exam (temperate veggies)

Question 1

significance of horticulture industry in canada and ont?

Answer 1

veg and potatoes account for over half of horticulture cash receipts in Canada

Question 2

significance of veg production globally, in canada, and in ont?

Answer 2

big for economy and trade

Question 3

9 criteria to classify veg. crops

Answer 3

1) taxonomic group
2) cropping system (greenhouse, field-processing)
3) growth cycle (annual, perennial)
4) propagation method
5) photoperiodic response
6) type of pollination
7) cool vs warm season crop
8) rooting depth and watering req.
9) growth on mineral or muck soil

Question 4

importance of the horticulture industry in ont

Answer 4

1) 25% total farm gate value in Ontario
2) most growth in this sector over the last 30 years
3) resulted in expansion of controlled environment and service oriented industries.

Question 5

how much field production in ont?

Answer 5

54%, field area has been decreasing but the fresh market has been on the up and up.

Question 6

field veg for processing

Answer 6

lowest sales/land
highest economic threshold
high mechanization and capital investment
mechanical harvest and short storage times
high yields, lower quality product/lower management
commonly based on contract
high prevalence of fert, intermediate pesticides

Question 7

field veg for fresh market

Answer 7

intermediate sales/land
intermediate economic threshold
low/intermediate mechanization/capital
some mechanical harvest and potentially long storage times
intermediate to high quality product, low yields
intermediate management intensity, high labour
free market,
intermediate fert, high pesticide and fungicide, low herbicide

Question 8

annuals

Answer 8

require re establishment year after year

Question 9

biennials

Answer 9

commonly grown as annuals bc second year is for seed

10-10 rule, 10 degrees or less for 10 days or more will flower

Question 10

perennials

Answer 10

2-3 year establishment

Question 11

direct seedig

Answer 11

precision seeding, placing seeds exactly where you want, allows high density plants, eliminates transplants, good for crops w big seeds
needs more soil prep and small seeded crops may respond poorly

Question 12

transplant seeding

Answer 12

allows earlier stands inc frost sensitive crops
conserves seed more uniform stands, decrease insect and disease problemts
higher cost for transplant production and planting

Question 13

vegetative seedsin

Answer 13

+ allos for faster establishment and maturity
+ for crops where true breeding or hybrid seed can’t be obtained
- high cost for propagation material
- potential disease spread

Question 14

long day response for photoperiodic response of flowering

Answer 14

longer days promote flowering which can limit production of the crops to early and late parts of the season, often attributed to temp stress but commonly photoperiod is underlying factor

Question 15

self pollinated crops

Answer 15

• insects of wind not absolute requirement

- bees used in greenhouses for tomato production

Question 16

cross pollinated crops

Answer 16

sweet corn needs isolation

Question 17

cool vs warm season veg

Answer 17

seeding dates based on frost tolerance and base temp for growth

Question 18

cool season veg

Answer 18

frost tolerant, hardy or half hardy
germinates seed at cooler temp
shallow roots 
wide variation in days to maturity 
stored at or near 0 degrees, relative humidity

Question 19

warm season veg

Answer 19

not frost tolerant
seed germinates at warm temp
deeper roots, higher LAI than most cold season veg
subject to chilling injury if stored near 0 degrees, lower relative humidity

Question 20

relationship between rooting depth and water req

Answer 20

greater root depth increases water availability, on avg veg require 25 mm water/week ont doesn’t get that so irrigation may be needed

Question 21

soil texture on water capacity

Answer 21

1) determines water holding capacity and plant water availability
2) determines cation exchange capacity
3) influences water dynamics inc infiltration

Question 22

muck vs mineral soils

Answer 22

muck soil has more organic matter (20-70% vs 1-4%)
muck has better aeration/ less compaction
muck has oxidation losses, mineral does not
mineral usually plowed, muck not
muck prone to wind erosion
mineral has ample k, n leaches readily
muck deficient in k and some micronutrients, p leaches easily

Question 23

what does “protected horticulture” mean?

Answer 23

protected from natural environment including, including temp, wind, rain, air movement, insects/weeds etc

modifying the natural environment to get an improved plant growth response and improve efficiency

Question 24

protected systems that use natural light

Answer 24

mulches and structures like poly tunnels, low tunnels etc - non permanent structures
greenhouses
bathhouses that reduce light for light sensitive crops
nursery field/container

Question 25

systems that exclude natural light

Answer 25

hothouses (mushrooms, forces winter crops germination rooms and cold rooms that optimize seed germination ie vernalization and breaking dormancy cold storage

Question 26

where is the largest greenhouse veg growing region on earth

Answer 26

near Spain, lots of greenhouses can be seen from space. decreases the temp in that area bc of the reflection of sunlight off the greenhouses

Question 27

high tech greenhouses

Answer 27

capable off being heater or cooled day/night, temp control is active. non-organic veg operations and ornamental production uses hydroponics, humidity and CO2 control is active

Question 28

med/low tech greenhouses

Answer 28

no heating systems and limited ventilation. passive temp control. use sand culture and drip irrigation, limited humidity control and no direct lighting or CO2 control. low dependence on fossil fuels

Question 29

temp control in greenhouses in ont

Answer 29

low temp bc of low irradiance is a problem in the winter, high temps bc of high irradiance in the summer. most greenhouses use hot water heating systems rather than steam.

Question 30

when is glass used in greenhouses

Answer 30

max winter light is crucial, grower is rich bc expensive, fuel cost is less critical

Question 31

when to use supplemental lighting

Answer 31

use HPS lamp for days w less that 10mol/m2/d inside greenhouses

Question 32

relationship between irradiance and water use in greenhouses

Answer 32

watering determined by irradiance. water availability and quality is important for greenhouse production and field production

Question 33

tree nursery field grown

Answer 33

predominant rpactice in ont bc of possibility of winter kill in containers. many BC producers use containers bc winters aren't as bad. spacing is important for uniform growth up to 90% of roots are lost in digging up the tree. can only harvest during dormant stage - nov- march

Question 34

advantages of nursery-container production

Answer 34

``` possible for higher plant density removes issues with crop rotation more uniform plant bc can control more do not damage roots marketed any time garden centres like them more dont need good soil only good drainage ```

Question 35

disadvantages of nursery container production

Answer 35

``` dependence on irrigation limited root system limit to tree size need to monitor nutrients needs controlled release fert pots can fall in wind labour intensive root damage w winter temps ```

Question 36

what is a temperate fruit crop?

Answer 36

``` grown between 30-50 degrees n and s perennials that need dormant and active growth period for each cycle or fruiting exhibit some degree of cold hardiness needs chilling to overcome bud dormancy harvestable portion is a botanical fruit nearly all are woody perennial species ```

Question 37

what classifies a temperate fruit crop?

Answer 37

``` taxonomic classification self fertile or self incompatible bee or wind pollinated genetic policy level source of cultivar chance seeding, sexually bred or mutation ```

Question 38

self fertile defenition

Answer 38

pollen from diff cultivar in same species not needed for pollination or ferlilization solid planting of one cultivar is possible

Question 39

self-incompatible defenit

Answer 39

pollen from a diff cultivar in the same or related species is needed for pollination and fertilization solid planting of one cultivar is not possible

Question 40

pollination for most temperate fruit crop

Answer 40

insects, except for grapes which are wind pollinated.

Question 41

chance seedling definition

Answer 41

cultivar found by chance from seed of unknown parentage

Question 42

sexually bred definition

Answer 42

bred through controlled crossing by ppl, ie cortland etc

Question 43

mutation sport defenitin

Answer 43

cultivar from the mutation of an existing cultivar

Question 44

factors that impact site selection

Answer 44

temperature, proximity to water, slope and elevation

Question 45

importance of temp on site selection

Answer 45

growing season temp needs to be compatible, minimum chilling requirements, dormant seasons temp.

Question 46

berry cropping system

Answer 46

unique set of parameters that need to be considered for a successful cropping system. can be divided based on geographic location

Question 47

tree fruit (orchard) cropping systems

Answer 47

also has unique set of parameters.

Question 48

what is included in orchard planting system

Answer 48

cultivar selected tree size and rootstock tree spacing and density support system and training

Question 49

rootstocks and tree size control

Answer 49

dwarfing, making smaller more manageable plants