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Biology 105 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

assortative mating

A

phenotypically similar individuals mate: increases proportion of homozygous individuals

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2
Q

disassortative mating

A

phenotypically different individuals mate: this produces excess of heterozygotes

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3
Q

genetic drift

A

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce

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4
Q

founder effect

A

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

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5
Q

bottleneck effect

A

an extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced
ex: natural disaster

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6
Q

what can genetic drift lead to

A

loss of alleles in isolated populations

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7
Q

tenets of natural selection

A

individuals in a population show variation in traits, variable traits must be heritable, individuals must have unequal survival and reproductive successes

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8
Q

what does natural selection act on

A

individuals

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9
Q

difference between evolution and natural selection

A

natural selection is a process, while evolution is the historical record or outcome of change through time

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10
Q

what was the evidence of natural selection

A

Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations

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11
Q

fossil evidence

A

plants and fungi arrived on land before animals

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12
Q

role of plants

A

supply oxygen and food terrestrial animals

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13
Q

roles of fungi

A

breaks down organic material and recycles nutrients

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14
Q

origin of land plants

A

all green algae and land plants shared a common ancestor approximately 470 million years ago

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15
Q

what are the two major clades of green algae

A

chlorophytes and charophytes

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16
Q

chlorophytes

A

never made it to land

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17
Q

charophytes

A

sister to all land plants

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18
Q

sporopollenin

A

durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

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19
Q

apical meristems

A

localized regions of the cell division at the tips of roots and shoots; capable of cell division throughout the plants allowing elongation of roots and shoots

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20
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid stage
- produces haploid spores by meiosis
- diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia

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21
Q

gametopyte

A

multicellular haploid stage
- spores divide by mitosis
- produces gametes by mitosis
- gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

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22
Q

examples of variations in AOG

A

moss: a non-vascular plant
- large gametophyte
- small dependent sporophyte
angiosperm: seed plant
- small dependent gametophyte
- large sporophyte

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23
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi, approximately 80k fungal species, most are multicellular, some are single-celled, both asexual and sexual reproduction

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24
Q

heterotrophic

A

most are saprobes, some are parasitic, most recent common ancestor of animal and fungi 460 million years ago

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25
Q

hyphae

A

multicellular fungi consist of long slender filaments

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26
Q

what flows through hyphae

A

cytoplasm; which allows for rapid growth under good conditions

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27
Q

mycelium

A

mass of connected hyphae; it grows through and digests its substrate

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28
Q

what do fungal cell walls include

A

chitin

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29
Q

mycorrhizae

A

key adaptation to life on land

30
Q

monokaryotic

A

one nucleus

31
Q

dikaryotic

A

2 nuclei within each hyphal cell but are not fused

32
Q

where can gene flow take place

A

can take place between two populations of the same species, can take place between two different species, within a population, between genetically distant populations, can be facilitated by the physical proximity of populations, but gene flow can equally be restricted by physical barriers separating populations

33
Q

when can non random mating occur

A

occurs when probability that two individuals will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals

34
Q

what are the two forms of non random mating

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

35
Q

Wahlund effect

A

-Difference between the overall non-random mating of positive and negative phenotypic assortment
-Apparent excess in homozygotes and deficit of heterozygotes from what is expected if a population were to mate randomly
-WE is a common cause of non-confirmative to HWE
- Inbreeding causes a population to depart from HWE
-HWE is an assumption of no evolutionary change present
-Anything that leads to evolutionary change whether positive or negative change is still a departure from no change

36
Q

zombie virus

A

viruses that are currently encased by permafrost and now pose as a risk to reinfect humans due to climate change

37
Q

embryophytes

A

A clade of land plants that include, but is not limited to:
Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants

38
Q

what do “barren” lands include

A

“Barren” lands include desserts, polar plains, alpine rocks

39
Q

formula for photosynthesis

A

Light + H2O + CO2 = photosynthesis

40
Q

Green plants + Chlorophyte Algae

A

Ch 1a
Ch 1b
Starch

41
Q

Other Algae (kelps, diatoms)

A

Chl a
Chl b
Carbs – lipids

42
Q

Red Algae

A

Only Chl a

43
Q

Green Algae

A

Like land plants have life cycles with gametophyte and sporophyte generation
Chl a
Chl b
Beta carotene
Xanthophyll
Some green algae have cell walls made of cellulose

44
Q

what three groups is green algae categorized into

A

unicellular and colonial algae, Algal cells, charophytes

45
Q

unicellular and colonial algae

A

Volvox- characterized in the family Volvocaceae, thrive in a variety of freshwater habitats, unicellular but colonial

46
Q

algal cells

A

Multicellular and form flat layer of single cells
Produce unicellular gametophyte stage

47
Q

charophytes

A

Multicellular with thick branching filaments
Have a cell plate during mitosis that we see in higher plants
Have sporopollenin which prevents zygotes from drying out

48
Q

what challenges did algae ancestors face

A

drought, heat, life stress, alter atmospheric oxygen levels, and pathogens

49
Q

why do we say alternation of generations

A

because all plants have the diploid and haploid phase in their lifecycle

50
Q

what does the sporophyte represent

A

the period between fertilization and meiosis which produces the spores

51
Q

heteromorphic

A

If the sporophyte and gametophyte forms have very different appearances

52
Q

isomorphic

A

If the sporophyte and gametophyte form and are less identical

53
Q

meristem

A

a group of multipotent cells that can differentiate into a specialized cell, have regenerative properties and can self organize

54
Q

what are the two types of meristem

A

the upper ground shoot apical meristem and the below ground root meristem

55
Q

what does the shoot apical meristem produce

A

leaves and stems

56
Q

geotrophic

A

in the direction of gravity

57
Q

phototrophic

A

in the direction of light

58
Q

before differentiation how do meristematic cells divide

A

Meristematic cells divide by mitosis before differentiation

59
Q

is shoot meristem geotropic or phototrophic

A

Shoot meristem is negatively geotropic and positively phototropic

60
Q

psudeohypahe

A

psudeohypahe are chains of elongated ellipsoidal cells with a constriction between them; they are the most common invasive fungal pathogens in humans

61
Q

Filamentous mold

A

multicellular

62
Q

chitin

A

Chitin is an amino polysaccharide

63
Q

fungi

A

are eukaryotic multicellular organisms composed of filaments that are called hyphae; their cells are long and thread like and are connected end to end

64
Q

mycelium

A

The whole body of any fungus is called the mycelium

65
Q

when reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called

A

sporocarp or mushroom

66
Q

glucan and mannan are

A

saccharides

67
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

associates with roots externally while arbuscular mycorrhizae also known as endomycorrhizal form finely branched hyphae within the cells of the plant root

68
Q

Many fungi are saprotrophs (saprobes) meaning

A

they live off of dead or decaying organic matter

69
Q

Zygomycota, basidiomycata, and Ascomycota are without

A

flagella

70
Q

what is the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose

A

Chitin
- It is a rigid crystallized polymer that is insoluble in water
- About three to twenty-five percent of fungal body mass consists of chitin on a dry weight basis

Biology 105 (3 decks)

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