Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 105 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

assortative mating

A

phenotypically similar individuals mate: increases proportion of homozygous individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

disassortative mating

A

phenotypically different individuals mate: this produces excess of heterozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

genetic drift

A

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

founder effect

A

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bottleneck effect

A

an extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced
ex: natural disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can genetic drift lead to

A

loss of alleles in isolated populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tenets of natural selection

A

individuals in a population show variation in traits, variable traits must be heritable, individuals must have unequal survival and reproductive successes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does natural selection act on

A

individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference between evolution and natural selection

A

natural selection is a process, while evolution is the historical record or outcome of change through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what was the evidence of natural selection

A

Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fossil evidence

A

plants and fungi arrived on land before animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of plants

A

supply oxygen and food terrestrial animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

roles of fungi

A

breaks down organic material and recycles nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

origin of land plants

A

all green algae and land plants shared a common ancestor approximately 470 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two major clades of green algae

A

chlorophytes and charophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chlorophytes

A

never made it to land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

charophytes

A

sister to all land plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sporopollenin

A

durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

apical meristems

A

localized regions of the cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; capable of cell division throughout the plants allowing elongation of roots and shoots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid stage
- produces haploid spores by meiosis
- diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gametopyte

A

multicellular haploid stage
- spores divide by mitosis
- produces gametes by mitosis
- gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of variations in AOG

A

moss: a non-vascular plant
- large gametophyte
- small dependent sporophyte
angiosperm: seed plant
- small dependent gametophyte
- large sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi, approximately 80k fungal species, most are multicellular, some are single-celled, both asexual and sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterotrophic

A

most are saprobes, some are parasitic, most recent common ancestor of animal and fungi 460 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hyphae
multicellular fungi consist of long slender filaments
26
what flows through hyphae
cytoplasm; which allows for rapid growth under good conditions
27
mycelium
mass of connected hyphae; it grows through and digests its substrate
28
what do fungal cell walls include
chitin
29
mycorrhizae
key adaptation to life on land
30
monokaryotic
one nucleus
31
dikaryotic
2 nuclei within each hyphal cell but are not fused
32
where can gene flow take place
can take place between two populations of the same species, can take place between two different species, within a population, between genetically distant populations, can be facilitated by the physical proximity of populations, but gene flow can equally be restricted by physical barriers separating populations
33
when can non random mating occur
occurs when probability that two individuals will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals
34
what are the two forms of non random mating
inbreeding and outbreeding
35
Wahlund effect
-Difference between the overall non-random mating of positive and negative phenotypic assortment -Apparent excess in homozygotes and deficit of heterozygotes from what is expected if a population were to mate randomly -WE is a common cause of non-confirmative to HWE - Inbreeding causes a population to depart from HWE -HWE is an assumption of no evolutionary change present -Anything that leads to evolutionary change whether positive or negative change is still a departure from no change
36
zombie virus
viruses that are currently encased by permafrost and now pose as a risk to reinfect humans due to climate change
37
embryophytes
A clade of land plants that include, but is not limited to: Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants
38
what do "barren" lands include
“Barren” lands include desserts, polar plains, alpine rocks
39
formula for photosynthesis
Light + H2O + CO2 = photosynthesis
40
Green plants + Chlorophyte Algae
Ch 1a Ch 1b Starch
41
Other Algae (kelps, diatoms)
Chl a Chl b Carbs – lipids
42
Red Algae
Only Chl a
43
Green Algae
Like land plants have life cycles with gametophyte and sporophyte generation Chl a Chl b Beta carotene Xanthophyll Some green algae have cell walls made of cellulose
44
what three groups is green algae categorized into
unicellular and colonial algae, Algal cells, charophytes
45
unicellular and colonial algae
Volvox- characterized in the family Volvocaceae, thrive in a variety of freshwater habitats, unicellular but colonial
46
algal cells
Multicellular and form flat layer of single cells Produce unicellular gametophyte stage
47
charophytes
Multicellular with thick branching filaments Have a cell plate during mitosis that we see in higher plants Have sporopollenin which prevents zygotes from drying out
48
what challenges did algae ancestors face
drought, heat, life stress, alter atmospheric oxygen levels, and pathogens
49
why do we say alternation of generations
because all plants have the diploid and haploid phase in their lifecycle
50
what does the sporophyte represent
the period between fertilization and meiosis which produces the spores
51
heteromorphic
If the sporophyte and gametophyte forms have very different appearances
52
isomorphic
If the sporophyte and gametophyte form and are less identical
53
meristem
a group of multipotent cells that can differentiate into a specialized cell, have regenerative properties and can self organize
54
what are the two types of meristem
the upper ground shoot apical meristem and the below ground root meristem
55
what does the shoot apical meristem produce
leaves and stems
56
geotrophic
in the direction of gravity
57
phototrophic
in the direction of light
58
before differentiation how do meristematic cells divide
Meristematic cells divide by mitosis before differentiation
59
is shoot meristem geotropic or phototrophic
Shoot meristem is negatively geotropic and positively phototropic
60
psudeohypahe
psudeohypahe are chains of elongated ellipsoidal cells with a constriction between them; they are the most common invasive fungal pathogens in humans
61
Filamentous mold
multicellular
62
chitin
Chitin is an amino polysaccharide
63
fungi
are eukaryotic multicellular organisms composed of filaments that are called hyphae; their cells are long and thread like and are connected end to end
64
mycelium
The whole body of any fungus is called the mycelium
65
when reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called
sporocarp or mushroom
66
glucan and mannan are
saccharides
67
Ectomycorrhizae
associates with roots externally while arbuscular mycorrhizae also known as endomycorrhizal form finely branched hyphae within the cells of the plant root
68
Many fungi are saprotrophs (saprobes) meaning
they live off of dead or decaying organic matter
69
Zygomycota, basidiomycata, and Ascomycota are without
flagella
70
what is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose
Chitin - It is a rigid crystallized polymer that is insoluble in water - About three to twenty-five percent of fungal body mass consists of chitin on a dry weight basis

Biology 105 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions