b) OVA is visible (if present) and FE is absent
c) OVA is round or actual cell shape and FE is flat on edges in a cobblestone pattern, often ruptured
d) OVA is properly stained while FE is pale
e) OVA is evenly distributed and FE has holes and streaks (swiss cheese)
15
Q
True or false, the Specific Gravity unit is L/L
A
False. Specific Gravity has no units. L/L is a PCV measurement in scientific units
16
Q
What is a SST tube?
A
Serum Separator Tube (Gold or Tiger)
17
Q
Green/brown urine should be processed immediately due to the possible presence of:
A
bilirubin which breaks down 50% each hour
18
Q
What is a BTT tube:
A
Blue Top Tube
19
Q
The general rule of thumb when collecting serum or plasma is collect _____ times as much as you need (volume)
A
3x
20
Q
state the proper term for “small, frequent amounts of urine”
A
pollakiuria
21
Q
After a tiger/gold top tube is spun, what do the layers look like?
A
Blood cells at the bottom, serum on top with the silicon plug in between which makes it easy to pipette off the serum and put it into a red top tube.
22
Q
What plasma colour is normal for ruminants?
A
Noticeably yellow
23
Q
state the proper term for “the presence of visible flakes in urine”
A
flocculence
24
Q
What are 2 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during processing of serum or plasma?
A
not rimming the clot before spinning a serum sample, spinning for too long or too fast
25
Our patient has a pH of 9. How long should we wait to read the urine sediment?
Do not wait. Alkaline urine results in dissolution of casts and lysis of cells
26
Tiger or Gold top tubes contain a _______ which is a ______ activator
Silicone plug, clot activator
27
state the proper term for "increased monocyte concentration in circulation"
monocytosis
28
True or false: to dilute specific gravity that is off the scale, it is generally just an eyeball ratio
False. Do NOT eyeball. Must be prescise so use graduated pipette or tuberculin syringe
29
We use tiger or gold top tubes to produce ______. Which must be separated into a fresh red top tube.
serum
30
The normal range of specific gravity is:
1.008-1.012
31
What causes icteric plasma/serum?
Can be normal, or due to hemolysis or liver disease
32
What does EDTA mean?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
33
state the proper term for "shriveling of RBC"
crenation
34
Can blood collected in Potassium Heparin be used to measure Potassium Levels?
Totally. No. It cant. You should know this.
35
What is an advtanage of using the screw top on a collection tube?
cannot stick needle through, preventing hemolysis
36
Gold top tube (SST) cannot be used for:
Phenobarbital, Potassium Bromide, Digoxin
37
state the term for "increased cell size"
macrocytic
38
What is the common site of blood collection in bovine?
Jugular, Tail
39
What are 3 advantaged of using the Vacutainer system? (Although we do not use it)
1. Consistent drawback pressure rather than humans changing pressure and risking vein collapse
2. Sample cannot be contaminated as it is going directly from vein to sterile container
3. Clotting less common because it is not exposed to air between collection and process
40
Deep yellow plasma is defined as:
Icteric
41
When transferring a fresh blood sample from syringe to blood collection tube, what is the best process to do so? Why? Give details.
Remove the needle from the syringe, take tube top off, let the blood run down the side of the tube slowly until it is adequately filled. All of these steps prevent hemolysis
42
Before selecting a tube for a sample collection, you should reference the_____
laboratory manual
43
The ____ produces most proteins
Liver
44
Tiger/Gold top tubes cannot be used for ________ testing
Phenobarbital
45
Grey top tube contains ___________ plus or minus _________
Sodium fluoride, potassium oxalate
46
When shipping blood smears, always follow these 3 rules:
1. send fixed, unstained smear with the sample 2. protect with small styrofoam container 3. keep one smear to compare findings
47
Why do we fast patients before some blood samples?
Lipemia alters results (fat in blood, usually after a meal)
48
From 1-6 list the recommended order of collection (if you would need to do all of these tests)
1. Blood culture
2. Coagulation (light blue)
3. Serum tube (red, gold)
4. Heparin (green)
5. EDTA (lavender)
6. Sodium fluoride (grey)
49
What is a RTT tube?
Red Top Tube
50
Dipsticks should be read with fresh, ______ temperature, well-mixed urine
room
51
A dog has a WBC count of 23.2 x 10(9)/L. On a cell count, you find neutrophils at 61%. What is the absolute number of Neutrophils?
14.2 x 10(9)/L
52
If the tube is not filled, spun and separated, anticoagulant causes:
severe hemolysis
53
What is the main cause of hypoproteinemia?
Liver disease not creating enough Albumin (main protein in plasma/serum)
54
The _______ top tube contains EDTA liquid or powder which is an _________
Lavender, anticoagulant
55
What is a Fibrin Clot? How does it happen? How can we avoid it?
Gelatinous mass, Centrifuging too soon or too fast, let clot at room temperature for 20 mins before spinning (10 mins in gold top)
56
What size needle is commonly used to collect blood from canines?
20-22
57
Gross urine exam includes what 3 elements
Colour, Clarity, Odour
58
Define hypochromic (be specific)
decreased colour, specifically decreased hemoglobin concentration in RBC
59
Which of the following produces antibodies?
a) Basophil
b) Monocyte
c) Lymphocyte
c) lymphocyte
60
state the proper term for "increased neutrophil concentration in circulation"
neutrophilia
61
What is the predominant protein we measure in the blood?
Albumin
62
pH of urine is primarily effected by what 2 factors?
diet & presence of bacteria
63
What does Lactescence mean in relation to plasma/serum?
Opaque, milk-like appearance that contains an even higher level of triglycerides
64
Heparin tubes (green) cannot be used for:
Bile acid measurement
65
Green top tube is most often used to produce ______ but can be used for ______ testing
plasma, blood gas testing
66
Heparin is a(n)_________ which means when filled it must be ________
Anticoagulant, inverted
67
State the proper term for "decreased lymphocytes in circulation"
lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia
68
What are 2 things that might alter specific gravity results?
glucose, protein
69
Which of the following acts as an Antihistamine?
a) Neutrophil
b) Basophil
c) Eosinophil
c) Eosinophil
70
To avoid damage to whole blood while shipping the sample, you should:
Wrap ice packs
71
If the plasma/serum is white in colour or looks milky, what could be causing this?
Lipemia, often from recent meal. If the animal was fasted then it is likelyneither liver disease or hypothyroidism
72
Which term of clarity means "can read text through the sample, but it is hazy"
Mild cloudiness
73
If urine has a "fruity" odour, you would expect the dipstick to be positive for ______
ketones
74
List one other cause (besides dehydration) of hyperproteinemia
Antibody production due to infection or tumor
75
What is a GTT tube?
Green Top Tube
76
The protein content of ______ is higher than _____ (components of the blood)
plasma, serum
77
state the proper term for "clear holes in the cytoplasm of a monocyte"
vacuoles
78
The instrument used to measure serum protein is called a:
refractometer
79
a) how are hyaline and waxy casts similar?
| b) what is the best way to tell them apart?
a) both are colourless, tubular structures formed in renal tubules
b) the hyaline cast has a refractive index (and is hard to see unstained) while the waxy cast has a high refractive index
80
Describe the main differences between the appearance of monocytes and lymphocytes in the following ways:
a) Size
b) Chromatin
c) Cytoplasm appearance
d) Amount of cytoplasm
e) Nuclear shape
a) L vary in size M are usually very big
b) L very thick and smudged, M fine and reticular
c) L Variable from pale basophilic to deeply basophilic, smooth or granular, M consistently blue-grey with fine grainy look like ground glas
d) L varies from thin rim to as much as a monocyte M has about 50/50 nucleus to cytoplasm
e) L usually round or indented, M very pleomorphic
81
Which term of clarity means "can see the text through the sample, but cant read it"
Moderately cloudy
82
How are crystals typically reported during urinalysis?
+, ++. +++ per high power field
83
Clotting of whole blood can happen in what 3 ways (errors)
1. prolonged collection time 2. inadequate mixing with anticoagulant 3. traumatic venipuncture
84
_____ (food) causes acidic urine while _____ products cause alkaline urine
Meat, wheat
85
what is the main cause of Hemolysis during storage?
freezing of whole blood
86
If plasma/serum is pale or colourless, what could be causing this?
Bone marrow depression, acute hemorrhage
87
List three artifacts that commonly seen in urine
Air bubbles, pollen, hair, fibers, glove powder crystals
88
True or false, to collect serum for a red top tube, you spin it so the serum is on top and then it is ready to be shipped to the lab
False. The serum must be removed off the top of the clot and placed into a new red top
89
Serum is producd by blood that has been ________ and plasma is produced by blood with a(n)_______
Clotted, anticoagulant
90
What is the common site of blood collection for feline/canine?
Jugular, cephalic
91
If you can see print through a urine sample but you cannot read the text the proper term for clarity is:
moderately cloudy
92
If your diluted SG read 1.042. What is your actual SG?
1.084
93
A pH higher than 7 means the urine is ______
alkaline
94
True or false: Once the light blue top tube is filled, it must be spun and the serum must be collected quickly
False. The plasma bust me collected!
95
What is a target cell? What causes this? How does the age of the sample relate to this?
An RBC with the appearance of a dart board with a bullseye in the middle, caused by hypothyroidism or liver diease. An aged sample will be pale and the target cells will not be visible therefore missing diagnosis
96
How do you adjust the smearing technique if the first smear you prepare is too thick?
Lower the spreader slide or smear slower
97
Which term of clarity means "cannot see the text but light travels through the sample"
Marked cloudiness
98
What are 3 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during sample collection
too much alcohol, small needle, animal is wet
99
You have to take blood from a small cat. You only have 15 ml tubes available. Is this okay?
No! No no no!! Match the size of the tube to the size of the patient
100
state the proper term for "pH lower than 7"
acidic
101
Report a PCV of 17% in SI units
0.17 L/L
102
What are 5 main causes of Hemolysis
1. damage during collection
2. damage during transfer to tube
3. damage during processing of serum/plasma
4. damage during storage
5. lipemia
103
A specific gravity lower than 1.008 is termed _______
Hyposthenuria
104
Which of the following sometimes contains rod-shaped granules?
a) Lymphocyte
b) Monocyte
c) Eosinophil
c) Eosinophil
105
List 3 sample collection objectives
Adequate sample volume, lack of interfering substances, no tissue fluids, no damage done, no alteration in values
106
List 3 diseases that cause Lipemia:
hypothyroidism, diabetes, cushing's, pancreatitis, primary lipid disorder (common in schnauzer)
107
What plasma colour is normal for cats and dogs?
Straw-yellow and clear
108
What are 3 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during transfer to tube
ejecting blood too quickly, forceful ejection of blood, shaking vigourously during inversion
109
There is one special tube that is designed to have the needle stuck into the top and blood pushed in. Why does this prevent hemolysis?
It has a very weak vacuum that gently pulls blood through
110
What is the common needle size used for blood collection in equine/bovine?
16-19
111
You are presented with a blood smear but you are not told the species of the patient. By examining the smear, how can you tell if it is a dog, cat or horse?
The best way is to look at eosinophilc. Lymphs, neuts and monos look similar between spp and basos are often not present.
Equine: granules very large , round and bright red/pink like a raspberry
Feline: granules are moderate in size, pink and rod shaped. Often very tightly packed
Canine: granules are large, pink and vary in size
112
If an item is only seen once every few fields in urine, its quantity should be reported as:
occasional
113
We need to collect 1 ml of blood from a cat. We only have Microtainer tubes. How many do we need to fill to get 1ml?
Each Microtainer contains 500 microliters which is half a ml. We would need to fill 2 microtainers.
114
Do not use Green top tube for routine mammalian hematology because Heparin interferes with:
cell staining
115
Light Blue top tube contains ______ and is used for _____ tests or ______ counts
Sodium citrate, coagulation, platelet
116
When 10ml of urine has been processed, what number of RBC is considered "normal"?
0-3/hpf (some say 0-5 in females)
117
True or false. An EDTA tube can be filled halfway with no problem
False. Tubes with additives must be filled completely or it will be diluted and therefore inaccurate
118
______ top tubes contain Heparin of various types
Green
119
Red or red-brown urine means:
Hematuria
| stems into Hemoglobinuria or Myoglobinuria
120
Is this adequate processing? You have to send out a fecal in an SAF container as well as a blood sample and smear. You only have one Idexx bag left, and since they are from the same patient you put them in the bag together and send them to Idexx.
FALSE. Formalin fumes render blood un-stainable. Must be in separate bags sealed tightly
121
If the SG is "off the scale" how do we calculate the specific gravity?
1. dilute the sample 1:1 with distilled water
2. read the diluted SG
3. multiple the LAST TWO digits to get the actual SG
122
If an animal has severe hemolysis due to disease or improper technique, what colour would we expect the plasma/serum to be?
pink-red
123
How are casts typically reported during urinalysis?
per low power field (/lpf)
124
A specific gravity higher than 1.012 is termed ________
hypersthenuria
125
If you raise the spreader slide, when preparing a blood smear, the smear will become:
shorter and thicker
126
Microtainer tubes exist and are good for cats and kittens. They have a minimum fill line of 250____ and maximum fill line of 500 _______ (units)
microliters (ul)
127
Platelet clumps are most likely to be found in what area of a smear:
feathered edge
128
state the proper term for pus in urine
pyuria
129
What is the most common cause of hyperproteinemia?
dehydration
130
state the proper term for "the top layer of a centrifuged microhematocrit tube"
plasma
131
State the proper term for "red staining"
eosinophilic
132
What three types of Heparin are common in Green top tubes?
Ammonia, sodium and potassium
133
what are the 4 main methods of urine collection?
Voided, catheterization, cystocentesis, manual expression
134
Red or Peach top tube is used for _______ and has no additive
Serum
135
If a blood smear is stained well, the RBC should be _____ and ______should be dark purple
pink, neutrophil nuclei
136
state the proper term for "increased platelet concentration"
thrombocytosis
137
Although plasma can be used for alkaline phosphatase testing, _____ cannot be used as an anticoagulant
EDTA
138
Which of the following "Ingests bacteria"
a) RBC
b) WBC
c) Neutrophil
c) Neutrophil
139
define crenation
shriveling of erythrocytes
140
EDTA tubes cannot be used for ________ testing (2)
Calcium or Alkaline Phosphatase
141
Lavender top tube is often used for:
routine hematology, CBC
142
We ignore the _____ pad on the dipstick in cats because it is not accurate
leukocyte
143
What is the common site of blood collection in equine?
Jugular
144
What is a disadvantage to using the light blue top tube?
Clean venipuncture is essential on first try
145
The white center in the middle of an RBC is called the:
zone of central pallor
146
What size needle is commonly used to collect blood from feline?
22-25
147
Fasting a patient before blood collection makes it easy for us to differentiate between Lipema from _____ or Lipemia from ______
food or disease
148
What is a GTT tube?
Grey Top Tube
149
define basophilic
blue staining
150
Which of the following can damage dipsticks?
a) touching them
b) leaving the lid off
c) exposing to moisture
d) exposing to temperature extremes
e) all of the above
f) none of the above
e) all of the above
151
The Grey top tube is finicky and hard to use 100% properly, therefore you should use a _______ top tube instead
red
152
Label blood collection tubes with what 4 things?
Patient name, plasma or serum, date and time
153
True or false. When waiting for the dipstick to be readable, it is okay to hold it vertically
False. It must be kept horizontal.
154
When plasma/serum is icteric, what are we actually looking at?
Bilirubin present in plasma
155
List one advantage and one disadvantage of staining urine samples
Advantages: easier to see
Disadvantages: false bacteria, increased bacteria, uneven staining
156
What colour of urine is "normal"?
light yellow to amber
157
Why do we have a recommended order of blood sample collection?
To prevent contamination of sample by substances that may interfere with results
158
When fasting a healthy patient before blood collection, how long is the fast?
12 hours
159
DO NOT ship samples in:
syringes with needles
160
Before use, a refractometer must be calibrated or zeroed with _________. Once calibrated, the value will read ______ on the specific gravity scale
Distilled water, 1.000
161
To tell the contents of a blood collection tube, what element of the tube must you look at?
the tube top colour
