Exam2 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
neuraxis
A
an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain
2
Q
ipsilateral
A
located on the same side of the body
3
Q
contralateral
A
located on the opposite side of the body
4
Q
transverse sections (cross sections)
A
with respect to the CNS, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis
5
Q
frontal section (coronal section)
A
a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead
6
Q
horizontal section
A
A slice through the brain parallel to the ground
7
Q
sagittal sections
A
a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
8
Q
neural tube
A
a hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the CNS
9
Q
ventricular zone
A
a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS
10
Q
progenitor cells (founder cells)
A
cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS
11
Q
radial glia
A
special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development
12
Q
symmetrical division
A
division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it
13
Q
asymmetrical division
A
division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain
14
Q
apoptosis
A
death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell
15
Q
cervical vertebrae
A
vertebrae of the neck area; 7 vertebrae
16
Q
atlas
A
top cervical vertebra - pivot for head
17
Q
Axis
A
2nd cervical vertebra; includes odontoid process
18
Q
odontoid process
A
part of axis that forms pivot point
19
Q
thoracic
A
upper chest cavity vertebrae; 12 vertebrae
20
Q
articulations
A
point of attachment for ribs and hip bones
21
Q
lumbar
A
lower back vertebrae ; five vertebrae
22
Q
sacral
A
fused vertebrae forming back of pelvic girdle; five vertebrae
23
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coccyx
A
fused vertebrae forming “tail bone”; five vertebrae
24
Q
transverse process
A
bone extensions to each side of vertebrae, anchor points
25
spinous process
bone extensions on dorsal aspect of vertebrae, anchor points
26
central foramen
opening in the bone down the core of the vertebral column
27
dura mater
tough, outer protective layer of meninges
28
arachnoid
thin middle layer of meninges, lots of vascularization
29
pia mater
thin inner layer of meninges, holds shape and protects brain
30
central gray matter
neuron somas (butterfly)
31
dorsal root
afferent sensory fibers entering spinal cord
32
ventral root
efferent motor fibers leaving cord
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dorsal root ganglion
unipolar somas of cutaneous sense neurons
34
Bell & Magendi
developed the "Law of Roots"
35
central lumen
circulation of CSF
36
fila
finger-like branching of the roots, distribute information through cord
37
Rami comunicantes
send info into the sympathetic ganglion chain
38
spinal root
a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
39
cauda equine
horse's tail; a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord;
40
dorsal horn
contains somas for sending sensory info up to brain
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ventral horn
contains somas for motor neurons
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gracile tract
carries ipsilateral epicritic sensory info to brain stem
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cuneate tract
carries ipsilateral epicritic sensory info to brain stem
44
ventral spinothalamic tract
carries contralateral protopathic info to brain
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lateral spinothalamic tract
carries contralateral protopathic info to brain
46
direct pyramidal tract
carries ipsilateral motor info from cortex (20%)
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lateral pyramidal tract
- carries contralateral motor info from cortex (80%)
48
simple reflex arc
a simple behavior performed by spinal neurons alone
49
segmental reflex
a reflex involving a single vertebral level
50
suprasegmental reflex
a reflex involving multiple vertebral levels
51
cranial vascularization
supplies the brain with blood
52
cerebral artery
serves the outer surface of brain
53
carotid artery
serves the inner core of brain
54
arachnoid granulations
enhances transfer between CSF and blood supply
55
subarachnoid space
filled with CSF, floats and protects brain, waste removal; fluid filled space that protects the brain
56
Superior Sagital Sinus
blood pool on upper surface of cortex, waste removal
57
origin of the cranial nerves
see pons and general hindbrain areas
58
pons
white matter paths into cerebellum from cerebral cortex, areas for arousal and sleep
59
brachium conjunctivum
path into cerebellum (inner)
60
brachium pontis
path into cerebellum (outer)
61
decusation of the pyramids
point on hindbrain where motor fibers decussate
62
cerebral peduncles
white matter paths from lower brain into cerebrum
63
laminae quadrigenima
collective name for colliculi
64
superior colliculi
visual motor control center (pupils, tracking, convergence)
65
inferior colliculi
auditory relay center
66
medial geniculate nucleus
auditory relay center; a group of cell bodies within the ___________ body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex
67
lateral geniculate nucleus
the only subcortical synapse for "seeing";
69
choroid plexus
contains ependemal cells; the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid
70
4th ventricle
reservoir of CSF; the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon
71
Aqueduct of Sylvius
CSF circulation between 3rd and 4th ventricles
72
cerebellum
posture, balance, muscle tone, ballistic timing, well learned behaviors
73
tectum
dorsal part of midbrain (includes the superior and inferior colliculi)
74
tegmentum
ventral part of midbrain, motor nuclei here; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
75
deep cerebellar nuclei
Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
76
medulla oblongata
located in myencephalon; controls vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus
77
midbrain/ mesencephalon
the central of the three major divisions of the brain; contains the tectum and tegmentum and surrounds the aqueduct of sylvius
78
reticular formation
a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon; plays a role in sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tonus, movement, and various vital reflexes
79
periaqueductal gray matter
the region of the midbrain surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius; contains the neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors, such as fighting and mating
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red nucleus
a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord
81
substantia nigra
a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia; important in parkinson's disease
82
thalamus
sensory relay, motor areas, pain transmission;
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massa intermedia
connects two lobes of thalamus (L/R communication); a bridge of tissue that crosses through the middle of the third ventricle
85
hypothalamus
multiple areas controlling feeding, fleeing, fighting and mating
86
pituitary gland
master gland of the endocrine system
87
infundibular stalk
connects hypothalamus to pituitary
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median emminence
point where stalk joins to pituitary
89
mammillary bodies
a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system; memory, emotion
90
corpus collosum
L/R cortical communication; a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain
91
anterior commisure
L/R subcortical communication
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posterior commisure
L/R subcortical communication
93
fornix
L/R limbic communication
94
pineal gland
meletonin secretion, seasonal coloration, seasonal mating
95
optic chiasm
an X shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland
96
anterior pituitary gland
an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
97
posterior pituitary gland
an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
98
basal ganglia
collection of nuclei for smoothing, starting and stopping movement; a group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; important parts of the motor system
99
caudate nucleus
input area
100
lenticular nucleus
collective name for globus pallidus and putamen
101
globus pallidus
output area
102
putamen
input area for motor control area
103
internal capsule
white matter paths for pyramidal fibers through brain
104
frontal lobe
motor control, motor planning, emotional expression, strategy planning, "I", working memory, "executive function"
105
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area, spatial perception, body memories, motor plans
106
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex, auditory memories (sup.), visual recognition (inf.)
107
occipital lobe
primary and secondary visual cortex, visual memories and recognition
108
central fissure (central sulcus)
separates frontal from parietal lobe
109
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
110
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
111
primary visual cortex
the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system; along the upper and lower banks of the calcarine fissure
112
primary auditory cortex
the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system; located along the lateral fissure
113
primary somatosensory cortex
the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
114
calcarine fissure
a fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
115
lateral fissure
the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
116
primary motor cortex
the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles
117
sensory association areas
those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex; parietal lobe other than the primary somatosensory cortex
118
motor association cortex
The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; controls the primary motor cortex
119
prefrontal cortex
the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex; involved in formulating plans and strategies
120
neocortex
the phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensor cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex;
121
cisterna superior
reservoir of CSF
122
cisterna cerebello-meduliaris
reservoir of CSF
123
third ventricle
circulation and collection of CSF; located in the center of the diencephalon
124
lateral ventricles
circulation and collection of CSF; left and right; found in the center of the telencephalon/two hemispheres
125
limbic system
a group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
126
limbic cortex
phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system
127
cingulate gyrus
a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum;
128
hippocampus
a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; learning and memory
129
amygdala
a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system; emotions (fear) and emotional memories
130
spinal nerves
combination of dorsal and ventral roots; a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
131
sympathetic ganglion chain
one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column
132
Posterior lateral nuclei
area of thalamus
133
anterior nuclei
area of thalamus
134
laminar nuclei
area of thalamus
135
posterior nuclei
area of thalamus
136
medial nuclei
area of thalamus
137
pulvinar
area of thalamus
