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Latin American Comparative History > Exam revision dates block 6 > Flashcards

Exam revision dates block 6 Flashcards

1
Q

USA abolition of slavery

A

1863

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2
Q

Russia abolish serfdom

A

1861

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3
Q

Spanish liberal revolution

A

1865-74

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4
Q

3rd French republic

A

1870

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5
Q

Who led the MEXICAN liberal revolution?

A

Benito Juarez

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6
Q

By what name did the Mexican liberal revolution go by?

A

La Reforma

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7
Q

When was La Reforma?

A

1854-57

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8
Q

What were the 3 main effects of La Reforma?

A
  1. Abolished fueros (clergy and military privileges)
  2. Liberal constitution 1857 (incl Bill of Rights)
  3. Forced repatriation of church land
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9
Q

How were Brazil and Cuba effected by the international context in the 1860s?

A

Abolitionists inspired by USA and Russia –> abolitionism revival

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10
Q

How were Mexico and Brazil inspired by the international context in the 1860s?

A

Spanish and French republicanism influenced Mexican and Brazilian intellectuals –> republicanism revival

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11
Q

What were the main failures of La Reforma?

A

Land policy failure –> large land owners became wealthier while landless peasants became worse off

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12
Q

In what year was Mexico City conquered and by who?

A

1863 France

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13
Q

What is the name of the French monarch who reigned over Mexico?

A

Maximillian, Hapsburg emperor

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14
Q

Which group supported the French monarch in Mexico and why?

A

The clergy –> Maximillian attempted to destroy La Reforma which had weakened the power of the church

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15
Q

Why was Maximillian overthrown? 2 main points

A

Franco-Prussian war –> France weakened

US civil war ends (1861-65) –> US doesn’t like European involvement in its hemisphere

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16
Q

When is Benito Juarez reelected president? What does this signal?

A

1867 - La Reforma becomes irreversible

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17
Q

When is the conservative military coup in Mexico? Who is it led by?

A

1876 Porfirio Diaz

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18
Q

How long does the conservative military rule last? How can this rule be characterised?

A

34 years - positivist developmental dictatorship

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19
Q

Cuban 10 year war

A

1868-78

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20
Q

Structural causes of the Cuban 10 yr war (3 points)

A
  1. Industrial revolution (less need for slaves - how to gain independence without abolishing slavery?)
  2. Economic polarisation between East and West Cuba
  3. Discontented Planters (no pol. power, depend on Spain & US trade for financial capital)
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21
Q

Ban of Atlantic slave trade by which 2 powers?

A

1803 US & Britain

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22
Q

Immediate causes of Cuban 10 yr war (1868-78) (4 points)

A
  1. US abolition 1863
  2. Spanish losing colonies in the 60s (Peru, Mexico, S Domingo)
  3. 1866 economic crisis - sugar prices fall
  4. 1868 Spanish Liberal Revolution
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23
Q

How would you characterise East Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?

A

Radical - revolutionary troops and radical military leaders

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24
Q

How would you characterise West Cuba’s stance during the war? What kind of people led the war here?

A

Moderate - moderate civilian leaders

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25
What was the demographic of East Cuba? (3 groups)
Minority planter Free peasants and slaves Urban intellectuals and middle class
26
What was the demographic of West Cuba? (2 groups)
Workers Intellectuals and urban middle class (NOT SLAVES OR SLAVEHOLDERS)
27
Name of the Cuban revolutionary leader? Which part of Cuba was he from?
Carlos Céspedes - Planter from the EAST
28
What was the national question during the Cuban 10 year war (1968-78)?
Whether to fight or independence, autonomy, or annexation to the US?
29
What was the social question during the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78)?
What kind of abolition --> gradual abolition with compensation?
30
What did the end of the Cuban 10 year war (1868-78) culminate in?
Peace of Zanjón (1878)
31
What did the Peace of Zanjón (1878) symbolise?
Failure of the radicals to continue the war - Cuba remained a Spanish colony
32
What was the main effect of the Peace of Zanjón (1878) that attributed to the abolitionist movement?
Slaves that fought during the war were freed --> opened the floodgates to eventual complete abolition
33
When was slavery de facto abolished in Cuba? What was the law called?
1880 Patronato Law
34
What replaced slavery in Cuba? Was it much different from slavery?
Patronato Law - No, paid too little and forced to stay with previous owners --> left in place fundamental structure of slavery
35
When was de jure abolition in Cuba?
1886 Royal Decree - criminalised the Patronato
36
What did the Patronato Law 1880 symbolise?
intermediary stage to full abolition / gradual transition
37
What political change occurs in 1890s in Cuba?
A party system emerges
38
Date the Cuban independence revolution
1895-98
39
Date the Spanish American war
1898
40
Date the prohibition of the Transatlantic slave trade
1850
41
What was the effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
External source of slaves dried up --> high slave prices
42
What was the temporary solution to the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
Internal slave trade --> Northern sugar planter sell to Rich coffee barons in Rio
43
What was the long term effect of the prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade (1850) in Brazil?
Slave price eventually falls and internal slave trade ends (slaves = dead capital)
44
Date the Paraguyan War
1864-70
45
Who formed the Triple Alliance that fought against Paraguay during the war (1864-70)?
Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
46
What was the main effect of the Paraguayan war (1864-70) in Brazil?
Catalyst for change that led to the gradual abolition of slavery
47
How did the Paraguayan war (1864-70) contribute to abolition in Brazil? (2 points)
1. Slaves that fought were freed | 2. Changing attitudes among officer corps and large part of public
48
Name and date the 3 laws that made up the gradual abolition of slavery in Brazil
1. Law of the Free Womb 1871 2. Law of the Sexagenarians 1885 3. Golden Law 1888
49
Name the 3 pillars of the monarchy that were undermined in Brazil
Catholic Church Army Poder Moderador
50
How did the Catholic Church undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1872-75 Ultramontanism (power of the pope, not monarch) --> challenge imperial patronato
51
How did the army undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1880-89 Army integrate into abolitionist and republican movements / want to be able to publicly express political opinion (effect of Para War (1865-70)
52
How did the poder moderador undermine the monarchy and when in Brazil?
1868 Radical Liberals split from Liberal party (Liberal party = monarchical party) --> conservative power in government
53
Who made up the Republican movement in Brazil? (2 main groups)
1. Radicals that split from the Liberal party | 2. Army officers that fought in the Paraguayan war (1865-70)
54
Name the two republican parties in Brazil and the date of their formation
Rio de Janiero Clube Republicano (1870) | Sao Paolo partido republicano Paulista (1873)
55
Who were the Paulistas?
coffee oligarchy
56
What was the immediate cause for the abolition of slavery in Brazil 1888?
Mass fleeing of slaves --> Army Marshall Fonseca refuses to use army as a slave catcher
57
When was the republic in Brazil declared?
1889
58
What was the main reason the Republic was declared in Brazil 1889?
Paulistas no longer had a need for the monarchy once slavery was abolished in 1888
59
Who led the new Brazilian republic (1889)?
Young military officers of the Paraguayan war (1865-70)
60
Between when did Marshall Fonseca lead the Brazilian republic (est. 1889) - why did he fail
1889-1891 --> ran the country like a military and created a financial crisis
61
What government replaced Fonseca in 1891? What did they do (3 things)
Peixoto (1891-94) - Centralisation, industrialisation, state interventionism
62
What were the de facto effects of abolition in Brazil (1888)?
No real effects. Personal freedoms still limited (no access to education and public goods) / ethnic and economic discrimination
63
How and when do the Paulistas come into power in Brazil?
1894 elected into office - aid the military by preventing a naval takeover
64
Why are slaves still worse off after abolition?
Investment goes instead to attract white skilled immigrants rather than educating black people
65
Social change after abolition for the planters in Cuba?
Cuba: Latifundistas become colonos (farmers) --> basically just a change in name no real material change for the slaves
66
How was abolition linked to political change?
Fall of the monarchy in both Cuba and Brazil. No longer need for monarchy. Replaced with a republic in Brazil. Cuba gains independence in 1898 --> slaves backbone of movement

Latin American Comparative History (3 decks)

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