Exam Two

Question 1

List the primary branches of the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 1

• Somatic

- Autonomic (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

Question 2

What does each branch of the peripheral nervous system do? (6)

Answer 2

Sensory Nerves: tells the CNS whats going on
Effector Nerves: sends information from the CNS to the tissues/organs
Somatic: voluntary movement
Autonomic: involuntary
-Sympathetic: fight or flight
-Parasympathetic: rest and digest

Question 3

What are the nerves that send signals to and from the periphery?

Answer 3

Neurons

Nerves: bundles of neurons along with CT

Question 4

Identify the primary components of a Neuron

Question 5

How do neurons communicate?

Answer 5

Via electrical impulses

Question 6

What is an action potential?

Answer 6

Rapid depolarization passed down a neuron

Question 7

What is the neuron’s resting membrane potential

Answer 7

Negative electrical potential of -70mV

Polarization: difference in charge between the outside and inside of a cell due to concentration of Ions

Question 8

What are the sodium-potassium pumps? What do they do when activated?

Answer 8

Changes the concentration of Na and K in the cell membrane by pumping them in and out of the cell

Question 9

Define depolarization, hyper-polarization, and repolarization

Answer 9

Depolarization: Negative to positive
Hyper-polarization: makes the cell even more negative
Repolarization: Positive to negative

Question 10

What factors affect the speed of an action potential?

Answer 10

• Myelination of Axon: fatty myelin sheaths that insulate the cell membrane
• Diameter of the Axon: larger neurons conduct faster

Question 11

Describe the differences between a synapse and neuromuscular junction

Answer 11

Synapse: junction between a neuron and a cell

Neuromuscular Junction: site where alpha-motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber

Question 12

How does exercise affect the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 12

Increased release of acetylcholine, sensitivity of the muscle to acetylcholine

Question 13

Define neural fatigue

Answer 13

Acute exercise can decrease motor nerve outflow and transmission rates

Question 14

Define the different regions of the brain and how each may be involved in exercise. (5)

Answer 14

Primary Motor Cortex: site of conscious movement
Basal Ganglia: site of repetitive, unconscious movement
Diencephalon: Thalamus (sense are processed and relayed to appropriate cortex) Hypothalamus (maintains homeostasis)
Cerebellum: coordinates changes in the body with activity
Brain Stem: autonomic center for respiration and cardiovascular system

Question 15

Define neuroplasticity

Answer 15

Ability of the brain to change, adapt and develop new pathways

Question 16

List the types of receptors located around the body and their primary functions (5)

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors- pressure, touch, vibration, or stretch
Thermoreceptors- temp
Nociceptors- pain
Photoreceptors- light
Chemoreceptors- changes in O2 and CO2, glucose, smell, etc.

Question 17

List the effects that sympathetic nervous stimulation has on the body

Answer 17

• Fight or flight

- Prolong stress

Question 18

Define how the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ work

Answer 18

Muscle Spindle: sends info to the CNS about muscle length or degree of stretch
Golgi Tendon: strain-gauge in the muscle tendon complex, inhibits the active muscle

Question 19

How do steroid and non-steroid hormones work?

Answer 19

Steroid Hormones: derived from cholesterol, passes through cell membrane
Non-steroid Hormones: not fat-soluble, can not pass through cell membrane and acts on the receptors on the cell membrane

Question 20

What are prostaglandins?

Answer 20

May be classified as hormones
Derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid 
Autocrine: locally acting hormones 
Promotes inflammation
Produced by COX enzymes

Question 21

What do Downregulation/Desensitization and Upregulation mean (regarding hormone actions)?

Answer 21

Down-regulation: number of hormone receptors on a cell can decrease
Up-regulation: increase number receptor on a cell can decrease

Question 22

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland (6)

Answer 22

• Growth hormones: cell growth
• TSH: controls release of thyroid hormones
• ACTH: controls hormones of the adrenal cortex
• Prolactin: stimulates milk production
• FSH: stimulates estrogen secretion from ovaries or sperm production in testes
• LH: stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion, or testes to secrete testosterone

Question 23

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

Answer 23

• T3 and T4: increases metabolic rate, increase protein synthesis, size of mitochondria, glucose uptake
• Calcitonin: controls calcium concentration in blood

Question 24

Hormones of the Adrenal Gland (5)

Answer 24

Catecholamines (epinephrine and Norepinephrine):
-increase HR, metabolic rate, blood to muscles, respiration, BP
-stimulates release of glucose and fatty acid into the blood
Corticosteroids:
-Mineralocortiods: aldosterone (increases sodium retention
-Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogen
-glucocorticoids: cortisol (primary glucorticoid)

Question 25

Cortisol

Answer 25

- stimulates release of glucose and fatty acid - spare use of glucose for the brain - breaks down protein for fuel - anti-inflammatory - depress immune reaction

Question 26

Hormones of the Pancreas

Answer 26

- insulin: cells to take un glucose and amino acids | - glucagon: signals liver to release glucose into the blood

Question 27

Briefly define osmotic pressure and how solvents/solutes control fluid balance.

Answer 27

pressure required to stop water from diffusing through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 28

List the steps of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.

Answer 28

1. Renin is released 2. Angiotensin is converted to angiotensin 1 3. angiotensin converting enzyme in the lung 4. Angiotensin 2 to adrenal cortex 5. Adrenal cortex release aldosterone and vasoconstriction

Question 29

How are Growth Hormone and Cortisol affected by Circadian Rhythm?

Answer 29

stimulated by intense exercise but increases almost only during sleep

Question 30

What is a Calorie/kilocalorie?

Answer 30

amount of heat required to raise 1kg of water to 1C

Question 31

Define direct and indirect calorimetry.

Answer 31

Direct: directly measuring heat production in an enclosed chamber Indirect: estimating energy expenditure by the respiratory exchange of O2 and CO2

Question 32

What are the limitation of direct and indirect calorimetry

Answer 32

Direct: is very expensive, equipment can give of heat, the body stores heat that can not be detected Indirect: not as accurate

Question 33

Define the standardization of gas between different environments.

Answer 33

Expired air is at body temp, atmospheric pressure, and saturated with water vapor

Question 34

BTPS

Answer 34

BTPS: Body Temperature Pressure Saturated. volume of gas is dependent upon the body temperature at a barometric pressure that is saturated with water vapor. temperature of the body is 37 ºC the amount of saturated water vapor pressure associated with 37 ºC is 47 mm Hg

Question 35

How do you calculate RER

Answer 35

RER= VCO2/VO2

Question 36

What RER values are associated with oxidation of carbohydrates or fats?

Answer 36

O.7-1.0

Question 37

Briefly describe the Doubly Labeled Water technique (don’t go into details).

Answer 37

Person consumes water with know quantity of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Measures the difference between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes leaving the body

Question 38

What factors determine an individual’s daily energy expenditure?

Answer 38

have to have: - 30 mins of doing nothing - dimly lit, thermoneutral room - 12-hour fast - no intense exercise for 12 hours

Question 39

ATPS

Answer 39

Ambient Temperature Pressure Saturated. volume of gas is dependent upon the ambient temperature at a barometric pressure (Pb) that is saturated with water vapor. For our purpose, the barometric pressure will be 760 mm Hg (sea level).

Question 40

STPD

Answer 40

(0°C or 273 K) and pressure (760 mm Hg) and dry (no water vapor).