Exam style question

Question 1

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 1

Controls the skeletal muscle.

Question 2

Explain how sensory neurones ensure a fast speed of conduction of nerve impulses.

Answer 2

Myelinated so the impulses jump from node to node.

Question 3

Structure of neurone

Answer 3

Vesicle
Synapse
Receptor

Question 4

Explain the role of acetylcholinesterase.

Answer 4

Breaks down acetylcholine so products can be recycled.

Question 5

Name a disorder caused by a lack of acetylcholine

Answer 5

Alzheimer’s

Question 6

What are lipids broken down into?

Answer 6

Fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 7

Name the type of reaction that breaks the ester bonds.

Answer 7

Hydrolysis.

Question 8

Describe two effects of gastrin that help the process of digestion.

Answer 8

Release of hydrochloric acid.

Increase muscle contractions of stomach.

Question 9

Explain why there are are side effects of taking orlistat

Answer 9

Fats are not broken down and cannot be absorbed because lipase activity is reduced.

Question 10

Give two ways a person taking orlistat could help prevent vitamin D.

Answer 10

Vitamin D supplements

Stop taking orlistat

Question 11

Label an actin filament and a myosin filament.

Answer 11

Actin is thin

Myosin is thick

Question 12

Describe what happens to the position of the actin filaments when the muscle contracts.

Answer 12

The actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.

Question 13

Explain the role of ATP in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Answer 13

Breaks the actin so that the myosin head moves to its cocked position.

Question 14

Explain what happens to unblock the binding sites when a nerve impulse arrives at the myofibril.

Answer 14

Calcium ions are released which binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to change shape.

Question 15

What are three features of slow twitch fibres?

Answer 15

Respire aerobically
Respire fat stores in the body
Large stores of glycogen

Question 16

One function of the skeleton

Answer 16

Blood cell production

Question 17

Describe the role of creatine phosphate in muscles.

Answer 17

Provides phosphate ions to make ATP to provide a quick supply of ATP.

Question 18

Name the neurotransmitter that is linked to Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

Suggest how increasing creatine pjospjate in muscle cells might reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 19

Provide more energy for improved muscle contraction.

Question 20

Explain why people with CF get tired quickly when they exercise.

Answer 20

More mucus, so less air into the lungs, meaning there is less oxygen for respiration.

Question 21

Why does blood plasma not carry much oxygen?

Answer 21

Oxygen does not dissolve.

Question 22

Explain why the oxygen dissociate curve for haemoglobin is that shape

Answer 22

Oxygen binds to haemoglobin which enters the shape of the haemoglobin. This makes it easier for subsequent oxygen molecules to bind.

Question 23

Explain how the Bohr effect helps maintain a high rate of respiration during exercise.

Answer 23

Respiration produces carbon dioxide which decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

Question 24

What is the type of joint in the hand?

Answer 24

Gliding

Question 25

What bone is part of the axial skeleton?

Answer 25

Skull and Jaw

Question 26

What type of joint can only move in one plane?

Answer 26

Hinge

Question 27

Name the process that breaks down old bone.

Answer 27

Resorption.

Question 28

Give two features of fast-twitch muscle fibres

Answer 28

Generate ATP quickly | Fatigue quickly

Question 29

Why does the percentage of fast-twitch fibres decrease as a person gets older?

Answer 29

Not as active.

Question 30

What is the name of the oxygen-binding protein that slow-twitch muscle fibres have?

Answer 30

Myoglobin

Question 31

Which disease is caused by a lack of vitamin D?

Answer 31

Rickets

Question 32

Two foods that have a high vitamin D contenet

Answer 32

Eggs, fish

Question 33

Two symptoms of high blood pressure

Answer 33

Short of breath | Fatigue

Question 34

One use of carbohydrate in the human body

Answer 34

Respiration.

Question 35

Two adaptions of the small intestine that help to speed up the rate pf absorption into blood,

Answer 35

Large surface area | Good blood supply.

Question 36

What are the two main nervous systems?

Answer 36

Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

Question 37

What two nervous systems are linked to the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 37

Autonomic nervous system & somatic nervous system

Question 38

What two nervous systems are linked to the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 38

Parasympathetic nervous system & sympathetic nervous system

Question 39

What is the role of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 39

Voluntary actions

Question 40

Give two effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 40

Increased heart rate | Dilated pupils

Question 41

Describe how the neurotransmitter causes a nerve impulse to start

Answer 41

Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to receptors which cause sodium ion channels to open.

Question 42

Describe what happens to the neurotransmitter after a new impulse starts in the neurone

Answer 42

Neurotransmitter leaves receptor and is broken down by enzymes. Breakdown products diffuse back to presynaptic membrane.

Question 43

Explain how the difference in pH in an active muscle compared with the pH in the lungs increases the efficiency of oxygen transport

Answer 43

pH in the muscle is lower due to a higher carbon dioxide concentration This means affinity to oxygen decreases so more oxygen is released.

Question 44

Explain how training at high altitudes affects oxygen transportation

Answer 44

Lower partial pressure of oxygen meaning more difficult to load oxygen. Therefore, there is an increase in the number of red blood cells.

Question 45

Explain how the gall bladder helps speed up the digestion of fats.

Answer 45

Releases bile which emulsifies the fats and gives a larger surface area.

Question 46

What enzyme substrate is used for carbohydrase?

Answer 46

Carbohydrates

Question 47

What enzyme substrate is used for lipase?

Answer 47

fats

Question 48

What enzyme substrate is used for protease?

Answer 48

Protein

Question 49

What is the name of the deficiency disease caused by vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 49

Scurvy

Question 50

Give two symptoms of vitamin C deficiency

Answer 50

Fatigue & shortness of breath

Question 51

Suggest two ways in which vitamin C deficiency can be treated

Answer 51

Vitamin C supplements | Eat foods high in vitamin C

Question 52

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 52

Emotions and reasoning

Question 53

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 53

Visual processing

Question 54

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 54

Movement and recognition

Question 55

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 55

Memory and speech

Question 56

Where in the brain are the lobes found?

Answer 56

Cerebral cortex

Question 57

Which part of the nervous system causes heart to increase and dilated pupils?

Answer 57

Sympathetic

Question 58

Give three symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

Answer 58

Confusion Sleep problems Getting lost

Question 59

Describe the sequence of events that allows an impulse to pass from one neurone to the next neurone at the synapse.

Answer 59

Calcium ions enter the pre synaptic neurone, causing neurotransmitter to be released from pre synaptic membrane Diffuses across the synapse and binds to receptors on the neurone

Question 60

What range of movement does ball and socket joint have?

Answer 60

Movement in any place

Question 61

What is the function of the plastic between the metal alloy and the bone?

Answer 61

Enables smoother movement

Question 62

Give two adaptations of slow-twitch muscle fibres

Answer 62

Function over long periods of time | Store glycogen

Question 63

Explain why muscles become fatigued

Answer 63

ATP is used up, meaning myosin heads cannot change shape.

Question 64

Explain why the force of a muscle contraction may be greater in someone taking creatine supplements.

Answer 64

More creatine phosphate can be made. Phosphate can be used to make more ATP so more energy for muscle contraction.

Question 65

Explain how the nodes of Ranvier enable nerve impulses to travel at a high speed along the motor neurone.

Answer 65

Myelin is an insulator so action potentials jump from node to node. Therefore fewer action potentials are needed.

Question 66

Describe what happens to cause the change in membrane potential.

Answer 66

Sodium channels open causing sodium ions to enter the axon.

Question 67

Explain how the resting potential of a neurone is maintained.

Answer 67

Sodium-potassium pump transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in to the cell. This means more sodium ions are out compared to potassium ions.

Question 68

Name two processes that take place in the bone to heal the fracture.

Answer 68

Resorption & osification.

Question 69

Describe the range of movement the elbow joint should have.

Answer 69

Can bend and moves in one plane.

Question 70

Describe the function of cartilage in a joint.

Answer 70

Reduces friction & protects bone from wearing away.

Question 71

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 71

Vertebrae, skull, sternum and ribs.

Question 72

Explain the role of bile and lipase in the digestion of dairy food.

Answer 72

Bile emulsifies lipid molecules which gives a larger surface area. Lipase help to breakdown the bonds in the lipids.

Question 73

Describe the effect of hydrolysis on a lipid molecule.

Answer 73

Breaks the ester bonds between glycerol and the fatty acid.

Question 74

Explain why training at high altitude might increase a runner's race performance at seal level.

Answer 74

Oxygen is lower at a high altitude, meaning more red blood cells are needed to carry enough oxygen. This shows when returning to seal level more oxygen is carried for respiration and more energy is released.

Question 75

Describe the role of the somatic nervous system.

Answer 75

Voluntary movement such as walking.

Question 76

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 76

Involuntary such as allowing internal organs to function properly.

Question 77

Give two effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 77

Slows heart rate | Constricts pupils

Question 78

What part of the brain is likely to have be damaged by a stroke?

Answer 78

Cerebellum

Question 79

Give two symptoms you might see if the brain stem is damaged.

Answer 79

Heart will stop | Breathing will stop

Question 80

Describe what happens to the length of the I-band and the length of A-band when myofibril contracts.

Answer 80

I-band gets shorter and A-band stays the same

Question 81

Describe how actin and myosin filaments in a myofibril work together to cause muscle contraction.

Answer 81

Myosin attaches to the actin filament, which causes myosin to change shape and move the actin over the myosin.

Question 82

Explain how dantrolene prevents muscle spasms.

Answer 82

Calcium unblocks the binding sites on the actin filaments if there is no calcium tropomyosin unchanged and myosin heads cannot bind to the actin.

Question 83

Explain the role of calcium channels and calcium ions causing the neurotransmitter to be released into the synapse.

Answer 83

Calcium channels open, causing calcium ions to move in and makes vesicles fuse with the membrane.

Question 84

What does non-invasive mean?

Answer 84

Does not cut skin