Exam Two Flashcards by Camilla Marzella

Three interrelated anxiety response systems

Physical: flight or flight
Cognitive: attentional shift and hyper vigilance, nervousness, difficulty concentrating
Behavioral: aggression or avoidance

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Rituals and repetitive activity

Young children attempting to gain control and master of their environment

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Specific phobia (prevalence)

Extreme disabling fear to object or situations that pose little to no danger
Prevalence: 2 to 4% of children

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Social anxiety disorder (comorbidity)

Marked, persistent fear of being the focus of attention, or doing something humiliating
Comorbidity: selective mutism

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Separation anxiety disorder (prevalence & onset)

Age inappropriate, excessive anxiety about being apart from parents or away from home
Prevalence: 10% of children (most common disorder of childhood)
Onset: earliest

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Generalized anxiety disorder (prevalence & onset)

Excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities, occurring more days than not
Prevalence: 3 to 6% of children
Onset: late childhood or early adolescence

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Persistent, frightening thoughts that occur after undergoing a traumatic experience

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Three core features of PTSD

Re-experiencing the event
Avoidance and numbing
Arousal

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Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (prevalence)

Repeated, intrusive, irrational, and anxiety causing thoughts, accompanied by ritualized behaviors to relieve the anxiety
Prevalence: 2 to 3% of children

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Anxiety disorders: biological influences

Neurotransmitters: GABA, serotonin, CRH produce a disposition to become anxious
Limbic system

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Anxiety disorders: psychological influences

Intrusive parenting, excessive control, anxious parents modeling fearful behavior
Insecure early attachments

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Anxiety disorders: interventions

Behavior therapy: exposure to feared stimulus
Cognitive - behavioral therapy

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Euphoria

Exaggerated sense of well-being

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Mania

Abnormally elevated or expansive mood

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Anhedonia

Lose interest in all activities

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Dysphoria

Prolonged bouts of sadness

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Anaclitic depression

Infants raised in emotionally cold, institutional environments
Weeping, withdrawal, apathy, weight loss, sleep disturbance

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Major depressive disorder (prevalence)

Requires presence of major depressive disorder:
- depressed/irritable
- anhedonia
- weight change/sleep issues
- fatigue or loss of energy
- difficulty concentrating
- suicide thoughts
2 to 8% of children 4 to 18 years old

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Major depressive disorder (comorbidity)

Anxiety disorders
Persistent depressive disorder
Conduct problems/ADHD
Substance abuse

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Major depressive disorder (developmental course)

Onset is around 14 to 15
No gender difference until puberty, after girls are 2 to 3 times more likely

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Persistent depressive disorder (prevalence, onset, and comorbidity)

Less severe, but more chronic than MDD
1% in children, 5% in teens
Comorbidity: MDD
Common age of onset is 11 to 12

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Mood disorders: genetics and family risk

Heritability ranging from 30 to 45%
Vulnerability to negative affect

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Mood disorders: neurochemistry/brain functioning

Dysregulation of neuroendocrine
Role of neurotransmitters

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Mood disorders: cognitive factors

Study These Flashcards

Back errors in thinking
Negative cognitive triad

Mood disorders: psychological influences

Peer relations Families of children with depression

Mood disorders: treatments

Cognitive-behavior therapy Antidepressants Prevention

Bipolar disorder

Depression alternating with abnormally persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

Bipolar disorder: treatment

Education about illness Medication (usually lithium) Psychotherapeutic interventions

Antisocial behavior

Relatively normal among children More common among boys

Oppositional defiant disorder

Age-inappropriate stubborn, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behavior

Conduct disorder

Repetitive and persistent pattern of violating basic rights of others and/or age appropriate societal norms or rules

Conduct problems: psychological perspectives

Delinquent-aggressive Overt-covert Destructive-nondestructive

Conduct problems: prevalence

1 to 15% Oppositional defiant disorder 2 to 10% Conduct disorder

Conduct problems: earliest sign

Difficult temperament in infancy

Conduct problems: childhood onset

At least one symptom before age 10 Most likely to be boys More aggressive symptoms Disproportionate among of illegal activity Persist in antisocial behavior

Conduct problems: adolescent onset

No difference in gender Not as severe Less likely to persist/commit violent offenses

Coercion Theory

Through escape conditioning, child learns to use increasingly intense forms of anxious behavior to avoid unwanted parental demands

Hostile attribution bias

Underestimate our own aggression, overestimate other's aggression

Conduct problems: biological influences

Deficits in executive and verbal functions

Conduct problems: treatment

Parent management training Cognitive problem solving skills Multi systemic

Inattention

Repetitive, structured, less enjoyable tasks Making careless mistake Fails to follow instructions Difficulty organizing tasks

Hyperactivity-impulsivity

Excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate and not goal directed SPECIFIC MARKER FOR ADHD Interrupts/talks a lot Fidget with hands and feet

ADHD: secondary features

Difficulty in applying intelligence Family and peer problems Academic delays Deficits in executive functions

ADHS: comorbidity

ODD: 50% CD: 30 to 50%

Developmental course

Described as difficult infants

ADHD: neurological factors

Abnormalities in brain structure and function Deficiencies in dopamine and norepinephrine

ADHD: genetic influences

Runs in families Genes involved in dopamine regulation

ADHD: psychological factors

Affect severity, continuity, and nature of symptoms Family - stress, conflict, poor mental health, economic disadvantage

Multimodal treatment

Best treatment for ADHD

Healthy parenting

Child development and expectations Adequate coping skills Attachment and communication

Types of maltreatment

Neglect 75% Sexual 8.3% Physical 17% Emotional

Ontario Health Supplement Survey

Sexual abuse: M 4.3%, F 12.8% Physical abuse: M 31.2%, F 21.1%

Effects of age - Maltreatment

Younger children more at risk for neglect

Effects of sex - Maltreatment

80% of sexual abuse victims are female Boys - male non family Girls - male family

Maltreatment more common among:

Poor Single-parent homes Large families

Insecure-disorganized attachment

Mixture of approach - avoidance, helplessness, apprehension, and general disorientation

Maltreatment: social and cultural dimensions

Inequality and racism Poverty, social isolation, and acceptance of corporal punishment

Treatment for abuse

Cognitive behavioral methods: target anger patters and distorted beliefs

Exam Two Flashcards

(58 cards)