Exam Revision.. Flashcards
1
Q
Explain what biological value of a protein is a measure of
A
Biological value of a protein is a measure of how:
1. Digestible
1. Utilisable
1. Acceptable
2
Q
Explain what it means if a protein has a high biological value
A
- Proteins with a high biological value usually have high proportions of essential amino acids within them
- They closely resemble the requirements of the animal
- High biological value proteins are highly digestible
- Leave fewer waste products to be excreted from the body
3
Q
Explain what factors affect the relative requireements for fats are in the diet of companion animals
A
- Fat is an essential nutrient
- Plays a role in many vital functions
- Relative proportion of fat required in the diet is dependent on the energy needs of the animal
- Since fat supplies the highest volume of calories per gram
-
Energy requirements vary according to factors like:
* Lifestage
* BW
* Exercise levels
* Reproductive status
4
Q
Explain the role of Carbohydrates in the diets of Dogs + Cats
A
- Dogs + Cats have no absloute requirement for carbohydrates
- They can synthesise glucose precursors from fat + proteins
- Cheap source of energy
- Provision of carbs is required during pregnancy + lactation in dogs (particulary)
- As the demand for glucose is higher at this time
5
Q
Describe 4 functions of Fibre in the diets formulated for Dogs
A
- Provides bulk in diet of obese px
- Adds bulk to faeces
- Regulates GI transit time
- Helps prevent constipation or D+
- Used to improve glycaemic control in dogs w/DM
- Helps maintain structural integrity of gut mucosa
- Alters nutrient:
* Absorption
* Adsorption
* Metabolism
6
Q
Explain the difference between digestible energy + metabolisable energy
A
Digestable energy
1. Energy avaliable from food when it has been absorbed
2. After digestion In digestive tract
4. Calculated as = Digestable energy - faecal losses
Metabolisable energy
1. Energy utilized by the tissues
2. Calculated as = Digestable energy - Urinary losses
7
Q
Describe the role of Vitamin D in regulating Calcium + Phosphorus levels in the body
A
- Vit D influences the ax of minerals absorbed from the GI tract + their deposition into the bone tissue
- It stimulates synthesis of Ca-binding-protein which is required for absorption of Ca + Phosphorus
- Mobilses parathormone - to mobilise Ca from bone
- Causes phosphate reabsorption from kidneys
- Results in plasma levels of Ca + Phosphorus increased to levels required for normal mineralisation of the bone
8
Q
Explain the possible implications of feeding a diet that is deficient in Iodine
A
- Dietary deficiency is unlikely
- Can rersult in:
* Goiter
* Growth retardation
* Reproductive failure
9
Q
What % of moisture is in a dry diet?
A
< 10%
10
Q
True or False.
Rabbits are adpated to eating high fibre diets
A
True
11
Q
True of False.
Typically a dog diet has a lower protein + fat content than a rabbit diet
A
False.
Typically a dog diet has a higher protein + fat content than a rabbit diet
12
Q
Why are Rabbits adapted to eating high fibre diets?
A
Because they..
1. Have a high fibre diet, due to being prey species + most advantageous for them
2. Have a caecam, where bacterial fermentation takes place
3. Before caecatrophes are eaten again + nutrients are absorbed from the SI
13
Q
Why do dogs not digest fibre?
A
- They have a simple/monogastric stomach
- System is adapted to higher-quality:
* Proteins
* Fats
* Carbohydrates - Digested by enzymes within the GI tract
14
Q
What 2 things are Rabbits also known as?
A
- FIbrevores
or - Mini Horses/hindgut fermentors
15
Q
Why are cats more suited to high protein diets?
A
Obligate carnivores
16
Q
What species requires additional:
* Taurine
* Arachidonic acid
* Preformed Vitamin A
A
Cats
17
Q
Explain what a non-essential amino acid is?
A
- Can be synthesised from excess amino acids in the body
- Does not have to be supplied in the diet
18
Q
Give 2 examples of EAAs required by dogs
A
- Leucine
- Methionine
19
Q
3..
What affects the quality of a protein?
+
Give 1 example of a protein with a biological value of 100%
A
- Acceptability, digestability + utilisability
- Egg!
20
Q
State 10 functions of protein in the diet
A
- Growth
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
- Repair of damaged tissues
- Dietary source of energy
- Regulation of metabolism (Enzymes + Hormones)
- Involved in transport + storage of 02 in muscles (Myoglobin)
- Transport of nutrients (Lipids + lipoproteins)
- Protection of body against infections (Antibodies)
- Part of structure + flexibilty in:
* Ligaments
* Tendons
* Cartilage
21
Q
3..
What are carbohydrates composed of?
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
22
Q
Give 2 examples of a monosaccharides
A
- Glucose
- Fructose
23
Q
Name 3 sources of carbohydrates found commonly in pet foods
A
Cereals
1. Wheat
2. Maize
3. Potatoes
24
Q
Name the 3 EFAs
A
- Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3)
- Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
- Arachidonic acid (Omega 6)
25
Name 6 ways in which **water** can be **lost** from the body
1. Tears
2. Haemorrhage
3. V+
4. D+
5. Urine
6. Milk
26
Define the term **Metabolisable energy**
1. Ultimately **utilized** by **tissues**
2. Calculated as **Digestable energy** - **Urinary losses**
27
State the 4 main functions of **Vitamin A**
* Otherwise known as Retinol
1. **Component** of **visual pigments** in eye (**Rhodopsin**)
2. Involved in **regulation** of cell **membranes**
3. Req for **normal development** of **bones** + **teeth**
3. **Essential to epithelial tissue** required for healthy:
* Skin
* **Coat**
* Mm
28
Name 4 conditions related to a **deficiency** of **Vitamin E** in the diet
1. **Pansteatitis**
2. Skeletal muscle dystrophy
3. **Reproductive failure**
4. **Impaired immune response** in **dogs**
29
Why is **Vitamin K** used as an antidote to **Warfarin poisoning**?
* **Promotes blood clotting**
* K-factor
* Warfin thins the blood
* Causes swelling
30
Name the **water-soluble** Vitamins
1. Vitamin B
2. Vitamin C
31
State 5 **functions** of **Ca** in the diet
1. Formation of bones + **teeth**
2. Involved in **blood clotting**
3. **Transmission** of **nerve impulses**
4. **Contraction of the muscles**
5. Component of **milk**
32
Which **other mineral** has to be considered when **adding Ca** into the diet?
Phosphorus
33
Name the function of **Copper** in the diet
1. Involved in **formation** + **activity** of **RBCs**
2. **Co-factor** in many **enzyme systems**
3. Role in **normal pigmentation** of skin + **hair**
34
Which **mineral** has functions closely related to those of **Vitamin E**?
Selenium
35
Name the 5 stages of digestion
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. **Absorption**
4. Metabolism
5. **Excretion**
36
What is Defecation?
Removal of waste products by the body
37
What is Secretion?
* Removal of waste products
* From the cell
38
What is Ingestion?
1. Process of **taking food into** the body
1. Brought about by use of:
* Lips
* Teeth
* **Tongue**
39
What is Deglutition?
* **Swallowing**
* Process of **masticated food enters** the **oesophagus**
* Occurs in the **pharynx**
40
What is Digestion?
* Process of **large food molecules broken down**
* Into **small soluble units**
* Occurs in **stomach** + **SI**
41
What is Absorption?
* Process of **small soluble chemical units** pass through **mm** of **SI**
* **Enter blood steam**
42
What is Metabolism?
* Process of **small soluble units** are **converted**
* **By cells**
* To **provide energy**
* For **all organs**
43
What is Excretion?
* **Alters process** of **digestion**
* Any **remaining food passes through**
* **Final part** of **GI tract**
* Referrred to as **LI**
* Leaves body as **faeces**
44
What are the 7 parts of the digetsive system?
1. Mouth
2. **Pharynx**
3. Oesophagus
4. Stomach
5. SI
6. LI
7. **Anus**
45
Name the **4 accessory glands** which contribute to the digestive systems
1. **Salivary glands**
2. **Pancreas**
3. Liver
4. Gall bladder
46
Name the 3 main classifications of diets
1. Carnivores
2. Herbivores
3. Omnivores
47
What **part** of the digestive tract in Herbivores breaks down cellulose from their plant diets?
* **Caudal digestive tract**
* Also known as Caudal fermenters
48
Name the 3 parts of the SI
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
49
What does the Ileum lead to?
Large **blind-ending** caecum
50
# 3 ..
What does the caecum lead to?
1. LI
2. Colon
3. Rectum
51
What is within the caecum of herbivores that produce the enzyme **Cellulase**, to break down the **cellulose cell walls** of plant material?
Micro-organisms
52
What does the **fermentation** process in herbivores **release** + **add**?
1. Releases nutrients
2. Adds Vitamin B to food material
53
Where is **water absorbed** in the GI tract of herbivores?
1. Colon
2. Rectum
54
What species has **faeces** that are:
1. **Rich in nutrients**
2. **Vitamin B produced** as a **byproduct** of fermentation
Herbivores - Rabbits + Horses
55
What **behaviour pattern** do caudal fermenters typically undertake?
Coprophagia
56
Why do caudal fermenters perform coprophagia?
* Nutrients are lost in their faeces
* Require reabsorption to utilise
57
What 2 groups are herbivores split into?
1. Cranial fermenters
2. Caudal fermenters
58
What does the upper lip of the Rabbit do?
* Split into **philtrum**
* So they can **graze** **close** to the **ground**
59
What dietary classification of species has..
* **Flattened rigid teeth**
* **Long** digestive tracts
* **Large fermentation chamber**
* Adapted to breakdown **fibrous** material
Herbivores
60
What is the 3 functions of **LI**?
Absorb:
1. Water
2. **Vitamins**
3. **Electrolytes**
* **From remaining food material after digetsion** + absorption in **SI**
61
What **cell** in found in the **mucosal lining**, to **aid** the **passage of faeces out** of the rectum + **anus**?
Goblet cells
62
What is the **function** of **Goblet cells** in the LI?
1. Found in the **mucosal lining**
1. **Aid** the passage of faeces out
1. Of **rectum** + **anus**
63
What **type** of bacteria are found in the the **LI**?
Commensal
64
What **type** of bacteria contributes to the **smell of faeces**?
Commensal bacteria in LI
65
What **pigment** is found in the **anal glands**?
+
Gives it it's characteristic **colour**?
* **Stercoblin**
* Derived from **bile**
66
What do normal faeces contain?
1. **Water**
2. **Fibre**
3. Dead + Living cells
4. **Mucus**
5. **Dead intestinal cells (fallen into faeces)**
67
What is faecal matter **pushed along** by?
Strong mass movements
68
What are the 2 characteristics of **strong mass movements** in the LI?
1. **Less frequent** than true **peristalsis**
2. Involuntary
69
When does **stretching of the rectal wall** **stimulate** voluntary straining?
1. When **faeces enter the rectum**
2. Are **within the pelvis**
70
As the faeces get closer toward the anal spincter, **what contributes** to the movement of faeces?
Abdominal muscles
71
What does the anal spincter do, in order to push the faeces out?
Relaxes
72
How may the process of moving faeces through the GI tract + defecation be **impared**?
* Requires nervous control
* Any condition affects the normal **nervous pathway in the spinal cord**
* Defecation will be affected
73
Give 3 examples of trauma that can result in impaired defecation?
1. RTA
2. Prolapsed IV disc
3. Damaged spine
74
# 3..
What characterises diarrhoea?
* Unformed faecal matter
* Soft
* Abnormally coloured
75
What are the 2 types of D+?
1. Acute
2. Chronic
76
What is D+ generally an **indication** of?
GI/Intestinal disease
77
Identify 3 possible **reasons** for D+?
1. Failure to digest
2. Failure to absorb food normally
3. **Increased peristalsis**
78
What is the most common cause of D+?
Dietary mismanagement
79
If a dog has a bout of D+, what advice should you give an owner?
1. If mild
2. **Starve for 24hs**
3. Then provide **bland diet** of; fish, chicken or rice for **24hrs**
4. If continues - see VS
80
What 2 cells within the **Pancreas** result in **enzyme secretion**, in response to food in the **duodenum**?
1. **Cholecystokinin** cells (CKK or I cells)
2. **Acinar** cells
81
What 2 cells within the **Pancreas** result in **Bicarbonate secretion**, in response to food in the **duodenum**?
1. **Secretin** cells (S-cells)
2. **Centroacinar** cells
82
What enzyme within the Pancreas converts **Maltose**?
Amylase
83
What does **Lipase** require to break down **Fatty acids** into **Glycerol** in the Pancreas?
**Bile**
(From the liver)
84
What does **Trypsinogen** do in the Pancreas?
Converts in **Enterokinase** (mucosal cells) into **Trypsin**
85
Where does this occur?
Pancreas
86
When **enzymes** attack **fat**, what do they become?
Fat droplets
87
Where are **Disacchaidases** found in the body?
Intestines
88
Name 3 **Disacchaidases**
1. **Maltase**
2. Sucrase
3. Lactase
89
Name 2 **Monosaccharides**
1. Glucose
2. **Fructose**
90
What do **Disacchardiases** break down disaccharides into?
Monosaccharides
91
What do **Peptidases** break down?
Proteins
92
What do **Peptidases** break down **proteins** **into**?
Amino Acids
93
What **transports** **absorbed nutrients** into the **liver**?
**Hepatic Portal** vein
94
Fill in the blanks.
1. ........................
>
2. Thoracic duct
>
1. Vena Cava
>
1. ...........
1. **Cysterna Chyli**
>
2. Thoracic duct
>
1. Vena Cava
>
1. **Liver**
95
What is this?
LI
96
How **formed** are faeces in the **descending colon** of the LI?
Semi-solid
97
What are the 2 sphincters that control defecation?
+
What are their functions?
1. **Internal** sphincter
* **Smooth** muscle
* Maintains faecal contience
2. **External** sphincter
* **Striated** muscle
98
What does faecal material entering the rectum **trigger**?
+
What does it do?
**Rectosphincteric** reflex
2. Causes **relaxation** of **Internal** sphincter
3. **Perstaltic contractions of rectum**
99
What is the **volume** of faecal matter **influenced by**?
Diet
100
What is the requirement of water in animals?
**50ml/kg** **per BW** p/day
101
What are the 8 functions of **Water**?
1. Regulation of **osmotic pressure**
2. Helps maintain **body shape**
3. **Major component of blood + lymph**
4. **Transport medium for nutrients**
5. **Removal of waste**
6. **Electrolyte** balance
7. Req for **chemical reactions** involving **hydrolysis**
8. **Temperature regulation**:
* **Transport heat** from **organs** > skin
* **Evaporate from sweat** produced
102
What is the **structure** of water?
* H20
* 2x hydrogen **atoms**
* 1x oxygen atom
103
What are the **sources** of water?
1. Drinking
1. **Metabolic water**:
* **Produced during catabolism** of:
* Carbs
* **Fat**
* Protein
* >> **Into CO2**
1. Water **presents as moisture** in different food ingrefients
104
Explain what may happen to a patient who has **excessive volumes** of water?
1. **Oedema**
2. PU
3. Water **intoxication**
4. **Hyponatremia** (low blood sodium levels)
105
Explain what may happen to a px who has a water **deficiency**?
1. Dehydration
2. Shock
3. **Death** - after few days
106
Explain the structure of a protein
1. **Complex molecules**
2. Composed of long chains of AAs
3. **Bound together** by **peptide links**
4. 2= **Di**peptide
5. 3 = **Tri**peptide
6. 4 or more = **Poly**peptide (multi)
107
Give 10 examples of Essential AAs
1. Arginine
2. **Histidine**
3. Isoleucine
4. **Lysine**
5. Methione
6. **Phenylanine**
7. Threononine
8. **Tryptophan**
9. **Valine**
10. Taurine (Cats)
108
What are the 7 **functions** of **dietary protein**
1. Tissue growth + repair
2. **Manufacture of hormones + enzymes**
3. **Source of energy (3.5 kcal/g)**
4. **Protection** against infections
5. **Transport of 02**
6. Regulation of metabolism
7. **Structural role** in cell **walls**
109
What are 6 food **sources** of **protein**?
* **High BV** have **high proportions of Essential AAs**
* High BV food:
1. **Egg**
2. **Beef**
3. Lamb
4. Pork
5. **Chicken**
6. Liver
110
What are 2 symptoms of **excess protein** in an animals diet?
1. **Obesity**
2. **Contributes to progression** of same clinical conditions (**Hip dysplasia**)
111
What are 3 symptoms of **deficiency protein** in an animals diet?
1. Weight loss
2. Poor skin + hair
3. **Increased susceptibility to disease**
112
# Essays Q..
Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of a protein
**Mouth**:
1. Mechanical digestion starts with
2. **Mastication**
**Stomach**:
1. Mechanical/physical breakdown continues.
1. Chemical digestion starts:
1. **Chief cells secrete pepsinogen**
1. They **becomes active pepsin** in the **presence** of **HLC** which is **secreted by Parietal cells**)
1. Protein broken down > **polypeptides**
1. By enzyme pepsin
1. **Renin** starts to **coagulate milk proteins**
**Small Intestine**:
1. **Eterokinase** from the intestine acts of **trypsinogen** produced by the pancreas
1. To form **active** trypsin.
1. **Trypsin** breaks down **peptides** into other proteins and amino acids
1. **Peptidases** from the pancreas break down polypeptides into **free amino acids. **
1. AA **absorbed through intestinal wall**
1. Into blood
1. Blood flows from SI to **liver via hepatic portal vein
**
**Liver**:
* Synthesis of tissue:
1.Proteins
1. Enzymes
1. **Albumin**
1. Hormones etc..
* **Surplus** used as **energy**
113
Explain the **structure** of **Lipids**
* Consist of **Triglycerides**
* Where **each 1** is a **combo** of 3**x FAs joined by**
* **1 unit of Glycerol**
Fats defined according to different FAs in each:
1. **Alpha-linolenic** acid (**Omega 3**)
2. **Linoleic** acid (Omega **6**)
3. **Arachidonic** acid (Omega **6**) - **Cats**
114
Explain the 7 **function** of **Lipids**
1. **Provision** + **Storage** of **energy** (**8.5 kcal/g**)
2. Essential Fatty Acids
3. **Aid absorption** of **fat-soluble vitamins**: A, D, E + K
4. Metabolic + Structural functions
5. **Insulation**
6. Enhances food **palatability**
7. **Synthesis of hormones** (esp Steroids)
115
List food sources of **Lipids**
1. Oils!
2. **Soyabean** oil
3. **Canola** oil
4. **Flaxseed** oil
116
What can happen if an animal **recieves excess lipids** in their diet?
1. Obese
2. Leads to further health conditions
117
# 8 ..
What can happen if an animal has a **deficiency of lipids** in their diet?
1. **Poor wound healing**
2. Dry coat
3. **Scaly skin**
4. Alopecia
5. **Pyoderma**
6. Oedema
7. **Moist dermatitis**
8. Reduced repro function
118
# Essay Qs ...
Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of **Fats** in an animal
**Small intestine**;
1. Pancreatic juice
1. Contains **pancreatic lipase**
1. Which breaks down **fats** > **fatty acids + glycerol**
**Bile**;
1. Bile **salts act as detergents**
1. I.e. **break** the **surface tension** **between fats + water**
1. So the fats are broken down > **small droplets**
1. Making it **easier for lipase to reach** + break down fat
1. Longer FAs are harder to break down
1. So **higher** the **proportion** of long **chain** FAs = **longer** it takes lipase to **break down**
1. **Fats absorbed via lymphatic system**
1. I.e. into the **lacteals** > **Cysterna Chyli** > **Thoracic Duct**
1. Where carried into **blood** > liver
**Liver**;
1. **Fat metabolism** takes place
1. Lipids req by body are **synthesised in liver**
1. FAs are metabolised to **produce energy**
1. Fatty acids **enter cells** but must **reach mitochondrion** in order to be used
1. **L-Carnitine** helps **transport FAs to mitochondrion** so can be used for energy
119
Explain the **structure** of **Carbohydrates**
* Composed of:
1. Carbon
1. Hydrogen
1. **Oxygen**
* Formula = CH20
* 3 main groups:
1. **Monosaccharides** = simple sugars (**glucose** or **diasaccharrdies** = lactose)
1. **Oligosaccharides** (**Raffinose**)
1. **Polysaccharides** = **Complex** carbs (**Startches**, fibre)
120
What are the 3 **function** of carbohydrates
1. Source of **fibre**
2. Provision of **energy**
3. **Synthesis** of other essential **body compounds** (RNA, **DNA**)
121
What are the **requirements** of Carbohydrates for Dogs + Cats?
**Dogs**
1. **30** - **60%** in **dry** diets
2. Req for glucose **increases** during **pregnancy** + **lactation**
**Cats**
1. Up to **35%** on dry matter basis
122
What are 3 **issues** if an animal recieves **excess carbohydrate** in their diet?
1. Obesity
2. **Insulin resistance**
3. **Dental issues**
123
What are 3 **issues** if an animal has a **carbohydrate deficiency**?
1. **Lethargy**
2. **Weight loss**
3. Poor coat quality
124
# Essay Qs ...
Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of **Carbohydrates**
**Mechanical**
1. In the mouth
1. Chewing + **Chemical**
1. **Ptyalin secreted by parotid gland (**dogs and herbivores)
1. **Starts** **break down** of **carbs**
**Enzymatic**
1. **Stomach** - **some mechanical** digestion continues
**Small intestine**
1. Enzymes from SI + Pancreas **result in most digestion of carbohydrates**
1. I.e. **Amylase** (from pancreas) breaks down **carbohydrates** > **starches** > **maltose**
1. **Disaccharidases** (maltase, sucrose and lactase from Small intestinal secretions) breakdown **disaccharides** > **monosaccharides**
1. I.e. **Maltase** > maltose > **glucose**
1. **Sucrase** > sucrose > **glucose + fructose**
1. **Lactase** > lactose > **glucose**
1. **Galactose** > **Glucose** etc.
1. Is **absorbed > blood** stream + carried **via** the **hepatic portal vein** to the liver
1. Where it is **stored**
1. **Glycogen** + **release into circulation** as req for energy
**Microbial** (rabbits ect.)
1. LI - intestinal microbes **(bacteria) produce enzymes**
1. Digestion of **fibre**
1. **Fermentation** i.e. **Carbs** broken down in **anaerobic** environment
1. In such a way as to **release energy**
1. Microbes in LI = **anaerobes** (i.e.no oxygen)
1. Microbes **only use part of energy they release**
2. **Rest can benefit from mucosal lining** of the LI
1. **Some fibres** are more **rapidly fermented** than others.
1. **More rapid** the fermentation = More gases **+ short chain fatty acids** released in short time
2. I.e. More **flatulent**!
125
Explain the **subdivision** of **Vitamins**
* Vitamins can be subdivided into those that are:
* **Fat-soluble** (vitamins A, D, E and **K**)
* **Water-soluble** (vitamins **B** and **C**)
Fat-soluble
1. **Req bile** for absorption
1. **Stored in body fat**
1. Making them **less prone to deficiencies**
1. But **more prone to toxicity**
Water-soluble
1. Absorbed **via active transport.**
1. **Not stored**
1. Results in the **body can become depleted in situations**
1. Such as **Polyuric Renal Failure**
126
What are the **5 basic characteristics** of Vitamins
1. **Organic compounds** distinct from **macronutrients**
2. Components of diet
3. **Essential** for **normal physiological function**
4. **Absence** cause **deficiency** syndrome
5. **Not synthesized in body**, **due to degree that supports normal function**
127
What are good food sources of **Vitamin A**?
1. **Fish oils**
2. Liver
3. **Eggs**
4. Dairy products.
6. **Plant** sources:
* **Carotenes** (**Provitamin** that req activation in body)
* **Cats** **unable to convert beta-carotene > vitamin A**
* Require the vitamin in their diet.
128
What are the 5 **functions** of Vitamin A?
Necessary for:
1. **Vision**
2. Reproduction
3. **Immunity**
4. Bone
5. **Muscle growth**
129
Explain the **absorption** of **Vitamin A**
1. Absorbed vitamin is **transported**
1. **+ Stored** in the **liver**
1. Then **transported** in **blood**
1. In a form of an **Ester**
130
What is the name of excess Vitamin A?
+
Describe 3 symptoms
1. **Hypervitaminosis A**
Can cause:
1. **Abnormal bone formation + bone fusion** (Particularly in the **spine**)
1. **Skin** changes
1. **Joint** issues
131
# 5 ...
Explain what **deficiency** of **Vitamin A** in an animal's diet can cause
1. Poor skin + **coat**
1. **Night blindness**
1. Bone + **teeth abnormalities**
1. **Weakened immunity**
132
What are good food **sources** of **Vitamin D**?
1. **Marine** fish
1. **Fish oils**
1. **Plants**
* Also contain Vit D in the **form of Ergocalciform**
* Rather than form found in animals
1. **Cholecalcierol**
* **Produced in the skin** of mammals by
* **UV (sun) light activation** of the **provitamin**
* **Not efficient in dogs + cats** though
133
What is the **function** of **Vitamin D**?
1. **Essential** for **calcium + phosphorus metabolism**
1. In particular it **enhances absorption from intestine**
1. **Protects against loss** of these **elements** from **bone**
134
Explain the **absorption** of **Vitamin D**
1. Vitamin D is **absorbed from SI**
1. By **passive**, **non-saturable process** that is **dependent on bile**
1. **Absorbed** vitamin D is **transported** in **blood** in **combo w/vitamin D-binding protein**
2. That **facilitates distribution** of vitamin to > **peripheral tissues**
135
What 4 issues can **arise** when an animal is **deficient** in **Vitamin D**?
1. **Poor bone mineralisation** (I.e. rickets in young animals and osteomalacia in adults)
1. **Weakened softer bones** (Not enough calcium + phosphorus absorbed)
1. **Osteoporosis** (loss of bone mass)
1. **Weakened muscles**
136
What 6 issues may **arise** if a px recieves **excess Vitamin D** in their diet?
1. Bone + tooth malformation
2. **Slowed growth**
3. **Decreased appetite**
4. Severe ossification problems
5. **Osteochondritis**
6. **Renal failure**
137
What are 3 good **sources** of **Vitamin E**?
* Only found in **plants**
* **High concentrations** in:
1. Vegetable oils
1. **Seeds**
1. Leafy green vegetables
138
What are the 3 main **functions** of **Vitamin E**?
1.**Protection** of cell **membranes**
2.**Regulation** of **immune** system
3.Act as **antioxidant**
(Helps to **protect** cells from **unstable molecules** also known as '**free radicals'**)
139
Explain how animals **absorb** **Vitamin E**
1. **Absorbed** by a **passive + non-saturable process**
2. In the **intestine**
3. **Enhanced** by **simultaneous absorption of fat**
4. Vitamin **circulates in the blood**
5. **Bound** to **lipoproteins**
6. **Deposited equally** in all **tissues**
140
What **issues** may arise when an animal recieves a **deficiency of Vitamin E** in their diet?
In **Dogs**:
1. **Degenerative skeletal muscle disease**
1. **Impaired male reproductive function**
1. Failure of gestation
In **Cats**
1. **Steatitis**
1. Myositis
141
What are 5 good **sources** of **Vitamin K** in a diet?
* Produced by **bacteria** in a **healthy GI tract**
1. Dark leafy green vegetables
1. **Soyabean**
1. Canola oil
1. **Liver**
1. Meat
142
Explain the **absorption** of **Vitamin K** in animals
1. The vegetable forms of the vitamin (**phylloquinone** + **menaquinone**) + **absorbed in the SI**
1. Then **transported > liver**
1. Where they are **concentrated**
1. Vitamin is **produced by bacteria** in the **colon**
2. **Absorbed by passive diffusion** **across** the **colonic wall**
143
What are the **functions** of **Vitamin K** in an animal?
**Activation** of **several blood clotting factors**
144
What 2 **issues** may arise if an animal receives **excess Vitamin K** in the diet?
* **Rare** but it would cause:
1. **Break down of RBCs**
1. **Liver** damage
145
What 5 potential issues may arise if an animal has a **Vitamin K deficiency**?
1. Anaemia
2. Haemorrhaging
3. **Bleeding from bowel**
4. **Blood cannot clot**
5. Increased clotting time
146
What are 4 good food **sources** of **Vitamin C**?
1. **All fruit and vegetables**
* Especially:
1. Citrus fruits
1. **Potatoes**
1. **Green leafy veg**
147
What are the 5 **functions** of **Vitamin C**?
1. **Holds cells together** through **collagen synthesis**
2. Aids bone + tooth formation
3. **Wound healing**
4. **Strengthens blood vessel walls**
5. Functioning of the immune system
148
What issues may arise from an animal receiving a diet **deficient** in **Vitamin C**?
1. **Scurvy**
2. Haemorrhages
3. **Muscle/joint pain**
4. Anorexia
5. **Struggle standing**
6. Bone
7. **Susceptible to infection**
149
Explain the **types** of **Vitamin B**
* There are 8 types of vitamin B:
1. **Thiamine** (B1)
1. **Riboflavin** (B2)
1. Niacin (B3)
1. **Pyridoxine** (B6)
1. **Pantothenic acid**
1. Folate
1. Biotin
1. **Cobalamin** (B12)
150
What are 7 good **sources** of **Vitamin B**?
1. Fish
2. **Most muscle + organ meat**
3. Eggs
4. **Legumes**
5. Pulses
6. **Nuts**
7. Seeds
151
How many kcals p/g in **Fat**?
8.5 kcal/g
152
How many kcals p/g in **Carbs** + **Protein**?
3.5 kcal/g
153
How do you work out the carbohydrates from Pet Food Analysis?
1. Read food anaylsis on tin label (Protein, Oil, Ash, Fibre + Moisture) - Carbohydrates not normally given
2. **Add all values together**
3. **% = total of those values - 100**
154
How do you convert % of nutrients to calorie content?
1. Energy from **Fat** = **8.5 kcal/g**
* Energy from **Protein** = **3.5** kcal/g
* Energy from **Carbs** = **3.5** kcal/g
1. Kcal from Fat (oil) per 100g of food = **Value given on tin x 8.5 = kcals**
* Kcal from Protein p/100g of food = Value given on tin x 3.5 kcals
* Kcal from Carbs p/100g of food = Value given on tin x 3.5 kcal
4. Total energy density = **Add all F + P + C kcals = kcals p/100g**
5. Energy of each nutrient as a % of Total Energy Density = **kcal/total energy density x 100 (for each one)**
155
What is the digestability of a nutrient?
* **Amount eaten - amount lost in faeces**
* Only some is avaliable to be used by the tissues
* Remainder lost in urine + gas
* **What's left is = Metabolizable energy** (ME)
156
What is produced following the intake of a meal as a result of digestion + absorption?
+
What is this known as?
1. Heat
2. **Thermogenesis** or heat increment
157
What is Net energy?
1.**Metabolizable energy - thermogenesis**
* Used primarily for:
1. **Maintenance**
1. Production
1. **Growth**
1. Lactation
158
What determines how much food an animal consumes?
1. Energy requirements
2. **Energy density of the food**
159
Why does an animal consume food?
1. To maintain energy requirements
2. Maintain health + metabolic systems
3. Growth + repair
160
What units are nutrient requirements usually expressed as?
* ME concentration
* Mg per 100 kcals
161
What is energy density of a diet?
Their **energy content**!
## Footnote
The more energy (kcals) they have = the more dense it is = the more energy is consumed!
162
Why is energy density important in a diet?
Because it ensure the ax recieves enough nutreitnts to maintain it's unique energy requirements
163
If an energy density is low in a diet, why will an animal keep eating?
Because it is:
1. Likely deficient in nutrients
1. Known as 'Bulk-limited'
1. As they will keep eating until they feel full
164
What is an energy-limited diet?
A diet that can eat an adequate ax of that diet to meet it's energy requirements
165
Why will a px not eat it's full diet properly if provided with titbits?
Because they:
1. Contain extra, supplemental energy
2. Therefore not require to eat their actual diet as needs already met
3. So will become deficient in essential nutrients, provided in their diett
166
What can energy requirements be measured by?
Calorimetry
(Direct + In-direct)
167
What is RER?
* Resting Energy Requirements
* **Ax of energy required for maintaining homeostasis, while resting in a stress-free, non-fasted, thermoneutral environment**
168
Name the 3 macronutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Protein
169
Name the 3 non-energy producing macronutrients
1. Water
2. Minerals
3. Vitamins
170
What is MER?
* Maintenance Energy Requirements
* **Energy required of a moderately active adult ax in a thermoneutral environment**
* Includes energy requirements for:
1. Obtaining food
2. **Digesting**
3. Absorbing food
4. **Maintaining BW**
5. **Spontaenous exercise**
* **Not**:
1. Work
1. Gestation
1. Lactation
1. Growth
1. Repair
171
How is MER calculated?
* MER = **(140 x BW(kg)) ^ 0.75**
Or
* RER factor (1.6 x RER = adult neutered dog)
172
What are macronutrients?
Energy-producing nutrients
173
Fill in the blanks.
1. **Fat globules**
1. Converted by .........
1. Into **Emulsified fats**
1. Converted by ...............
1. Into **FAs + Glycerol**
1. Fat globules
1. Converted by **Bile**
1. Into Emulsified fats
1. Converted by **Lipase**
1. Into FAs + Glycerol
174
How much % loss of water is fatal p/BW?
15 - 20% BW
175
What are the 3 main major functions of Minerals in the body?
1. Structural components (Calcium in bones + teeth)
2. Body-fluid consituents (Sodium in blood)
3. Catalysts + Co-factors for enzymes + hormones (Iodine in thyroid function)
176
Name the 6 macro-minerals
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Sodium
4. Chloride
5. Potassium
6. Magnesium
177
What % of water do dry diets have?
6 - 10%
178
What % of water do wet diets have?
80%
179
# 12 ..
Identify as many factors that may affect water requirements of an ax
1. PU
2. PD
3. Exercise
4. Lactation
5. Stress
6. Body temp
7. Environmental temp
8. Type + ax of food ingested
9. Illness
10. Disease
11. General state of health
12. Water losses through excretion + evaporation
180
How much Magnesium is absorbed in the Intestine?
Up to 70%
181
What are the 6 essential Trace-minerals?
1. Iron
2. Copper
3. Selenium
4. Manganese
5. Zinc
6. Iodine
182
What is hypothyroidism a common symptom a deficiency of?
Iodine
183
What Vitamin deficiency causes something called Pellagra?
Niacin
(B3)
184
What trace-mineral deficiency causes Parakeratosis?
Zinc
185
What 2 Vitamins deficiencies may be indicative of GI disease?
1. Folate
2. Cobalamin (B12)
186
Name 2 vitamin-like substances that can be considered conditionally essential + dependent on the metabolic state of the ax?
1. Choline
2. L-Carnitine
187
What does excessive dietary consumption of **carb** intake cause?
1. Obesity
2. D+
188
What does inadequate dietary consumption of **carb** intake cause?
1. Lack of energy
2. D+
3. Protein will be used for energy, decreasing ax avaliable for tissue repair + growth
189
What does excessive dietary consumption of **fat** intake cause?
1. Obesity
2. Pansteastitis (yellow fat disease)
3. Metabolic + GI complications
4. Hepatic dysfunction
5. Inc C02 production
190
What does inadequate dietary consumption of **fat** intake cause?
1. Lack of energy
2. Anaemia
3. Impaired fertility
4. Poor growth
5. FA deficiency
6. Poor skin condition
191
What does excessive dietary consumption of **protein** intake cause?
1. Detrimental to health of older ax
2. Speed up growth
3. Casual factor in development or orthopaedic issues in young + large dog breeds
192
What does inadequate dietary consumption of **protein** intake cause?
1. Poor growth
2. Weight loss
3. Dull hair/coat
4. Muscle atrophy
5. Infertility
6. Inc susceptability to disease
7. Anaemia
8. Oedema
9. Emaciation
193
How much water is **lost** for Cats + Dogs p/day via **urine**?
20 ml/kg/day
194
How much water is **lost** for Cats + Dogs p/day via **faeces**?
10 - 20 ml/kg/day
195
How much water is **lost** for Cats + Dogs p/day via **respiration**?
20 ml/kg/day
196
What is the difference between a Fixed + Open formulation?
Fixed
1. Contains **raw ingredients** in **same quantities in each manafactured batch**
Open
1. Raw **ingredients + prep methods** = **subject to change + vary from batch to batch**
2. Overal nutrient % + typical analysis will remain the same
3. But constituents may be from different source
4. Costs kept to minimum
5. So cheapest ingredients are often commonly selected
197
Why are onions + garlic toxic to Cats + Dogs?
They can develop:
1. Heinz-body anaemia
2. Methaemo-globinaemia (secondary to sulfoxides)
198
Why are grapes + raisins toxic to dogs?
* It can cause = Acute Kidney Injury
* But exact cause is unknown
199
What toxic food to Dogs has Methylxanthines in it?
+
What are 2 clinical signs of ingestion?
1. Chocolate
2. V+ + Tachycardia
200
What is the artifical sweetner Xylitol toxic to Dogs?
Causes:
1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Liver necrosis
201
How is nutrient content of different foods usually expressed?
1. As-fed basis
2. Dry-matter basis
3. Energy (kilocalorie) basis
202
What calculation do you use to compare Dry Matter?
**% Nutrient/ % Dry Matter x 100** = % nutrient on DM basis
203
What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if **Dry** food?
1. Moisture % = 3 - 11%
2. Dry Matter % = 89 - 97%
| In: Bags + Boxes
204
What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if **Semi-moist** food?
1. Moisture % = 25 - 35%
2. Dry matter % = 65 - 75%
| In: Cellophane wraps + Sachets
205
What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if **Moist** food?
1. Moisture % = 60 - 87%
2. Dry matter % = 13 - 40%
| In: Stainless steel cans, Aliminium + Plastic trays, Sachets, tubes
206
What 6 piecs of information must be included in the **Primary display panel**?
1. Product name
2. Maufacturer's name
3. Brand name
4. Statement of intent
5. Nutritional/marketing claim(s)
6. Graphics + Pictures
207
What is the pet food label?
Primary means by which product info is communicated between manafacturer + purchaser
208
What does the Primary Display Panel do?
1. Attracts buyer's attention
2. Immediately communicate product's identity
209
What is the Statutory statement?
+
What does it include?
* Otherwise known as Information Panel
* It includes:
1. **Directions**
2. **Description** of product - species, complete or complimentary
3. List of **ingredients**
4. **Additives** - **preservatives, antioxidants, colours**
5. Typical anaylsis - **average % of nutrient levels**
* **Crude** protein
* Crude fat
* Crude fibre
* Crude **ash**
* **Moisture must be included if over 14%**
6. **Address** of company responsible
7. **Best-before date**
8. **Batch number**
7. **Net weight**
210
Name the 5 lifestages of Dogs + Cats that require dietary adaptation
1. **Pre-weaning**
2. Junvenile (growth)
3. Adult
4. **Reproduction (Inc pregnancy + lactation)**
5. Senior
211
How should ingredients be listed on a food label?
In descending order of weight
212
What 6 types of ingredients may cheaper food products use?
1. Corn
2. Wheat
3. Soy
4. Byproducts
5. Meat
6. Bone meal
213
What are by-products?
* Parts other than meat
* Internal organs, not normally eaten by people
* Such as:
1. Lungs
2. Spleen
214
How are the true costs of feeding best reflected?
1. Cost of food p/**day**
1. p/**year**
3. p/**kcal**
215
Why is Proximate anaylsis the most accurate method of determining the nutrient content of food?
1. Because it uses laboratory anaylsis
2. Subjects food to series of tests
3. Testing % of:
* Moisture
* Fat
* Protein
* Soluble carbs
* Fibre
* Ash
216
What age of ax is it most important to provide the key nutrients:
1. Protein
2. Fatty Acids
3. Calcium
4. Phosphorus
Growing animals
217
What are 5 clinical indications of malnutrition?
1. **Unintentional weight loss (>10% of bW)**
2. Poor coat
3. Muscle wasting
4. Poor wound healing
5. **Hypoalbuminaemia**
218
What are 3 risks for malnutrition?
1. Anorexia >3 days
2. Severe underlying disease (Trauma, Sepsis + Pancreatitis)
3. **Large protein losses** (Due to GI disease + Peritonitis)
219
What are the ideal BCS for dogs on the BCS Scoring systems?
1. **3**/5 for 5-point scale
2. **5**/9 for 9-point scale
(4/9 for large breed dogs)
220
What do adverse reactions to food generally show as?
1. GI signs
2. Dermatological signs (Pruritic disease, w/concurrent GI disease)
221
What are the 5 most common food allergens for **dogs**?
1. Beef
2. Dairy
3. Wheat
4. Egg
5. Chicken
222
What are the 5 most common food allergens for **cats**?
1. Beef
2. Dairy
3. Fish
4. Lamb
5. poultry
223
What disease is rare in dogs + called Coeliac disease in humans?
+
What 2 breeds has it only been reported in?
1. Gluten sensitivity
2. Irish Setters (GI) + Border terriers (CECS)*
## Footnote
+ CECS = Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome
224
What blood testing can be done for px with allergns, but has been seen to be unreliable method to rule out food sensitivites?
Serum Immunoglobulins
225
How should food sensitivites be diagnosed?
+
What does that include?
1. Food elimination trial diet
* Start w/ feeding restricted 1 single source of Protein or Hydrolysed protein diet
* Duration of a skin disease food trial = 12 weeks
* Food-response GI disease food trial = 3 - 4 weeks
226
What 2 orthopaedic disease can be caused by nutritional deficiency?
+
What is the pathological role of these?
1. Osteochondrosis
2. Hip dysplasia
* Before growth plate closure in large/giant breed dogs
* Occurs due to excess energy provision + excess Ca
* This causes rapid skeletal growth > inc biomechanical stress
* Should have 0.7 - 1.2% Ca in diet DM
* Calcium : Phosphours ratio of 1:2:1
227
What does excess Ca intake in young dogs cause?
Disrupts endochondral ossification
(bone growth)
228
What causes Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
* Osteopenic skeletal disease
* Caused by:
1. Ca deficiency
2. Excessive Phosphorus
3. Imbalanced Ca : P ratio
Example =
1. Kittens + Puppies fed **all-meat diet** = **meat is low in Ca + high in P**
2. Stimulates **excessive Parathyroid hormone secretion**
3. Causes **resorption of bone**
229
What is the name given to the most common nutritional skeletal disorder presented in puppies, due to inadequate dietary provision of Ca, P or Vit D?
+
What is it called in adults?
1. Rickets
2. Osteomalacia
230
How does nutrition contribute towards CHF?
Excessive dietary sodium
231
What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ **mild** CHF?
50 - 80 mg/100kcal
232
What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ **severe** CHF?
< 50 mg/100 kcal
233
What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ **asymptomatic** CHF?
< 100 mg/100 kcal
234
What can a over-restricted dietary sodium intake cause CHF px?
1. Activation of RAA* system
2. Cause deletrious effects
Also, less palatable!
## Footnote
* RAA = Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
235
Why are CKD px fed restricted protein + phosphorus diets?
1. Reduces Uraemia
2. Slows progression of disease
3. **Minimizes ax of urea that requires to be excreted by kidneys**
236
Why does phosphorus + protein restriction go hand-in-hand with feeding px with CKD?
Because the majority of phosphorus is from a meat (protein) sourcee
237
How does phosphorus restriction help reduce Csigns of CKD?
* It minimizes deleterious effects of Parathyroid hormone activation
* I.e; Renal Secondary Hyperparathydroidism
238
What is the main drawback of feeding renal diets?
Poor palatability
239
What is the most important when feeding DM patients?
* Given a consistent:
1. Type
2. Ax
* Of that diet
240
How many meals p/day should DM **Canine** px receive?
+
When should you admin Insulin, in accordance?
1. BID of equal ax
2. With each Insulin admin
241
How many meals p/day should DM Feline px recieve?
* They should be allowed to graze
* As this more closely mimics natural diet
242
How do Dog + Cat DM diets differ?
Cat's diet have **reduced carbs** + **increased protein** in comparison to dog's DM diets
243
True or False.
Cats with DM have been shown to reduce Insulin requirements + increased chance of diabetic remission
True
244
What is the most common situation where dietary therapy is indicated in Dogs?
GI disorders/disease
245
What are the 2 most important nutrients that a Dog or Cat require with acute onset of V+ + D+?
1. Water
2. Electrolytes (Sodium, Chloride + Potassium)
246
How much should you feed px's with acute onset of V+ + D+?
1/4 RER of BW
247
Why is 1/4 RER of BW the most benefical diet for px with acute onset of V+ + D+, whilst on IVFT?
Because electrolytes derive most of their energy from the lumen
248
What should a diet consist of for px w/ acute onset of V+ + D+?
1. Highly digestible protein + carb
2. Home-cooked (Boiled rice + chicken or cottage cheese) for short term
249
Identify 3 types of **soluble** fibre that:
* Forms a gel like solution
* Delays gastric emptying
* Slows GI transit
* Fermented in the Colon
1. Psyllium
2. Oats
3. Barley
250
Identify 3 types of **In-soluble** fibre that:
* Does not form a gel like solution
* Does not affect gastric emptying
* Fastens GI transit
* Increases faecal bulk
1. Cellulose
2. Wheat
3. Rye
251
# 5 ..
Why may dietary fibre aid with GI disease?
1. Normalises Colonic motility
2. **Prevents toxin absorption**
3. **Provides fuel source for cells in Colon**
4. Supports normal commensal bacteria flora
5. Alters the viscosity of luminal contents
252
Why might dietary fibre **not** aid GI disease?
* May reduce:
1. **Nutrient absorption**
2. Protein digestability
3. Energy density of food
253
How can fibre aid **Chronic colitis**?
Slow GI transit
254
How can fibre aid **constipation**?
Stool softening effect
255
Should you feed a Pancreatic px a high or low fat diet?
Low fat!
256
What should you feed Pancreatic px's?
Moderate to low-fat diet
(As too low fat is non-palatable, especially if px is already inappetant!)
257
How are Pancreatic px usually fed?
1. FT
or
2. Parenterally
258
What condition is common in Miniature Schnauzers + requires long-term fat-restricted diet?
Hypertriglyceridemia
(Causes recurrent Pancreatitis)
259
Why should px who are in remission from Pancreatitis be fed low-fat, low-calorie diets?
* Because this may lead to obesity
* Which is a risk factor for Pancreatitis
* So should be on a weight-loss diet
260
What can be caused secondary to GI disease, in Cats?
Pancreatitis
261
True or False.
There is no specific dietary recommendatoin for EPI in Dogs or Cats
True!
262
What 3 types of crystals can be cause nutritionally?
1. Struvite
2. Ammonium Urate
3. Cystine
263
What does a diet consist of to dissolve **Struvite** crystals/Urolithiasis?
1. Acidifying diets
2. Reduced:
* Magnesium
* Protein
* Phosphorus
264
What does a diet consist to prevent **Calcium Oxalate** crystals formation/Urolithiasis?
1. Non-acidifying diet
1. Reduced protein
2. Adequate ax of:
* Phosphorus
* Magnesium
265
What does a diet consist to dissolve **Ammmonium urate** crystals formation/Urolithiasis?
1. Alkalizing diet
2. Reduced protein
266
What does a diet consist to dissolve **Cystine** crystals formation/Urolithiasis?
1. Alkalizing diet
2. Reduced:
* Protein
* Sodium
267
What is the most basic + common way to dissolve uroliths?
* Increase urine production by Increased dietary water consumption
* Provision of wet diet
* Increase sodium content
268
Why would increasing dietary sodium intake help dissolve uroliths?
* Because it:
1. Increases thirst
2. Encourages drinking
3. Thus - Increases urination
269
What type of urolith dissolving diet is unappropriate for growing animals or long-term uses in adult companion ax?
Protein restricted diets
270
Why should Obesity be considered as Malnutrition?
Because the inc BW can have serious repercussions on the health of animals
271
Identify 5 diseases that is caused by Obesity
1. Chronic bronchitis
2. Tracheal collapse
3. Pancreatitis
4. Osteoarthiritis
5. Diabetes mellitus
272
On average, according to scientific studies, how long will a dog live if they are obese compared to other dogs at a similar age?
2 years
273
What are the key constiutents of a weight loss diet for obese px's?
1. Restricted calories
2. Supplemented with micronutrients to prevent deficiencies
3. High in fibre + protein
Additional - exercise regime, client education + weight loss programe
274
What should a crtitical illness diet consist of for hospitalized **Dogs**?
* Unless indicated otherwise (disease etc)
1. 4 - 6g dietary protein
3. P/100 kcal of energy
1. I.e; 15 - 20% Total energy req)
275
What should a crtitical illness diet consist of for hospitalized **Cats**?
* Unless indicated otherwise (disease etc)
1. 6g dietary protein
3. P/100 kcal of energy
1. I.e; 25 - 35% Total energy req)
276
What are the 3 possible disease complications that could arise if a px is provided with increased energy diet, during critical illness?
* Risk of developing
1. Hyperglycaemia
2. Hepatic dysfunction
3. Hypertriglyceridaemia
277
Why should you not provide rapid + excessive nutrition to px with anorexia?
Risk of Re-feeding syndrome
(Fatal)
278
What can Re-feeding syndrome lead to?
1. Metabolic imbalances
2. **Hypokalaemia**
3. **Hypophosphatemia**
279
If a px gets **Hypophosphataemia** from Re-feeding syndrome, what will this lead to?
* Fatal
1. Cardiovascular (**Arrthymias**)
2. Neurological (**Seizures**)
3. Haematological (**Anaemia**)
* Consequences
280
What are the dietary supplements Chondrotin + Glucosamine benefical to prevent?
Osteoarthiritis
(Orthopaedic diseases)
281
What can a deficiency of Coenzyme-10 cause?
+
How can this be avoided?
1. Cardiomyopathy
2. Supplementation
282
Name 6 types of benefical dietary supplements
+
1 example of each
1. Omega-3 FAs (Fish oil)
2. Anti-inflammatories (Glucosamine + Chondroitin)
4. Antioxidants (Vitamine E, Selenium, Beta-carotene + thiols)
5. Coenzyme-10
6. Probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophillus)
283
Name 2 old generation appetite supplements, that are no longer used due to reported adverse affects
1. Diazepam
2. Cyproheptadine
284
Name a new generation, safe appetite stimulant which also helps CKD + leads to weight gain
Mirtazapine
285
What % of DM carbs is required for pregnant + lactacting **dogs**?
23%
286
What % of DM carbs is required for pregnant + lactacting **cats**?
10%
287
Despite being a obligate carnivore, why might a queen have a heavy demand for protein than dogs?
Because during peak lactation they can produce up to **19g** of milk p/day!
288
Why should older dogs have increased dietary protein?
1. Prevent/slow down progression of age-related muscle wastage = **Sarcopenia**
+
1. Support bones
## Footnote
Remeber, Cachexia = muscle wasting disease, NOT age-related
289
Why might older dogs require more water?
Normally due to medical reasons, whereas Cats get most of their water content from wet food
290
Why do elderly **Dogs** have **lower** **energy requirements** than their adult counterparts?
Due to:
1. Lower **metabolic rates**
1. Lower **activity levels**
291
True or False.
Like dogs, cats also have lower energy requirements
False, they have higher energy requirements!
292
