Exam Study Flashcards

Question

What happens in the Preparation stage?

Answer 1

Ambivalence regarding unhealthy behaviour, strong desire to change to healthier habits. Change within the next month.

Answer 2

Changes made, less than 6 months. May not see changes yet, likely to revert to unhealthy behaviours

Answer 3

Continued change over 6 months, started experiencing positive effects.

Answer 4

``` Maintaining safe environment Communication Breathing Eating Elimination Wash/dress Temperature control Mobilisation Work/play Sexuality Sleep Death ```

Answer 5

``` Cognitive Assessment (MMSE) FRAMPS (falls risk assessment and management plan) ```

Answer 6

``` Stop smoking Wear sunscreen and avoid excessive periods in sun Avoid red meat Exercise Monitor diet Don’t drink alcohol in excessive amounts ```

Answer 7

Observable effects of actions, risk factors, and age related changes that influence quality of life or day-to-day activities. The effects relate to all levels of functioning, including body, mind and spirit.

Answer 8

Those that interfere with functioning or quality of life

Answer 9

Those that facilitate the highest level of functioning, the least dependency, and the best quality of life

Answer 10

Inevitable, progressive, and irreversible changes that occur and are independent of extrinsic or pathological conditions

Answer 11

Conditions that increase the vulnerability to negative functional consequences

Answer 12

Essential for preventing chronic conditions, reducing mortality and improving quality of life Major initiatives focus on health promotion - Screening programs - Risk reduction interventions - Environmental modifications - Health education

Answer 13

External Ear Pinna: no change in conduction of sound External auditory canal (buildup of cerumen, canal prolapse or collapse) Middle Ear Tympanic membrane - less elastic, thinner and stiffer Calcification of ossicular bones Muscles and ligaments - thicker and stiffer Acoustic Reflex Inner Ear Changes cause various types of presbycusis (Sensory, Neural, Metabolic or stria, Mechanical) Auditory Nervous System Degenerative changes in organ of Corti, auditory meatus and degeneration of arteries to the auditory nerve

Answer 14

``` Male gender Increased age Genetic predisposition Exposure to noise Impacted cerumen Smoking ```

Answer 15

2% to 6% of the general population | 19% to 65% of patients over 65 years

Answer 16

Age-related hearing loss with gradually progressive inability to hear, especially high frequency sounds

Answer 17

Ability to judge the distance of objects and the spatial relationship of objects at different distances. Declines with age, can cause falls, difficulty driving, using stairs, pouring drinks, etc

Answer 18

Arterial: inadequate blood supply, dangle legs over bed, allows gravity to aid blood flow to the ulcer Venous: superficial with irregular edges. Compression

Answer 19

Pinna: no change in conduction of sound External auditory canal: buildup of cerumen, canal prolapse or collapse

Answer 20

Tympanic membrane - less elastic, thinner and stiffer Calcification of ossicular bones Muscles and ligaments - thicker and stiffer Acoustic Reflex

Answer 21

Changes cause various types of presbycusis (Sensory, Neural, Metabolic or stria, Mechanical)

Answer 22

Degenerative changes in organ of Corti, auditory meatus and degeneration of arteries to the auditory nerve

Answer 23

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors - Exposure to noise due to lifestyle, environment or occupation Impacted Cerumen - Leading cause of hearing loss, preventable and treatable

Answer 24

Interventions to prevent noise-induced hearing loss Education related to ototoxic medications Smoking cessation Audiology screening Prevention of impacted cerumen

Answer 25

Arcus senilis - lipids accumulate in outer area of cornea Endophthalmos - posterior displacement of eyeball within orbit due to changes in the volume relative to contents or loss of function of the orbitalis muscle Blepharochalasis - inflammation of eyelid resulting in stretching, leading to formation of folds Ectropion - lower lid droops and tears can’t drain away Endotropion - lower lid folds inwards ``` Dry eyes Excessive tearing Visual processing slows Greater size & density of lens Iris sclerotic Atrophy of ciliary body Less aqueous humour Vitreous shrinks, proportion of liquid increases Cones lost in peripheral retina Rods in central retina decrease Cones lost from central retina ```

Answer 26

Lipids accumulate in outer area of cornea

Answer 27

Posterior displacement of eyeball within orbit due to changes in the volume relative to contents or loss of function of the orbitalis muscle

Answer 28

Inflammation of eyelid resulting in stretching, leading to formation of folds

Answer 29

Lower eyelid droops and tears can’t drain away

Answer 30

Lower eyelid folds inwards

Answer 31

``` Presbyopia (loss of near vision) Increase in near point of vision Lower acuity Delayed dark/light adaptation Increased glare sensitivity Visual field narrows Decline - depth perception Altered colour perception Diminished critical flicker fusion Visual image processing slower ```

Answer 32

Cataracts - lens changes progress to opacity, 25% of 70+ Age Related Macular Degeneration - drusen develops in macula, 18% of 70+, 47% of 85+, more likely in women - Dry type: death of photoreceptors, slow, not total, 80-90% - Wet type: new blood vessels in choroid that bled into sub-retinal space, rapid and severe loss of vision Glaucoma - ganglion cells of optic nerve damaged by excess aqueous humor, 8% affected, - Chronic: drainage of aqueous humour gradually blocked - Acute: sudden blockage - Normal tension: pressure remains ok but nerve damaged

Answer 33

Decreased rate of epidermal proliferation Thinner dermis, flattened dermal–epidermal junction Diminished moisture content Decreased dermal blood supply Fewer sweat and sebaceous glands Decreased number of melanocytes and Langerhans cells Changes in patterns of hair distribution

Answer 34

Genetic influence – hair colour and distribution, skin colour Exposure to ultraviolet radiation – sunlight, tanning light Adverse medication effects Personal hygiene practices Factors that increase the risk for skin breakdown

Answer 35

``` Abnormal skin conditions Personal care practices Skin lesions common in older adults Risk of skin tears, pressure ulcers and chronic wounds Skin Tear classification Chronic wound assessment Risks for development Presence of pressure ulcers Status of current pressure ulcers Braden scale / Waterlow / Norton Frequency of assessment Staging ```

Answer 36

Exercise Diet - Omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric Socially and cognitively stimulating and meaningful activities

Answer 37

An umbrella term for several diseases characterised by progressive cognitive impairment and brain dysfunction not caused by impaired LOC

Answer 38

An acute transient confusional state of altered LOC, hallucinations and restlessness

Answer 39

MMSE | ADL's

Answer 40

1. Mixed dementia 2. Vascular dementia 3. Alzheimer's dementia 4. Lewy body dementia 5. Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 41

``` Stage 1: No cognitive decline. Stage 2: Very mild cognitive decline. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline. Stage 4: Moderate cognitive decline. Stage 5: Moderately Severe Decline Stage 6: Severe cognitive decline. Stage 7: Very severe cognitive decline. ```

Answer 42

Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia - Agitation - Psychiatric symptoms - Personality changes - Mood disturbances

Answer 43

Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold Reference to understand and reduce the challenging behaviours associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Answer 44

Geriatric Depression Scale | MMSE

Answer 45

Loss of neurotransmitters and their binding sites (especially dopamine) Widening of the sulci Enlarging of the ventricles (15ml in teens - 55ml age 60) Accumulation of lipofuscin in nerve cell bodies Large neurons shrink, may be some neuronal loss in frontal and temporal lobes Some memory functions decline in healthy older adults Fluid intelligence declines - Inductive reasoning - Abstract thinking Crystallised intelligence improves - Wisdom - Judgement

Answer 46

Physical and Mental Health Factors - Chronic conditions - Nutritional status Medication Effects - Medications can interfere with cognitive function - Anticholinergic medications

Answer 47

Cognitive Decline (minor changes in healthy older adults) Dementia Delirium Depression

Answer 48

Diagnosis based on clinical observations, history and available diagnostic data

Answer 49

Within Australia: 245,000 in 2009, 1.1 million in 2050 (4x) Within WA: 24,000 affected, 125,000 in 2050,138 new cases every week

Answer 50

1-2% at 65 years 5-10% at 75 years 20-30% at 85 years or 50% at 85 40% + at 95 years

Answer 51

Alzheimer’s disease Vascular dementia Lewy body dementia Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 52

Exercise Diet: Omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric Socially and cognitively stimulating and meaningful activities

Answer 53

Stage 1: No cognitive decline. Experiences no problems in daily living. Stage 2: Very mild cognitive decline. Forgets names and locations of objects, may have trouble finding words. Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline. Has difficulty travelling to new locations, has difficulty handling problems at work Stage 4: Moderate cognitive decline. Has difficulty with complex tasks. Stage 5: Moderately severe cognitive decline. Needs help to choose clothing and prompting to bathe. Stage 6: Severe cognitive decline. Needs help putting on clothing, requires assistance bathing, decreased ability to use the toilet Stage 7: Very severe cognitive decline. Vocabulary becomes limited, eventually declining to single words, loses ability to walk and sit, becomes unable to smile.

Answer 54

``` Advanced age Pain Dementia Surgery Medications Physiological disturbances Pathological conditions ```

Answer 55

Major depression Subclinical depression Late-life depression Depression with cognitive impairment

Answer 56

``` Demographic factors Psychosocial influences Medical conditions Functional impairments Effects of medications and alcohol ```

Answer 57

``` Willingness for enhanced coping Ineffective coping Hopelessness Caregiver role strain Risk for imbalanced nutrition Risk for compromised resilience ```

Answer 58

Average age of onset is between 55 and 60 years

Answer 59

Asymmetric onset of bradykinesia and rigidity Tremor (75% of cases) Characteristic muscle weakness and postural instability Impaired mobility, speech, swallowing, sleep, and bladder and bowel function Cognitive dysfunction Pain and fatigue Depression

Answer 60

Affects 1 in 100 000 but 2% of people aged over 65

Answer 61

``` Stage 1 - Initial Stage 2 - Bilateral & Balance Stage 3 - Slowing Stage 4 - Severe Stage 5 – Final ```

Answer 62

``` Family coping Caregiver role strain Anticipatory grieving Willingness for enhanced coping as conditions progress Complications ```

Answer 63

``` Mental illness Codependent Not financially independent Burden of care Weakness or frailty ```

Answer 64

Alert facility Alert family Alert appropriate authorities

Answer 65

``` Emotional or psychosocial Neglect Physical Financial Sexual ```

Answer 66

``` Hostile Stressed Shared accommodation Financial dependence Mental illness ```

Answer 67

Where people are frail, dependent or under the control of others

Answer 68

``` Functional status and behaviour of residents Characteristics and attitudes of staff Philosophy and policies of the agency Increased dependency Abuser psychopathology Family dynamics Carer stress ```

Answer 69

Unexplained injuries Fearfulness, lack of eye contact, nervousness when caregiver is near Lost money or sudden inability to pay bills Over-sedation, evidence of neglected physical needs

Answer 70

1. Identify Abuse 2. Provide emotional support 3. Assess risk 4. Plan safety 5. Refer 6. Document

Answer 71

``` Reactions to stimulus Ask Touch Facial expressions Observation ```

Answer 72

Pain is present 1. Pain persisting or increasing --> Non opioid +/- adjuvant 2. Pain persisting or increasing --> Opioid for mild to moderate pain +/- non opioid / adjuvant 3. Freedom from pain --> +/- non-opioid and adjuvant

Answer 73

Damage to body tissue, usually described as a sharp, aching or throbbing pain.

Answer 74

Somatic pain: pain receptors in skin, tissues activated. Visceral pain: internal organs injured or inflamed.

Answer 75

Lack of exercise Mental status Chronic conditions

Answer 76

Condition which makes bones weak and brittle Increased chance of fractures and falls

Answer 77

Pathological conditions Medications Environmental factors Functional impairment

Answer 78

Type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.

Answer 79

Motivation Cultural and psychosocial influences Knowledge Physical capabilities

Answer 80

Decrease size and number of muscle fibres Fibres deteriorate and replaced by connective tissue and fat Muscle membrane fails and cells loose fluid and K Bone thins Minerals leave bone quicker

Answer 81

Cognitive capacity Barrier to compliance Side effects Cultural considerations

Answer 82

``` Altered Absorption Altered Distribution Altered Metabolism Changes to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Changes to physiology and cognition Social factors Compliance issues Increased vulnerability to adverse effects Impaired ability to swallow medications ```

Answer 83

Decrease in size and number of muscle fibres Fibres deteriorate and eventually replaced by connective tissue and then fat Muscle membrane starts to fail and cells loose fluid and K

Answer 84

Thinning of synovial fluid Collagen and elastin degenerate Cartilage outgrowths and fragmentation of fibrous structures Scar tissue and calcification Fraying and cracking of cartilage – pitting of the surface

Answer 85

People who are active and healthy have less adverse consequences Those whose mobility is restricted suffer more Experience muscle fatigue after little exercise Decreased movement affecting ADLs Increased dependency and social isolation Diminished pleasure in leisure activities Falls, pressure sores and malnutrition

Answer 86

Affects 3.4% of Australian population 82% are women 84% are over 55 years

Answer 87

Affects 15% of the overall population Prevalence increases with age Radiographic changes indicating OA in over 80% of 55+

Answer 88

osteoarthritis

Answer 89

``` Articular cartilage thins and tears Lack of protection leads to ulceration Bony deformity results (including spurs) Synovitis Capsule hypertrophy Periarticular muscle wasting ```

Answer 90

``` Back pain 21%-49.5% Joint pain, 20.5% - 71% Substantial pain 45% to 80% Cancer pain Neuropathic pain ```

Answer 91

``` Nociceptive Neuropathic Mixed Psychological pain disorders Chronic pain (3-6 months) ```

Answer 92

Multi-dimensional Uni-dimensional - also reliable for those with mild-moderate cognitive impairment

Answer 93

``` Depression Anxiety Decreased socialisation Sleep disturbance Impaired mobility ```

Answer 94

Increased gastric acidity Altered gastric emptying Decrease in hepatic first pass metabolism of some drugs

Answer 95

Less lean body mass and more fat Less water in the body Less plasma albumin

Answer 96

Decreased oxidative metabolism | Decreased hepatic blood flow

Answer 97

Unpredictable timing and extent of drug effects | Increased risk of stomach irritation

Answer 98

Fat soluble medications have less intense immediate effects and an erratic but prolonged action Greater proportion of unbound (active) drugs in the bloodstream Increase in time taken for drug to reach target

Answer 99

Significant changes in half life with serious implications

Answer 100

Sight and hearing – distinguishing which medications are due when Problems understanding requirements Problems remembering requirements and if medications have been taken Problems removing packaging

Answer 101

``` Less effective chewing Low sense of smell and taste Low daily intake Tooth loss Absorption of some nutrients is impaired ```

Answer 102

Health conditions Intake behaviours Medications

Answer 103

1. Food intake 2. Weight loss 3. Mobility 4. Psychological stress 5. Neuropsychological problems 6. BMI

Answer 104

1. Cognitive ability 2. Functional status 3. Mobility 4. Postural sway 5. Medications

Answer 105

Usually 300-450ml, maximum 500

Answer 106

``` Cognition Accessibility Ability to voluntarily control Urge to void Accessibility to toilets ```

Answer 107

Overflow - urethral blockage, bladder unable to empty properly Stress - relaxed pelvic floor, increased abdominal pressure Urge - bladder oversensitivity from infection, neurological disorders Detrusor over - activity incontinence Functional incontinence

Answer 108

1/6 over 65 are diabetics. Of diabetics 43% are 65+

Answer 109

``` Blurred vision Itching Skin infections Cuts that heal slowly Tired and lethargic ```

Answer 110

``` Quit smoking Exercise Nutrition Medication No alcohol Education ```

Answer 111

Sense of smell declines from 30 Sense of taste less intense in older adults Taste discrimination decreases (sweetness unchanged)

Answer 112

``` Teeth cusps flatten Tooth fracture and loss more likely 30% have diminished saliva Oral mucosa more likely to ulcerate Swallowing ability slower and more feeble Oesophageal transit time slows ```

Answer 113

Gastric emptying slows Muscle fibres and mucosa of small intestine atrophy, lymphatic follicles decrease, villi shorten and widen. Absorption of some nutrients is impaired and immune function diminished

Answer 114

Shrinkage Fibrosis occurs Lipofuscin is deposited Blood flow diminishes

Answer 115

Shrinkage Ductal hyperplasia Lobal fibrosis Decreased responsiveness of beta cells to glucose (reduced insulin secretion > glucose intolerance > T2 diabetes)

Answer 116

Increased cholecystokinin Decreased bile acid synthesis Widened common bile duct Leads to biliary stasis, increased flora, increased likelihood of cholelithiasis and poorer appetite

Answer 117

Reduced mucous Decreased elasticity Poorer perception of rectal distension Constipation more likely

Answer 118

Medication effects - Digestion, eating patterns, and utilisation of nutrients Lifestyle factors - Alcohol intake and smoking Psychosocial factors - Companionship, support resources, anxiety and stress

Answer 119

``` Obesity Hypertension Family history Physical inactivity High cholesterol levels ```

Answer 120

``` Renal failurer Retinopathy Neuropathy Stroke Sypertension MI ```

Answer 121

Causing changes to BGL: Infections, arthritis, medications (steroids) Challenging ability to self care diabetes: Finance, cognitive changes, nutritional changes

Answer 122

Any one of the following 3: Fasting BG > or = 7.0mmol/L (after an 8 hour fast) Symptoms of hyperglycaemia (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and a random BGL of > 11.1mmol/L during the day 2 hour blood glucose value during oral GTT > 11.1mmol/L with glucose load of 75g

Answer 123

Storage capacity decreases Connective tissue replaces some bladder & urethral muscle Diminished sphincter tone Changes due to cerebral cortex - Sensation of bladder fullness occurs late - Bladder emptying incomplete Changes due to oestrogen - Loss of tone and strength in bladder and urethra -> decreased urethral closure pressure - Bladder more irritable

Answer 124

Functioning nephrons decline from early adulthood Glomeruli deteriorate Decline in renal function likely to be disease related

Answer 125

Renal tubules less efficient in: Substance exchange Water retention Suppression of ADH secretion in hypo-osmolality Ability to conserve sodium when salt depleted

Answer 126

``` Delirium and dementia Gastrointestinal conditions Diabetes mellitus Obesity Alcoholism COPD Metabolic disturbances Hip fractures ```

Answer 127

``` Urinalysis Pelvic floor muscle training Pelvic floor electrical stimulation Pessaries Continence training Environmental modifications Medications Surgical and minimally invasive procedures Management of incontinence ```

Answer 128

1. Race 2. Diet/nutrition 3. Depression 4. Hypertension 5. Increased age 6. Gender 7. Physical inactivity

Answer 129

Hypotension that occurs within 75 mins of eating a meal. Often meal high in carbs.

Answer 130

Affects 20-40%

Answer 131

Postural hypotension. A reduction of 20mmHg (S) and 10mmHg (D) within 1-4 mins on standing after lying for 5 minutes

Answer 132

Hypoxia | Hypercapnia

Answer 133

Smoking cessation Elimination exposure to environmental pollutions Subtle exercise

Answer 134

``` Breathing Sleep Eating Work Sex ```

Answer 135

Tip rotates down Septum deviates (contributes to mouth breathing, snoring and obstructive apnoea) Blood flow decreases Turbinates decrease in size

Answer 136

Calcifies | Trachea becomes stiffer

Answer 137

Diminishes

Answer 138

Less efficient

Answer 139

Ribs and vertebrae subject to osteoporosis Costal cartilage calcifies Respiratory muscles weaken Increase dependence in accessory muscles especially diaphragm Sensitivity to intra-abdominal pressure changes

Answer 140

Decrease in size and weight and become flabbier Mucosal bed thickens Blood supply to lungs diminishes Elastic recoil diminishes -> early airway closure Age 20-30 alveoli enlarge and walls become thinner 4% loss in SA every 10 years

Answer 141

When mechanisms work properly the response to either is increased respiratory rate and depth This response is reduced by 40%-50% between 30 and 80

Answer 142

``` Smoking Second hand smoking Occupational exposure Environmental factors Additional Risk Factors ```

Answer 143

Identifying opportunities for health promotion - Assess for risk factors - Vaccinations Detecting and preventing lower respiratory infections Physical assessment findings Promoting health for respiratory wellness - Smoking cessation - Disease prevention - Eliminate exposure to environmental pollutants Eliminating the risk from smoking

Answer 144

36% of men | 39% of women

Answer 145

Amyloid deposits Liopofuscin accumulation Degeneration of basophils

Answer 146

Slight increase in left ventricular wall thickness Enlargement of left atrium Thickening of atrial endocardium Thickening of atrioventricular valves Calcification in the aortic valve Decrease in pacemaker cells and irregularity in their shape Increased deposits of fat, collagen, and elastic fibres at sinoatrial node

Answer 147

Changes results in: Heart less able to fully contract Longer diastolic filling and systolic emptying Myocardium more irritable and less responsive to SNS Stress adaptation less efficient

Answer 148

Tunica intima - thicken, endothelial cells become irregular, elongate Tunica media - increase in collagen, thinning and calcification of elastin (stiffening)

Answer 149

Become thicker More dilated Less elastic Valves in leg veins become less efficient in returning blood

Answer 150

Arteries more vulnerable to atherosclerosis Aorta dilates to compensate for stiffness Increased peripheral resistance Slight increase in systolic BP Impaired baroreceptor function in large arteries – especially during postural changes Diminished ability to increase blood flow to vital organs Left ventricle forced to work harder Arteries stiffen and responsiveness to adrenaline stimulation diminishes -> HR fails to increase or decrease as efficiently

Answer 151

``` Race Increased age Diabetes mellitus Heredity Hypertension Social Class Gender Depression Diet / nutrition Alcohol / smoking Hypertension Obesity Physical inactivity Hyperlipidemia Anxiety Stress Isolation Post menopausal ```

Answer 152

An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identifications and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychological and spiritual.

Answer 153

Tell me more about … What questions do you have? What are you most concerned about? How are you today?

Answer 154

1. Morphine - pain relief, respiratory depression 2. Hydromorphine - pain relief 3. Haloperidol - antipsychotic, calming, reduce restlessness 4. Midazolam - produce drowsiness, alleviate anxiety 5. Metoclopramide - alleviate nausea 6. Hyoscine - reduces spasms 7. Clonazepam - antiepileptic, treat panic attacks 8. Hyosine butylbromide - relieve smooth muscle spasms 9. Fentayle - pain relief

Answer 155

1. Pain 2. Breathlessness 3. Anxiety 4. Agitation/restlessness 5. Hallucinations 6. Dysphagia 7. Nausea 8. Vomiting 9. Respiratory symptoms

Answer 156

1. Changes in respiration (cheyne stoking) 2. Hypotension and tachycardia 3. Change in responsiveness 4. Uncharacteristic restlessness 5. Peripheral shutdown and cyanosis 6. Retained airway secretions - suction, positioning

Answer 157

1. Presence 2. Touch 3. Recognition of autonomy 4. Compassion 5. Honesty 6. Expert communication 7. Assisting in transcendence

Answer 158

Pathway covering palliative care options for patients in the final days or hours of life Supporting quality care in the last hours or days of life

Answer 159

Provides relief from distressing symptoms Affirms life and supports active living for as long as possible Enhances quality of life Regards dying as a normal process Intends neither to hasten nor delay death Includes psychological and spiritual care Supports the family, during the trajectory and after the death Uses a team approach

Answer 160

Should be on a needs basis Should involve discussion with the older person, family, and health care team Should involve the consideration of advance care directives A palliative approach: - May be relevant over a long period of time - May be concurrent with active treatment

Answer 161

An umbrella term to denote that part of life, where a person is living with, and impaired by, an eventually fatal or terminal condition, even if the prognosis is ambiguous or unknown Often focuses on final days or weeks of life

Answer 162

Legal statements that say what sort of medical treatment you want to have or not have after you are no longer able to make these decisions for yourself

Answer 163

``` To know what to expect To maintain control and choice To maintain dignity and privacy To avoid symptom distress To have access to information and to spiritual and emotional support To have time to say goodbye To have excellent care ```

Answer 164

Peripheral shutdown and cyanosis Changes in respiration - cheyne stoking (laboured) A change in responsiveness Uncharacteristic restlessness Retained airway secretions - suction, positioning Hypotension and tachycardia

Answer 165

Review of medications Review of comfort care strategies Communication with the family Rituals

Answer 166

Regards family May want time to say goodbye Need to know what happens next Need to know that the person is still respected Need to know that cultural and family wishes will be respected

Answer 167

Provides structure and guidance in education and training for all health care professionals delivering end-of-life care in health and aged care settings in Western Australia The goal is to support health care professionals to deliver safe, effective quality care for patients, their families and carers throughout the end-of-life continuum

Answer 168

1. Person, carer and family centred care 2. Safety, quality and risk management 3. Effective communication 4. Building capacity

Answer 169

``` Pain Breathlessness Anxiety Agitation and restlessness Hallucinations Dysphagia Nausea Vomiting Respiratory secretions ```

Answer 170

1-3 Constipation 4 Aim 5-7 Diarrhoea (or constipation, overflow)

Answer 171

2+ symptoms ``` Staining Lumpy or hard stool Sensation of incomplete evacuation Sensation of anorectal obstruction Manual maneuvers <3 bowel movements per week ```

Answer 172

Slow transit | Difficult defication

Answer 173

Lifestyle Medical conditions Meds Mechanical abnormalities

Answer 174

Female Dementia Low privacy Increase length of stay

Answer 175

Bulking agents Softening agents Osmotic agents Stimulant agents

Exam Study Flashcards

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