first group/george washington has to set up
precedents
forming a cabinet
precedents
federal authority to enforce laws
precedents
farewell addresses
precedents
two term presidencies
precedents
ending acts/laws before the next president would come into power
precedents
senate discussing treaties without the president there
precedents
Thomas Jefferson, State
first cabinet
Alexander Hamilton, Treasury
first cabinet
Henry Knox, War
first cabinet
Edmund Randoph, Attorney General
first cabinet
Samuel Osgood, postmaster general
first cabinet
recommended by the president and confirmed by the Senate. If the president changes his mind, only the president can fire
first cabinet
Congress had to create the judicial system via a law.
judiciary act of 1789
two levels of federal courts (District and Supreme Court).
judiciary act of 1789
At that time they are six with John Jay being the first Chief Justice (now John Roberts). Jay does not know what his job is. It will take until the forth (John Marshall) to find out what the roles are.
judiciary act of 1789
Alexander Hamilton is going to gather every debt in the United States (from all the States) so any State that has an outstanding debt to a foreign government goes to the US. If you have already paid, we will forgive you on some taxes later.
funding and assumption
AH will also tell his friends (speculators) that he will get all the certificates of indebtedness paid at face value plus four percent to the person that physically holds the paper
funding and assumption
His friends start to gather the certificates that everyone else thinks are worthless (it has been a long time since they bought it). Hamilton thought it would be better for the economy for his friends to use the money on investments rather than day to day to day stuff that the farmers will buy.
funding and assumption
Pay all bills (including State bills).
funding and assumption
The Jefferson/Madison group hates this because they are ripping off the people that first paid for the bills.
funding and assumption
a deal was made so that the capital of the US was in the “middle” of the United States (Washington DC) and they wanted to make the sole role of the capital to be governing. Hamilton wanted in to be in New York, the most important city (financial center with government center).
funding and assumption
lasted from 1791-1811 and was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
BUS
put money (land sales and tariffs), write checks, and create currency. He has to ask Congress for this.
BUS
Jeffersonians said there is not any place in the Constitution Article 1, Section 8 (“necessary and proper clause”) says Congress can do anything “” (this includes the draft) which Hamilton wanted to use.
BUS
only let it exist for 20 years, then Congress can decide if they want to extend it (they do not)
BUS
First Secretary of the Treasury.
Alexander Hamilton
Three major things are Funding and Assumption, BUS, and tariffs (and excise taxes).
Alexander Hamilton
Group (Federalists) pro-BUS, strong central government, elite (rich) rule, industry and (some) farming, pro-debt, flexible Constitution, pro-Britain, big navy.
Alexander Hamilton
House of Reps created excise taxes. States have their own. Hamilton wanted these to get more money to pay off bills and make roads and docks.
Whiskey Rebellion
Pennsylvania is good from growing wheat, barley, and rye, but farmers need to get product to market. Hamilton sets up a excise tax booth on the road to eastern Pennsylvania and the tax is born on March 3 1791.
Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794 farmers say taxes are not fair (They are fair, because they are represented) and they start to avoid the tax house
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton told Washington about this and he wanted him to go from capital in New York to Pennsylvania to stop this.
Whiskey Rebellion
People in Western Penn hear army coming and they change their mind and decide to pay the tax.
Whiskey Rebellion
George Washington defended the law that was legally passed. Sets precedent of federal authority to enforce laws that it passes (not just pass laws).First time they enforce law
Whiskey Rebellion
(“necessary and proper clause” or ‘elastic clause) says Congress can do anything “”
Article 1, Section 8
Used in McCulloch v Maryland
Article 1, Section 8
In the British Navy a lot of sailors would jump ship. Therefore you would be sailing without enough men.
Seizures and Impressment
They would steal the sailors from other countries and make them serve in the crew.
Seizures and Impressment
The US sent the first chief justice, John Jay, to London and wanted him to negotiate a treaty
Seizures and Impressment
It resulted in Jay’s Treaty in 1795.
Seizures and Impressment
In the 1796 election: John Adams (VP) vs Thomas Jefferson this was a major issue
Seizures and Impressment
The US sent the first chief justice, John Jay, to London and wanted him to negotiate a treaty to stop the seizing and impressment.
Jay’s Treaty
The British promise to pull out of Northwest (they don’t and Americans aren’t even sure they are there),
Jay’s Treaty
the US promised to pay debts to British citizens from the Revolution
Jay’s Treaty
Britain does not have to pay for freed slaves,
Jay’s Treaty
British get navigation of the Mississippi River (The Spanish own this),
Jay’s Treaty
and it re-establishes trade with Great Britain.
Jay’s Treaty
Impressment/Seizure was not mentioned (why he went to England).
Jay’s Treaty
It was a reaction to Jay’s Treaty by Spain (they did not want us to be friends with Britain).
Pinckney’s Treaty
We get free navigation of entire Mississippi, Right of Deposit at New Orleans,
Pinckney’s Treaty
31st parallel boundaries between US and Spanish North American,
Pinckney’s Treaty
and an accord between US and Spain regarding Native Americans (i.e. Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Osage). We keep each of the Indians on each other side to avoid war
Pinckney’s Treaty
Purpose: to prevent Democratic-Republicans from gaining power and winning 1800 election because historically, in a transition of power, the winners kill the losers and they are opposite on pretty much everything.
Alien and Sedition Acts
keep immigrants from voting (tend to vote D-R, extend from 5 to 14 years possibly until it is a one party government)
Alien and Sedition Acts
and fine/Imprison anyone guilty of sedition (can’t say anything critical of the federal government even if it is true or an opinion).
Alien and Sedition Acts
This messes with the 1st Amendment. The Federalists targeted D-R publishers in particular.
Alien and Sedition Acts
This has an ending date of March 1801, so it can’t be used against them and if they win they can just renew it.
Alien and Sedition Acts
In Jefferson’s first term, he established
West Point
Jefferson was sworn in in March, so Adams is worried about them undoing everything. Therefore, he created 16 new federal judge jobs and appointed 16 federalists judges (have to go through judicial to undo laws).
Marbury v Madison
Madison is Secretary of State and on his desk was a pile of letters to go to the people that will become judges, but he refused to send them.
Marbury v Madison
William Marbury wants his judge letter so it went through the courts.
Marbury v Madison
Supreme Court said that they have the power to determine whether a law is constitutional.
Marbury v Madison
judicial review.
Marbury v Madison
Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson’s first term.
Albert Gallatin
He balanced the budget twice as well as helped to repeal Whiskey and excise taxes.
Albert Gallatin
He had four terms (two under Madison) or 16 years and was very good.
Albert Gallatin
“they are more Americans, they feel and act more as a Nation.
Albert Gallatin
. It is 820,000 square miles, which doubles the size of the US.
Louisiana Purchase
. Jefferson heard the Spanish were interested in selling Louisiana to the French and freaks because he does not want to lose the last little bit of the Mississippi (Pinckney gives us the Mississippi, but we might have to renegotiate). H
Louisiana Purchase
He sends James Monroe off to Paris to ask Napoleon for the bootheel of Mississippi in order to trade and gives him 10 million dollars.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon gives them the whole thing, but not West Florida (not the bootheel) for 15 million dollars to pay of his own war debts from his war with the British.
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson is mad they did not get West Florida and said “all in good time we will get West Florida” which is a precursor to Manifest Destiny.
Louisiana Purchase
However, he does not know if he is allowed to buy the land. He is a strict interpretation guy that got mad about the bank.
Louisiana Purchase
The President has the power to sign treaties and this is a treaty to buy Louisiana. Jefferson hates this, but he signs it.
Louisiana Purchase
Later, he sends Lewis and Clark to see what is there and find the Northwest Passage.
Louisiana Purchase
a trip from 1803 to 1806 to see what is in the Louisiana Purchase and find the Northwest Passage.
Lewis and Clark
both very qualified and “naturalists”.
Lewis and Clark
They will call their group of 40 men Corps of Discovery.
Lewis and Clark
. They were also told to old to make good relations with every tribe, and record everything and send back drawings (or live/dead stuff).
Lewis and Clark
This “war” was in 1805 in the Mediterranean.
Barbary Pirates
It is the inspiration for the Marine Corps Hymn: from the halls of Montezuma (Mexico) to the shores of Tripoli (N Africa).
Barbary Pirates
One ship that fought was USS Constitution or “Old Ironsides” (5% original, still maintained).
Barbary Pirates
Pirates went after anybody who came into the area through the Straights of Gibraltar. If they bribed them, they were let go. They prevented people going to Italy, Spain, France, Greece, etc (cannot avoid). There was also the Dutch East Indies with items like spices and such. It got particularly bad from 1805 to 1816. (there were there before).
Barbary Pirates
The Spanish and French and British also went through these parts. The war between the British and the French went from 1793 to 1815. From 1812 to 1815, there was a war between US and Britain. Neither side shot at each other when the were in the Pirate area even though they were at war, because they work together against the Pirates. Once you leave the Straights, they go back to war.
Barbary Pirates
Both the British and the French continue to seize ships, cargo, and impress men (thousands). The war had become a stalemate. Brish has the Navy, but French controls Europe. The British came up ———which tell the Americans that they can trade with the French, but only if they come to Britain first and get inspected.
Orders in Council
The Non-Intercouse Act promted the British merchants start writing the members of Parliament in 1812 saying they want to trade with the Americans. The British cancel —————–on June 16, 1812 (slow communication means we declare war on the 18th without knowing that they canceled it).
Orders in Council
Both the British and the French continue to seize ships, cargo, and impress men (thousands). The war had become a stalemate. British has the Navy, but French controls Europe. The French create the —————-. This consists of the Berlin and Milan Decrees. It said that if Americans want to trade with Great Britain, they can, only if they come to France first and get inspected. Americans are usually not let go.
Continental System
This was a battle between USS Chesapeake vs HMS Leopard on June 22, 1807.
Chesapeake Affair
A few days before, the British ships were sailing off the coast of Virginia (they are not supposed to be there, just ports). When they took their shore leave, they went to taverns and met ladies. Sometimes, Americans and British went into the same taverns.
Chesapeake Affair
In one of the taverns, some British were saying their Navy was better than our Navy. Then they saw a few people who had deserted and wanted them back. Both the Americans and British went back to their ships.
Chesapeake Affair
On June, 22 Leopard saw Chesapeake sailing in international waters and they launched a cannonball near them and overhauled the American vessel in order to ask for their people back. When the Americans refuse, Leopard attacks Chesapeake and they had to surrender (it was smaller and weak). In total, 3 Americans die, 18 were wounded, and 4 were taken by the British.
Chesapeake Affair
Jefferson demanded reparations. British paid a little bit in reparations (money goes to the families), but would not apologize (the four sailors were probably deserters anyway).
Chesapeake Affair
Jefferson did not the Chesapeake Affair to happen again, so he had Congress pass
Embargo of 1807
This is intended to keep Americans in home harbors and prevent them from trading with anybody. This way they will not get in trouble.
Embargo of 1807
There is no telegraph, so he had to say that it would take effect a month or two later. If you are a merchant, you would leave and might not come back for a while because if you sail into the harbor, you can’t leave from there. Jefferson wanted them to do a little last-minute trading, but instead many just (who can they trade with?-> Almost Nobody).
Embargo of 1807
Jefferson had an expiration date on March 1st 1809 (new election). He knows that he will follow the precedent of George Washington and not run again. The expiration date followed the precedent of Alien and Sedition Acts.
Embargo of 1807
did not work, but did hurt us a lot economically (did not hurt French or British). Nobody brings goods back or to our harbor and there are fewer sailors on shore leave buying stuff (less customers).
Embargo of 1807
In 1808 James Madison ran and won (he is buddies with Jefferson and had a lot of similar ideas). He knew we needed to replace the Embargo Act with something better to hurt French/British.
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Due to this Eventually, in 1812, British merchants started writing the members of Parliament saying they want to trade with the Americans. The British cancel the Orders in Council on June 16, 1812 (slow communication means we declare war on the 18th without knowing that they canceled it)
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Two major leaders (brothers) during the war with the Shawnee.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
The Shawnee are superpowers with a good ability to fight and rank with Cherokee, Creek, French, and Americans. The brothers tried different methods to get rid of us.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
—————— tried to convince Indians West of the Appalachian Mountains to get rid of all white and black people (both invaders). The ———– says that if we give up all white ways, the great spirit will come and make all the other people disappear. However, this means that you will have to get rid of your hunting/skinning metal knife, cooking pot, and the very thought of Jesus.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
These were people that wanted war with England. They included Henry Clay and John C Calhoun (and others).
War Hawks
They have a whole list of complaints including indian problems (don’t know importance of Tippecanoe), wanting to take Canada (minerals, goodies, and not British anymore), the seizures and Impressments that keep going on (their goods are on the ships, they lost money), and getting the British out of Chicago, St. Paul, etc.
War Hawks
They say we have the advantage because they are fighting the French. They will not sent their best, we can beat them.
War Hawks
The election of 1810 is a midterm election in which many more —– in House of Representatives. This is important because only the House can declare war. Madison sent a message on June 1st, 1812 wanting them to declare war against the British. He is mad about the Impressments, Seizures, Blockade of Coastline (Chesapeake), messing with trade, and messing with indians (want Shawnee to fight us).
War Hawks
Another name for the war of 1812
Mr. Madison’s War
This was around upper NY and was one of the most important battles ever.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
The british had just beaten Napoleon (for the first time) and sent down 10,000 war-hardened veterans from the war with the French under the command of General Prevost.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
The Officers were told to take over the a house on the shore and put the ammo in the shed.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
A Capt. Downey commands the Navy (very arrogant and will not listen to anybody). He wanted his new ships to go into the river and provide a fourth front. After the fort is defeated then they can go down the Hudson and find New York.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
The American Capt. is named Capt. Macdonough (becomes a hero). He is a great guy who read all of the books written by any military officer because he knows that all battles are old. He also read about Trifulger (spelling?) and other British wars.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
the men in the island fort can’t walk, and the other fort is not much better.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
four ships anchored inside of the path broadside so when Downey comes, they fight. All the ships were anchored only on one side, when they start to get hurt they turn 180* onto their new side with new cannons.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
Prevost and Downey agreed that when Downey fired his cannon, the land people would attack. Downey signals, but Prevost stays and finishes his tea. What nobody knew is that when he was exercising his right to fire the first shot he goes right behind the cannon gets hit by the recoil and dies.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
Another thing Prevost did not know is that the night before, the guys in the fort got across the river and blew up the shed with all the ammo.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
When his men move out, the ones with the shorter path take on little boys with pitchforks. They are trying to cross the rivers with ladders, but the boys manage to fend them off and only a few managed to cross. The long path with the Native American got lost and missed the battle.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
It is the most important naval battle because it leads to the British saying that we may have a chance. Both sides have been meeting in Ghent to discuss ending the war, but now suddenly the British have do what we want.
Battle of Lake Champlain and Plattsburgh
This is what ends the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent
The British were very confident and made high demands until the Battle of Lake Champlain/Plattsburgh. After that, the Americans were on top.
Treaty of Ghent
The term that describes it is Status quo ante bellum which means things will be the same as before the war (of 1812). Seizures and Impressments end because the war with the French ended. All the reasons we went to war are gone.
Treaty of Ghent
The main parts are the Second Bank of the United States, the Tariff of 1816 and Internal Improvements. A minor part is Military. We keep West Point, increase the size of the military (only 16 ships before) more ships, professional military (In old time, ‘professional” is in for life), and better forts for Indian vs Whites.
American System
This was born in 1816 when Congress passes another charter. It was passed by D-R, who did not like the first one because it was not in the constitution.
2BUS
The new D-Rs accept Article 1, Section 8 and have the same 20 year charter.
2BUS
During the Embargo, then Non-Intercourse, then war of 1812 they had trade issues and people started to make things (group of like 8 guys). Then the British tried to undercut the Americans with low prices so the government tries to protect them.
Tariff of 1816
D-R say they will cancel this if they need to.This encourages people to start a small business. D-R they hated this before, but now they see the evidence.
Tariff of 1816
The guys that went from Niagara to Plattsburg showed that we needed to fix the infrastructure. The first priority is better roads.
Internal Improvements
Roads were just a little wider than a one-horse wagon.There are stumps and rocks everywhere. The road had to follow where there were no stumps or rocks. The new form was a Macadamized road. These were Stone/Gravel roads that were pounded down are were just as good as concrete, will soak up all the rain
Internal Improvements
The government also fixed harbors. They were built in in 1607, early 1600s. One major road built was the Cumberland Road (National Road) constructed from 1811 to 1819. It is now called Interstate 70 and went from St. Louis to Baltimore.
Internal Improvements
UPHELD “implied powers” of the Constitution, used Article 1, Section 8, said that the second bank of the United States is Ok, and also established federal supremacy over state laws
McCullough v Maryland
The result was Maryland cannot tax the Bank of United States.
McCullough v Maryland
It was the First Document of American Foreign Policy. I
Monroe Doctrine
It was written by John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)
Monroe Doctrine
It said that the Western Hemisphere may no longer by settled by europeans (only independent places can claim land, not colonies).
Monroe Doctrine
US promised not to interfere with any European affairs (and they must not interfere in ours).
Monroe Doctrine
The US is telling the Europeans that if they do come back to the Hemisphere we will treat everything they do as a personal threat and defend independent countries with our own military because if they are overthrown, the winners may come over to us.
Monroe Doctrine
Three for art of compromise
Neutral, Bank, Funding/Assumption
(3) major differences and (1-2-1)
Hamiltonians- pro-BUS, strong central government,the elite (rich) rule, mostly industry (some) farming, pro-debt, flexible Constitution, pro-Britain, big navy/military.
The three-flexible/non-flexible Constitution, pro/anti France/British, and pro/anti military
Constitution, Franco-American/Trade, Cut vs Create/Call in
