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Physiology > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What brain structures initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?

A
  1. hypothalamus (HPT)
  2. pons
  3. medulla
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2
Q

Sensory Input can either go to…

1.
2.

A
  1. hypothalamic sensors

2. somatic and visceral sensory neurons

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3
Q

Sensory Input—Hypothalamic sensors—[…]

A

pons, medulla, hypothalamus

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4
Q

Sensory Input—Hypothalamic Sensors—P/M/HPT—[…]

1.
2.

A
  1. autonomic/endocrine/behavioral responses

2. limbic system, cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Sensory Input—Somatic and visceral sensory neurons— […]

1.
2.

A
  1. P/M/HPT

2. limbic system, cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Sensory Input—Somatic and visceral sensory neurons— limbic system, cerebral cortex—[…]

1.
2.

A
  1. behavioral response

2. P/M/HPT

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7
Q

Physiology depends on […] control.

A

top-down

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8
Q

Sensory neurons are […] and handle […] signals.

A

afferent; incoming

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9
Q

Motor neurons are […] and handle […] signals.

A

efferent; outgoing

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10
Q

Can there be mixed fibers?

A

yes, only in a bundle with some sensory and some mixed BUT there is no such thing as dual fibers

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11
Q

Stimulus processing that is usually conscious is due to stimuli brought by…

A

the special senses or somatic senses

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12
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. hearing
  3. taste
  4. smell
  5. equilibrium
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13
Q

What are somatic senses?

A
  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. pain
  4. itch
  5. proprioception**

**awareness of body location/movement

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14
Q

Stimulus processing usually subconscious is due to stimuli brought by…

A

somatic stimuli or visceral stimuli

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15
Q

What are examples of somatic stimuli?

A
  1. muscle length and tension

2. proprioception

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16
Q

What are some examples of visceral stimuli (8)?

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. distension of GI tract
  3. blood glucose concentration
  4. internal body temperature
  5. osmolarity of body fluids
  6. lung inflation
  7. pH of CSF
  8. pH of O2 content in blood
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17
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors (list examples)?

A
  1. chemoreceptors (O2, pH, organic molecules)
  2. mechanoreceptors (baroreceptors–pressure, osmoreceptors—cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, sound)
  3. photoreceptors (photons of light)
  4. thermoreceptors (varying degrees of heat)
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18
Q

What determines the response of the ANS?

A

on the incoming sensory information

the type of receptor

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19
Q

What are some types of receptors that transmit sensory information to the ANS?

A
  1. simple receptors
  2. complex neural receptors
  3. special senses receptors
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20
Q

Describe a simple receptor:

A

neurons with free nerve endings and axons either myelinated or unmyelinated

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21
Q

Describe a complex neural receptor:

A

nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

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22
Q

A Pacinian corpuscle is an example of a […] receptor. It senses […].

A

complex neural; touch

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23
Q

Describe a special senses receptor:

A

cells that release NT onto sensory neurons initiating AP

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24
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic:

Origin.

A

S: thoracic and lumbar segments (T1-T12; L1-2)

P: brainstem and sacral segments (pons, medulla; S2-4)

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25
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Ganglion location.
S: close to spinal cord P: on or close to targets
26
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Pathway
S: short preganglionic, long postganglionic neurons P: long preganglionic, short postganglionic neurons
27
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Pupil response.
S: pupil dilates P: pupil constricts
28
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Salivary gland response.
S: mucus and enzymes secreted P: watery secretion
29
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Heart response.
S: increased heart rate and contractility P: slows heart rate
30
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Lung response.
S: relaxes airway P: constricts airway
31
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Liver response.
S: inhibits digestion P: increases bile secretion
32
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Stomach response.
S: inhibits digestion P: increases motility and secretion
33
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Intestine response.
S: inhibits digestion P: increases motility and secretion
34
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Pancreas response.
S: decreases enzymes* and insulin** P: release enzyme* and insulin** * = exocrine * * = endocrine
35
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Kidney response.
S: increases renin secretion
36
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Urinary bladder response.
S: relaxes bladder P: release of urine
37
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Penis response.
S: induces ejaculation P: induces erection
38
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Uterus response.
S: stimulates contraction P: engorgement and secretions
39
The vagus nerve (X) is part of the [...] portion of the ANS. It controls the [...] organs such as...
parasympathetic; peripheral 1. lungs 2. liver 3. stomach 4. intestines 5. pancreas
40
Autonomic pathways consist of [...] neurons that synapse in an [...].
2; autonomic ganglion
41
Sympathetic pathways utilize what NT?
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
42
Parasympathetic pathways utilize what NT?
acetylcholine
43
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Receptor subtypes.
S: alpha/beta adrenergic P: nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic
44
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Precursor.
S: tyrosine P: Acetyl CoA + choline
45
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Inactivation enzyme.
S: MOA (uptake at synapse) P: acetylcholinesterase (enzymatic breakdown)
46
Exceptions of ANS:
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine into the blood
47
Adrenal glands are located on the [...]. The [...] is a true endocrine gland. The [...] is a modified sympathetic ganglion. The [...] is a modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron.
kidneys; cortex; medulla; chromaffin
48
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: | Adrenal Medulla response.
S only: secretes catecholamines (NE, DA, ACh)
49
Alpha receptor on heart [...] veins while beta [...].
constricts; dilates
50
Somatic motor control is also known as...
skeletal muscle
51
The neuromuscular junction consists of...
1. axon terminals 2. motor end plates on the muscle membrane 3. Schwann cell sheaths
52
Motor end plate:
region of muscle membrane that contains high concentrations of ACh receptors
53
What occurs if an AP arrives at an NMJ's axon?
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and release synaptic vesicles containing ACh into the synaptic cleft
54
After ACh is released into the synaptic cleft of the NMJ axon terminal...
1. the nicotinic cholinergic receptor binds two ACh molecules opening a nonspecific monovalent cation channel 2. channel allows Na+ and K+ ions to pass 3. Na+ influx depolarizes the muscle fiber
55
Autonomic [...] release NT over the surface of target cells.
varicosities
56
NE receptors are also known [...] receptors.
adrenergic
57
List the adrenergic receptors:
1. alpha1 2. alpha2 3. beta1 4. beta2 5. beta3
58
Alpha1 receptors are found in...
most sympathetic target tissue
59
Alpha2 receptors are found in...
GI tract and pancreas
60
Beta1 receptors are found in...
heart muscle and kidney
61
Beta2 receptors are found in...
certain blood vessels and smooth muscle organs
62
Beta3 receptors are found in...
adipose tissue
63
Sensitivity of adrenergic receptors:
alpha1: NE > E alpha2: NE > E beta1: NE = E beta2: E > NE beta3: NE > E
64
Adrenergic receptors effect on second messenger:
alpha1: increases IP3 and intracellular Ca2+; increases PCK alpha2: decreases cAMP beta1/2/3: increases cAMP
65
List the cholinergic receptors:
1. Nn 2. Nm 3. M1, M3, M5 4. M2, M4
66
Nn receptors are found in the...
postganglionic autonomic neurons
67
Nm receptors are found in...
skeletal muscle
68
M1, M3, M5 receptors are found in...
the nervous system and parasympathetic target tissues
69
M2 and M4 receptors are found in...
the nervous system and parasympathetic target tissues
70
Cholinergic receptors effects on second messengers:
Nn, Nm: opens nonspecific monovalent cation channels M1, M3, M5: increases IP3 and intracellular Ca2+, increases PKC M2 and M4: decreases cAMP; opens K+ channels

Physiology (3 decks)

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