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Biology 105 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ecology

A

the study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments

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2
Q

what is environmentalism

A

advocating the protection of nature

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3
Q

what is ecology

A

the study of interactions, recognition of interactions is imperative. provides knowledge to educate people, so informed decisions are made

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4
Q

what is organismal ecology

A

study adaptations that enable individuals to live in specific habitats . these adaptations can be morphological, physiological , and behavioral

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5
Q

what is population ecology

A

focus on the number of individuals in an area and how and why population sizes change

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6
Q

what is community ecology

A

study the processes driving interactions between species as well as their consequences

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7
Q

what is ecosystem ecology

A

study the storage and movement of nutrients and energy among organisms and the surrounding atmosphere, soil, and water

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8
Q

karner blue butterfly

A

rare , found in open places with little tress or shrubs ; such as pine barrens and oak savanna’s

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9
Q

endemic

A

only found in a unique location

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10
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution

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11
Q

abiotic factors

A

such as temperature and rainfall vary based mainly on latitude and elevation

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12
Q

endemic species

A

one which is naturally found only on a specific geographic area that is usually restricted in size

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13
Q

generalists

A

species which live in a wide variety of geographic areas

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14
Q

brackish

A

mixture of salt water and fresh water

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15
Q

ocean upwelling

A

process that recycled nutrients and energy in the ocean

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16
Q

tropical forest

A

lots of water , lots of vegetation, very warm

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17
Q

savanna

A

dominated by grasses

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18
Q

chaparral

A

scrub forest

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19
Q

temperate forest

A

lots of large trees, small plants

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20
Q

boreal forest - taiga

A

low lying plants and conifer trees; home to birds, wolves, bears, etc

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21
Q

tundra

A

landscape dominated by low growing plants like shrub willow

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22
Q

are coral reefs living

A

yes

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23
Q

where is the most diverse aquatic habitat

A

coral reefs

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24
Q

global climate change

A

altered global weather patterns, including a worldwide increase in temperature, due largely to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

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25
Q

climate

A

refers to the long term predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area

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26
Q

weather

A

refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time

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27
Q

population

A

all species living within a specific area (groups of the same species)

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28
Q

how can populations change overtime

A

seasonal and yearling changes like migration, natural disasters, and competition for resources between and within species

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29
Q

demography

A

used a series of mathematical tools to investigate how populations respond to changes in their biotic and abiotic environments

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30
Q

population size (n)

A

the total number of individuals

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31
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals within a specific area or volume

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32
Q

quadrat

A

to measure population size and density

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33
Q

mark and recapture

A

used to measure the population size of mobile animals such as bighorn sheep, and salmon

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34
Q

species dispersion patterns

A

show the spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat at a particular point in time

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35
Q

species distribution

A

geographically area where an organism is found

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36
Q

uniform

A

evenly spaced: example is penguins

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37
Q

random

A

randomly spaced: example is dandelions

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38
Q

clumped

A

together in one spot: example is elephants

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39
Q

demography

A

the statistical study of population changes over time : birth rates, death rates, and life expectancies

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40
Q

life tables

A

divide the population into age groups and often sexes and show how long a member of that group is likely to live

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41
Q

cohort

A

group of the same organism

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42
Q

type one survivorship curve

A

humans and most mammals

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43
Q

type 2 survivorship curve

A

birds

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44
Q

type 3 survivorship curve

A

trees

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45
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population

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46
Q

low fecundity

A

produce few offspring

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47
Q

high fecundity

A

many offspring

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48
Q

semelparity

A

occurs when a species reproduces only once during its lifetime then dies. example: salmon

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49
Q

iteroparity

A

describes species that reproduce repeatedly during their lives

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50
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum capacity a place can hold

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51
Q

what is yeasts limiting factor

A

sugar

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52
Q

density dependent factors

A

predation, inter and intraspecifc competition, accumulation of waste and diseases

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53
Q

density independent factors

A

weather, natural disasters, pollution, chemical/physical changes

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54
Q

K selected species

A

are species selected by stable , predictable environments. example: elephants , oak trees

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55
Q

R selected species

A

have a large number of small offspring, usually in unpredictable or changing environments. example: dandelions and jellyfish

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56
Q

are humans k or r selected species

A

k selected

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57
Q

ecological footprint

A

the amount of land required to support an individual at the standard of living of a particular population through the individuals life

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58
Q

trade off

A

balance of factors, not attainable simultaneously

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59
Q

life history

A

complete life cycle of an organism

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60
Q

reproductive potential

A

number of offspring you can produce

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61
Q

what factors could affect reproductive potential each year

A

age at first reproduction, adult mortality rate per year, available resources, an environmental factors

62
Q

ecosystem

A

community of living organisms and their interactions with their abiotic (nonliving) enviorment

63
Q

equilibrium

A

steady state of an ecosystem where all organisms are in balance with their environment and with each other

64
Q

resistance

A

ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances

65
Q

resilience

A

the speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed

66
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms in the community

67
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relationships between organisms

68
Q

species richness

A

the total number of different species in the community

69
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

70
Q

food chains

A

describes a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass

71
Q

apex consumer

A

which is the highest level consumer in the ecosystem

72
Q

secondary consumer

A

are usually carnivores that eat primary consumers

73
Q

primary consumers

A

consumes the primary producer

74
Q

primary producer

A

the bottom of the food chain, usually photosynthetic organisms

75
Q

food web

A

a graphic representation of a holistic, nonlinear web of primary producers, primary consumers, and higher level consumers used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics

76
Q

biomagnification

A

increasing concentration of persistent toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level from the primary producers to the apex consumers

77
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

chemicals move through ecosystems
abiotic and biotic processes
one ecosystem might import or export chemicals to another

78
Q

carbon fixation

A

metabolic reactions that make nongaseous cmpds from gaseous ones

79
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

releases co2

80
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane by anaerobic cellular respiration

81
Q

aerobic

A

requires oxygen

82
Q

anaerobic

A

doesnt require oxygen

83
Q

basic water cycle

A

liquid evaporates into the atmosphere, water in the atmosphere is a gas, cools and falls to the surface as precipitation

84
Q

global ecology

A

the study of the interactions of Earth’s ecosystems with the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

85
Q

geographic distribution

A

the natural arrangement and apportionment of the various forms of animals and plants in the different regions and localities of the earth

86
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A

sunlight, fresh water, frozen water, oxygen, fire, wind

87
Q

how does ocean upwelling occur

A

wind pushes offshore and causes water from the ocean bottom to move to the surface, bringing up nutrients from the ocean depths

88
Q

What is turnover in freshwater lakes during spring and fall? How does it occur?

A

it is an important process that moves nutrients and oxygen from the bottom of the deep lakes to the top. it occurs because water has a maximum density of 4 degrees Celsius. as the temp of the surface water changes, denser water sinks

89
Q

What important abiotic factors determine the characteristics of terrestrial biomes?

A

temperature and rainfall

90
Q

intertidal zone

A

sea urchins, mussel shells, and starfish

91
Q

coral reefs

A

most diverse aquatic habitat, related to jellyfish, formed by calcium carbonate skeletons of coral organisms

92
Q

wetlands

A

sawgrass marshes, cypress swamps, and estuarine mangrove forests

93
Q

What are examples of evidence that shows climate change?

A

Ice cores, temperature, atmospheric CO2, Glacial retreat

94
Q

Define population size (N) and population density. How are these two measures used to describe and understand populations?

A

if you have 25 people in a small area, and 25 people in a larger area, then the smaller area is more dense

95
Q

mortality rate

A

the percentage of surviving individuals dying at a particular age interval and their life expectancy at each interval

96
Q

type one survivorship definition

A

death primarily occurs in older years

97
Q

type two survivorship definition

A

death at any age is equally probable

98
Q

type three survivorship definition

A

very few survive young years but after a certain age, individuals are much more likely to survive

99
Q

How is fecundity and parental care related to each other? Describe variation in living organisms

A

fecundity is inversely related to the amount of parental care given to an individual offspring
animals that have many offspring provide no or very little parental care
animals that have few offspring provide extensive parental care

100
Q

exponential growth

A

resources are unlimited

101
Q

logistic growth

A

resources are limited

102
Q

What patterns of population growth have been observed in human populations? What factors have contributed to a decline in world population growth?

A
  • exponential population growth
  • increased family planning efforts, increased economic power, and social status of women
103
Q

Describe the patterns of consumption for humans.

A
  • wealthiest 20 percent of the population of the world accounts for 86 percent consumption of resources and produces 53 percent of CO2 emissions
  • poorest countries are 20 percent responsible for 1.3 percent consumption and 3 percent CO2 emissions
104
Q

life history

A

complete life cycle of an organism

105
Q

natural selection

A

favors traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation by an individual organism

106
Q

reproductive potential

A

number of offspring you can produce

107
Q

How did researchers show a life history trade-off in Collared Flycatchers?

A
  • the experiment demonstrates the trade-off between current reproductive effort and future reproductive success
  • clutch size the following year was dependent on the clutch size from the previous year
  • negatively related
108
Q

What does cost of reproduction mean?

A

the expense involved with identically reproducing an asset or property with the same materials and specifications as an insured property based on current prices

109
Q

What is the life history relationship between age at first reproduction and life span?

A

age at first reproduction correlates with life span
- long-lived species delay reproduction , short-lived species reproduce early

110
Q

What is the life history relationship between offspring size and number of offspring produced?

A
  • larger offspring have a greater chance of survival
  • producing many small offspring may result in very low survival rates
111
Q

What factors determine community structure in an ecosystem?

A

species diversity and trophic structure

112
Q

species diversity

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms in the community

113
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relationships between organisms (food webs, food chains)

114
Q

species richness

A

the total number of different species in the community

115
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

116
Q

How do scientists determine which community is most diverse?

A

based on the relative abundance within a community and variety of species

117
Q

trophic level

A

level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web

118
Q

. What are the main processes that occur in the carbon cycle?

A

carbon fixation, aerobic cellular respiration and methanogens

119
Q

What activities/processes can increase the amount of atmospheric carbon more quickly?

A

burning fossil fuels, burning : large imbalances in the carbon cycle

120
Q

groundwater

A

found in the underground aquifer

121
Q

aquifers

A

permeable underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel saturated with water

122
Q

water table

A

how close the water is compared to the soil level

123
Q

What is the Ogallala aquifer?

A
  • an important water source for the great plains region
  • intensive agriculture and industrial practices threaten quantity and quality of water source
124
Q

What processes are important in the Nitrogen cycle?

A

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification

125
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from N2

126
Q

nitrification

A

gas to compound

127
Q

denitrification

A

compound to a gas

128
Q

Why is the Nitrogen cycle considered the most limiting cycle?

A

plants are unable to incorporate nitrogen gas so it has to be converted into NH3 or nitrate

129
Q

How have humans influenced the nitrogen cycle?

A

we have doubled the rate of transfer of N2 in an unusable form into soil and water

130
Q

Why is the phosphorus cycle important?

A

because it is required by all organisms
- occurs in nucleic acids, membranes and ATP

131
Q

How is phosphorus used by living organisms?

A

plants and algae use free inorganic phosphorus, animals eat plants to obtain their phosphorus and humans get their phosphorus from plants

132
Q

conservation biology

A

seeks to preserve life

133
Q

restoration ecology

A

applies ecological principles to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state

134
Q

what are the three levels of biodiversity

A

genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

135
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

136
Q

ecosystem services

A

encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

137
Q

what are some examples of ecosystem services

A
  • purification of air and water
  • detoxification and decomposition of wastes
  • cycling nutrients
  • moderation of weather extremes
138
Q

What are the three major threats to biodiversity that have been caused by human activities?

A

habitat loss, introduced species and overexploitation

139
Q

introduced species

A

those that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions

140
Q

overexploitation

A

human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound
ex: bluefin tuna and fur seals

141
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

boundaries or edges between ecosystems are defining features of landscapes

142
Q

movement corridor

A

a narrow strip of quality habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

143
Q

invasive species

A

an introduced species that becomes out of control

144
Q

Why are protected areas established for organisms?

A

it slows the loss of biodiversity

145
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species, many endangered species and threatened species

146
Q

endangered species

A

almost extinct

147
Q

threatened species

A

population size has decreased and is almost extinct

148
Q

endemic species

A

one that occurs in a particular area (native)

149
Q

What are examples of biodiversity hotspots on earth?

A

coral reefs, Madagascar, Indonesia

150
Q

What are the pros of preserving biodiversity hotspots?

A

save more species within an area, money can save multiple species instead of a few

150
Q

What are the cons of preserving biodiversity hotspots?

A

biased towards vertebrates and plants, organisms have limited overall distribution (tropical areas may not guarantee the environment due to global warming)

Biology 105 (3 decks)

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