Exam Review Questions

Question 1

For each species, name a vein that is commonly used to collect a venous blood sample.

Answer 1

Dog and cat Cephalic vein or Saphenous vein
* Horse jugular vein
* Cow jugular vein or caudal tail vein
* Sheep or goat jugular vein
* Birds jugular vein, brachial vein often called the medial wing vein

Question 2

One option for assessing the heart rate in a dog or a cat or a horse is the listen to the heart with a stethoscope. Name a location on the body of a dog where
you can assess the heart rate by feeling for an arterial pulse using your fingers

Answer 2

Femoral artery in inguinal region
Name a location on a horse.
* Facial artery where it crosses the ventral aspect of the mandible, or digital artery (on the palmar or plantar lateral aspect of the pastern distal to the fetlock)

Question 3

In adult animal , when blood is pumped from the right ventricle it first enters the pulmonary artery on its way to the lungs, to be “re-oxygenated”, however,
in the fetus, the lungs are not filled with air, and the placenta is the site of “re-oxygenation” of the blood, so the amount of blood that is transported to the
lungs is reduced to the amount needed to support tissue development, and much of the blood entering the right pulmonary artery is moved into the
descending aorta through a shunt. What is the name of this fetal blood shunt between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta?

Answer 3

• Ductus arteriosus
  Name two other shunts and their locations in fetal circulation.
• Foramen ovale
• Ductus venosus

Question 4

What is the name of the vein outlined in blue in this photograph of a lateral view of a canine
hindlimb? This superficial vein runs on the caudolateral surface of the crus.
In this photograph it is outlined beginning at the level of the stifle (the popliteal lymphnode is
labeled LN) and runs adjacent to the gastrocnemius muscle (the gastrocnemius tendon insertion
on the calcaneous is evident) toward and across the lateral surface of the tarsus

Answer 4

Saphenous vein or lateral saphenous vein

Question 5

5. What are two (2) other names for the left atrioventricular valve of the heart?

Answer 5

Bicuspid valve or mitral valve

Question 6

6. What is the other name for the right atrioventricular valve of the heart?

Answer 6

Tricuspid valve

Question 7

8. The band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones is called a

Answer 7

tendon

Question 8

9. What is the name of the connective tissue layer that surrounds the body of muscles?

Answer 8

epimysium

Question 9

10. Name the type of muscles that are under control of the somatic nervous system.

Answer 9

Skeletal muscles

Question 10

11. Name the type of muscles that are under control of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 10

Smooth and cardiac muscles

Question 11

What is the name of the vein outlined in blue in this photograph of a lateral view of a feline forelimb? This superficial vein
runs on the craniolateral surface of the proximal forelimb until the elbow, where it crosses the flexor angle of the elbow joint and
runs on the dorsal surface of the antebrachium

Answer 11

cephalic vein

Question 12

What is the name of the aponeurosis at ventral midline that joins the abdominal muscles from the right and left sides of
the abdomen? (the term means “white line”)

Answer 12

Linea alba

Question 13

14. A band of fibrous tissue that stabilizes a tendon in place is called a

Answer 13

retinaculum

Question 14

16. Name some components of blood plasma

Answer 14

Broadly, water, protein fraction and other solutes
* Water, albumin, globulins (or gamma globulins), fibrinogen, ions, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances (hormones and cytokines

Question 15

Which component is found in the highest concentration in blood?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

17. Name a function of these plasma proteins.

Answer 16

Fibrinogen - critical for blood clotting
* Immunoglobulins - play a key role immunity (bind antigens)

Question 17

18. Which white blood cells produce antibodies?

Answer 17

B cells or B lymphocytes

Question 18

19. Which white blood cells are phagocytes?

Answer 18

Neutrophils (also generally known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs, although eosinophils and basophils are also polymorphonuclear but those other granulocytes
are not phagocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils all belong to a group of cells called granulocytes because they contain granules or vesicles containing enzymes)
* Monocytes
* macrophages

Question 19

20. What is a name for a low red blood cell count?

Answer 19

anemia

Question 20

In a hematocrit tube after it has been centrifuged (spun down) the narrow band of cells found between the packed red
cells at the bottom and the plasma at the top is known as

Answer 20

Buffy coat

Question 21

What cell types are found in this narrow band?

Answer 21

Cells of the buffy coat are the white blood cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes) and platelets – they have a
different density compared to RBCs and thus centrifuge at a different gradient

Question 22

Name and describe the general location of two lymph nodes that are beneath the skin and can be palpated on a dog or
cat during a physical exam

Answer 22

Parotid – caudal to the ramus of the mandible just below the ear in the same region as the parotid salivary gland
* Mandibular (or submandibular) – medial and ventral to the mandible, between the two mandibular bodies and at the
angle of the mandible
* Superficial cervical (or prescapular) – in the caudal cervical region (along the lateral aspect of the neck cranial to the
scapula
* Axillary – in the axillary region (proximal medial brachium, beneath the skin in subcutaneous tissue in the cleft where the
forearm is adjacent to the lateral thorax
* Superficial inguinal – in the inguinal region (proximal media hind limb beneath the skin in subcutaneous tissue in the
region where it joins the pelvis)
*popliteal – caudal aspect of the stifle

Question 23

23. List the three different types of muscle tissue and describe their characteristics.

Answer 23

Skeletal muscle
* Striated, voluntary; cells are striped, long, and cylindrical, each one with multiple, eccentrically placed nuclei.
* Attached to bone and occasionally to skin, eyeballs, and upper part of the esophagus.
* Voluntary movement of body, including movement of the eyes and the initial part of swallowing.
Smooth Muscle
* Non-striated, involuntary; composed of small, spindle-shaped cells that lack striation or bands and therefore
appear “smooth.” Each cell has a centrally located nucleus.
* In the walls of hollow organs such as the esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, blood vessels, and bladder; also in
skin attached to hair and in the iris of the eye.
* It moves food through the digestive tract, regulates the size of an organ, controls light entering the eye, moves
fluid through vessels, and causes hair to stand erect.
Cardiac Muscle
* Striated, involuntary; cells are cylindrical and branched with a single centrally located nucleus. Cells form an
intricate network and are connected by intercalated disks (specialized type of gap junction).
* Found only in the heart.
* Pumps blood through the vascular system.

Question 24

24. What is a sphincter and name one location.

Answer 24

A circular ring of muscle in the wall of a tubular organ or tissue that can constrict to create a narrowing that controls flow of material through the lumen or
passageway.
* Esophageal (or cardiac) sphincter
* Pyloric sphincter
* Teat sphincter

Question 25

Name two muscles that are part of the thoracic girdle joining the forelimb to the thorax.

Answer 25

Pectoralis
* Serratus ventralis
* Trapezius
* Latissimus dorsi
* Deltoideus
* Triceps

Question 26

What is the forelimb muscle that originates on the scapular and inserts on the olecranon of the ulna and acts the extend the forearm at the elbow? Hint, it has
three heads.

Answer 26

Triceps brachii

Question 27

What is the hind limb muscle that originates from the ilium and proximal femur and inserts on the tibial tuberosity and acts to flex the hip and extend the stifle?
Hint, it has four heads, and the patellar ligament is the final tendon of this muscle that inserts on the tibia

Answer 27

Quadriceps femoris

Question 28

28. What is the hind limb muscle that originates from distal femur and inserts on the calcaneus of the tarsus and acts to flex the stifle and extend the tarsus.

Answer 28

Gastrocnemius