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Gr. 10 Science > Exam Review: Bio > Flashcards

Exam Review: Bio Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • No nucleus

- No organelles

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2
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A
  • Complex cells
  • Contain nucleus & organelles
  • Surrounded by a thin membrane
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3
Q

Table describing how cells/organisms can be classified?

A

Cell (organism)

Prokaryote, Eukaryote

        Uni-cellular, Multicellular

                               Plant, Animal
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4
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A
  • In plant and animal cells
  • Mostly water, stores substances
  • Chemical reactions
  • Allows organelles to move around
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5
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Flexible, double layered
  • Support the cell, semi-permeable (allows only some substances to pass through)
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6
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Fairly spherical
  • Contains genetic information
  • Controls activities of cell
  • Holds DNA
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7
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Oval structure, looks like a hotdog

-Converts stored energy to a more usable form
-Powerhouse of the cell
-Cellular respiration
(C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + atp)

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8
Q

What does the ER do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Network of tubes and pockets
  • Transports materials (proteins) around the cell
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9
Q

What do Golgi bodies do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Long and tubular
  • Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell
  • Makes and secrets mucus
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10
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Single membrane in the form of a sack (fluid filled)
  • Vary depending on the cell
  • Contain substances, removing unwanted ones
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11
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A
  • plant cells ONLY
  • Rigid and porous
  • Supports the cell
  • Protection from physical injury
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12
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A
  • Plant cells ONLY
  • Absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to make food for the plant

Sun + CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

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13
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

-Plant and animal cells

  • RNA is made into protein for the cell
  • Often float around in cytoplasm or are bound to Rough ER
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14
Q

Explain the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
    - Cell growth
    - DNA reproduction
    - Preparation for mitosis
  2. Cell division
    Mitosis
    (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
  3. Cytokinesis (cell splits)
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15
Q

Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleolus disappears

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16
Q

Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

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17
Q

Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes break at their centromeres, sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

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18
Q

Telophase?

A

Chromosomes are at the poles, nuclear envelope is redeveloping, cytoplasm may be dividing

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19
Q

Why do cells split?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth (osmosis)
  • Repair
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20
Q

What is the different between asexual and sexual?

A

Asexual:

  • 1 parent
  • Exact genetic copies
  • Genetic info from one parent

Sexual:

  • 2 parents
  • Half of DNA
  • Genetic info from both parents
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21
Q

What is cell specialization?

A
  • Cells specialize (perform one specific function) as organism develops
  • Physical and chemical differences
  • Perform ONE job very well
  • DNA is the same in ALL cells, they just have different gene expression
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22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells can renew themselves, divide and repair/replace tissue

-Early in their life, they have the ability to become any time of cell in the human body

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23
Q

Different types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic

Adult

Meristematic

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24
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

-They undergo differentiation, cells look different from eachother and perform different functions

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25
What are adult stem cells?
They replace damaged tissue
26
What are meristematic stem cells?
(Plant cells) produces new cells
27
Specialized Animal Cells
Red blood cell, Bone cells, White blood cells, Fat cells, Nerve cells, Skin cells, Muscle cells (RBWFNSM)
28
Cells forming tissues?
- Different cells come together to form tissues - Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific task -Nerve, Connective, Muscle, Epithelial
29
Describe nerve tissue
- Information, synthesis, communication & control | - Long, thin with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electricity
30
Describe connective tissue
- Support, strength, electricity, insulation | - Various types of cells & fibres held together by a liquid/solid/gel called matrix
31
Describe muscle tissue
- Skeletal, smooth, cardiac - Function: movement - Bundles of long cells called fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening/contracting
32
Describe epithelial tissue
- Lining, transport, secretion, absorption - Thin sheets, tightly packed cells - Cover surfaces and line internal organs - Protect from dehydration, low friction
33
Hierarchy of organisms?
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell
34
What is the function of the respiratory system?
-Gas exchange from the external environment to the internal environment and to remove waste gas from the internal environment
35
Label the parts of the respiratory system
``` Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Diaphragm ```
36
What does the nasal cavity do?
-Air is filtered, warned, moistened, mucus covering all internal surfaces
37
What does the pharynx do?
-Air from nasal passage meets air from the mouth
38
What does the larynx do?
Below pharynx, top of trachea "voice box" | Vibrating cords under muscle control
39
What does the trachea do?
Lined with cilia, divides into two bronchi
40
What do bronchioles do?
Walls lined with cilia and cartilage, ends with clusters of alveoli
41
Describe how gas exchange works
1. Oxygen molecules diffuse from airspace in the lungs into the blood stream Capillaries > Pulmonary vein > heart 2. CO2 blood: Pulmonary arteries > capillary surrounding airspace in the alveoli > diffuses across nuclear membrane into airspace > exhaled
42
Why can the oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through the alveolar membrane during gas exchange?
Is it moist and 1 cell thick
43
What is breathing?
Inhaling and exhaling air to the gas exchange site
44
What is gas exchange?
Transfer of oxygen molecules into the blood and carbon monoxide molecules out
45
What is cellular respiration?
Chemical process by which all living cells obtain usable energy
46
What happens to air as it is inhaled and exhaled? (Properties)
- Moistened - Warmed - Filtered
47
What happens to the pressure in your chest cavity when you inhale?
Decreases
48
What happens to the pressure in your chest cavity when you exhale?
Increases
49
Describe the two components of the circulatory system
1. Cardiovascular: closed system with a pump, one way valves and plumbing tubes 2. Lymphatic: pumpless system of vessels and lymph nodes
50
What are the different types of vessels?
1. Arteries: large vessels that carry blood away from the heart 2. Arterioles: smallest divisions of arteries 3. Capillary: tiny blood vessels found in tissues 4. Venules: smallest of veins 5. Veins: large vessels that carry blood towards the heart
51
What is blood?
A substance that transports all substances that must be moved within the body (nutrients, wastes, gases, heat etc.)
52
Describe the heart (look at diagram in notes as well)
-Cardiac muscle contracts at the same time (regular beat) to move blood around body -Divided into four hollow chambers (Two atria, two ventricles) -Right pumps first, then left
53
What makes up the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
54
What does the nervous system do?
-Sensing environment, coordinating appropriate responses
55
What are some different types of nerves?
1. Nerves that control voluntary muscles 2. Nerves that regulate involuntary functions 3. Nerves that carry information from sensory organs to the brain
56
What are the parts of the brain?
- Frontal lobe - Parietal lobe - Occipital lobe - Temporal lobe
57
What are reflexes?
Sensory input hits is the Spinal cord which instructs muscle how to react -Quicker because signals don't need to be transmitted to/ processed by the brain
58
Describe arteries
- 99% of time carry oxygenated blood - Thick walls - Carry blood away from heart - Smaller lumen where blood flows - High pressure - Deep inside body - Thick, smooth muscle lining
59
Describe veins
- 99% of time carry deoxygenated blood - Thinner walks - Backflow valves - Carry blood to the heart - Larger lumen - Low pressure - Superficial - Thin, smooth, elastic muscle lining
60
What is a varicose vein?
Backflow valves on the vein and broken and blood rushes through instead of being pushed back
61
What does cell theory state?
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells/their products 2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes 3. All cells come from other cells; not non-living matter
62
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
A cancer cell continues to divide despite messages from the nucleus or surrounding cells to stop growing or dividing
63
What's the different between cells in a benign and malignant tumour?
Benign- lump of cells that stay together but have no serious effect on surrounding tissue Malignant- Interferes with the fiction of neighbouring cells/tissues or even destroy them
64
What is metastasis?
Cancer cells breaking away from the original tumour and making another tumour somewhere else in the body
65
What are the ABCDs of cancer?
Asymmetry Border Colour Diameter

Gr. 10 Science (3 decks)

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