exam2 Flashcards
(355 cards)
1
Q
what is the average depth of oceans?
A
12,000 FEET
4,000 METERS
2
Q
What are continental margins?
A
shallow areas close to continents
3
Q
What are ocean basins?
A
deep water areas far from land
4
Q
What are mid ocean ridges?
A
underwater mountain ranges far from land
5
Q
Mid Ocean Ridges are controlled by…
A
plate tectonics and rocks…
6
Q
What are active continental margins?
A
Narrow, steep, rocky, pacific oceaan, west coast of N. America, convergent, transform plate boundary….
Next to continental shelf & steeeeeepy
7
Q
What are passive continental margins?
A
Broad, flat, sandy, Atlantic ocean, divergent, no plate boundary, East coast of N. America
Next to continental shelf & broaaaad flat
8
Q
Where would you find an active continental margin?
A
W coast N America
9
Q
Where would you find a passive continental margin?
A
E coast N America
10
Q
What type of plate boundary is @ w coast of N America where there is an active continental margin?
A
TRANSFORM AND CONVERGENT
11
Q
What type of plate boundary is @ e Coast of N America where there is a passive continental margin?
A
DIVERGENT AND NO PLATE BOUNDARY!!!!!!!
12
Q
How would you describe a continental shelf that is next to an active continental margin?
A
NARROW
13
Q
how would you describe a continental shelf that is next to a passive continental margin?
A
WIDE
14
Q
REVIEW PAGE 80
A
REVIEW PAGE 80
15
Q
ocean with passive continental margin?
A
atlantic
16
Q
occean with active continental margin?
A
pacific
17
Q
what is a submarine canyon
A
under water canyon
18
Q
what is submarine fan
A
pile of underwater sediments
19
Q
rock type of continental crust
A
granite
20
Q
thickness of continental crust
A
thick
21
Q
density of continental crust
A
low
22
Q
is continental crust land or ocean
A
land
23
Q
rock type of oceanic crust
A
basalt
24
Q
thickness of oceanic crust
A
thin
25
density of oceanic crust
high
26
oceanic crust is land or ocean?
ocean
27
pelagic sediment from surface waters =????
microscopic clay, AKA shells of plankton
28
what is at top, what is at bottom for sediments
YOUNG , TOP
OLD, BOTTOM
29
pelagic =
"of the sea" book says deep sea
30
microscopic organisms =
plankton
31
why do deep ocean trenches exist?
plate tectonics
32
in what plain is the titanic @
sohm abyssal plain 17000 ft deep
33
cross-sections of MOR in boook, comparing speed of the two MOR's which is faster & why
EPR SPREADS FASTER than MAR, assuming because plate activity
34
4 things i need to know about fracture zones
a - faults moving in the same direction
b- @divergent plate boundaries
c- offset break the M.O.R.
d - EXIST because earth is a sphere
35
what is a seamount
comical peak ( volcano) seems to be underwater
36
what is a guyot
flat-top eroded flat by waves
37
sediment of the deep ocean...
pelagic
38
canyon near PV?
redondo beach canyon
39
rock of the ocean?
basalt
40
WEST COAST = ______ MARGIN?
ACTIVE!
41
what is the deepest part of the ocean?
TRENCH
42
animals at the black smokers are called?
TUBEWORMS
43
escarpment near palos verdes = ???
SAN PEDRO ESCARPMENT
44
what is edge of continent that is under water????
continental margin
45
what are hot seawater @ divergent vents
hydrothermal
46
rock of continent?
GRANITE
47
eAST coast = what type of margin?
PASSIVE
48
volcano beneath the waves???
seamount
49
% of earth's surface = ____ curve
hydrographic
50
LARGEST AND FLATTEST PLAINS
ABYSSAL
51
divergent in atlantic
MAR
52
divergent in pacific
EPR
53
inACTIVE volcano ERODED ERODED by waves???
guyot
54
submarine fans are formed by....
turbidity currents!!!
55
study page 82
study page 82
56
what is the source of a terrigenous sediment?
land
57
what are some examples of terrigenous sediments?
sand, clay , mud
58
where do terrigenous sediments occur?
continental margins and abyssal plains
59
percentage of the ocean that is terrigenous
45 %
60
true of false lithogenous and terrigenous are the same
from what i was told, yah it is
61
what is the source of biogenous sediments
plankton
62
where do biogenous sediments occur
deep ocean + abyssal plains
63
what are some examples of biogenous sediments?
ooze
64
percentage of ocean that is biogenous
55 %
65
what is the source of authigenic sediments
dissolved elements
66
what is an example of authigenic sediments
manganese nodules AKA MG-Nodules
67
where do authigenic sediments occur
deep ocean, abyssal plain
68
percentage of the ocean that is authigenic
LESS THAN THAN 1
69
what is the source of cosmogenic sediments
space junk
70
what are some examples of cosmogenic sediments
glass, nodules
71
where do cosmogenic sediments occur
everywhere
72
percentage of ocean that is cosmogenic
Less than 1 percent
73
how much percentage of ocean floors is the shelf
9 % ocean floor
74
how much percentage of volume sediments is shelf
15 %
75
the average thickness of a shelf is....
2.5 km
76
percent of ocean floor that is slope and rise
12 percent
77
percent of total volume sediments for slope and rise...
72
78
average thickness of slope and rise is...
8.5km
79
percentage of ocean floor that is the deep ocean floor...
78
80
total volume of sediments in the deep ocean floor
13
81
average thickness of the deep ocean floor is...
0.6 km
82
submarine fans are formed by....
turbidity currents!
83
5 things about turbidity currents written in the book...
moved by gravity
mixture of water and sediment
underwater avalanche
triggered by earthquakes
move terrigenous sediments ( sand mud) to the deep ocean ( pelagic)
84
pelagic is mostly....
biogenous
85
can you see lithogenous sediments to the deep sea?
ya
86
soooo pelagic ocean is mostly biogenous and you can still see lithogenous to the deep sea, true or false?
true...
87
RADIOLARIANS LOVE WHAT
COLD WATTAAAH
88
radolarians can only existin what kindof water???
cold water
89
radiolarians by the equator , YAH OR NAH
YAH1
90
what are the two types of ooze categorized under biogenous sediments??
calcareous ooze ( CACA)
&&&
siliceous ooze ( Siciliy)
91
What are the two type of microscopic organisms that form calcareous ooze?
foraminfera&&&
coccolithophones aka e.hux
92
what are the two types of microscopic organisms that form siliceous ooze?
radiolarians &&&
| diatoms
93
CALCAREOUS OOZE EXAMPLE?
calcium carbonate = Ca Co3 (LOCK UP DAT CO2 )
94
Siliceous ooze example?
silica, amorphous glass
95
t or f siliceous fragile glass
true
96
4 things to know about authigenic ( hydrogenous ) sediments - Mn nodules
1 - precipitate directly from sea water
2 - dissolved elements
3 - Mn(manganese), Ni (nickel) , Co (cobalt), Fe,(iron) Zn (zinc), Mo (molybdenum)
4 - industrial uses = air craft
97
name the 6 resources provided by marine sediments
1 - petroleum
2- gas hydrates
3 - sand & gravel = construction
4 - evaporative salts = halite
5 - phosphate minerals = fertilizer
6 - Mn - Nodules
98
flat area next to coast
shelf
99
sediments in the deep sea
pelagic
100
sediments that grow in place
authigenic
101
sediments from biology
biogenous
102
diatom ooze type
siliceous
103
formed by turbidity currents
submarine fan
104
diatom ooze water temperature
cold
105
formed by turbidity currents
submarine fans
106
radiolarian ooze - location
equator
107
sediments from the land
terrigenous
108
driving force of turbidity currents
gravity
109
sediments of the land
neritic
110
forams - ooze type
calcareous
111
dissolved below ccd
foraminifera
112
underwater avalanche - currents
turbidity
113
how much co2 above ccd
LESS
114
how much co2 below ccd
MORE
115
ccd depth at equator =?
deep
116
review page 100 pink book
review page 100
117
t or f , h2o is a strong solvent
true
118
atomic # =
of electrons OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR # of protons
119
atomic WT =
of protons AND AND AND AND # of neutrons
120
nucleus =
protons ( pos charge) and neutrons ( no charge/ neutral charge )
121
what about electrons
electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus
122
Water = H20 = Molecule = __________
atoms held together by chemical bonds
123
what shares or transfers electrons between atoms
chemical bonds
124
name the 3 types of chemical bonds
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
125
what is a covalent bond
share electrons, strongest bond, hold water MOLECULE together
126
what is ionic bond
transfer electron, Na Cl ( sodium chloride) - nalite (salt)
127
what is a hydrogen bond
weakest , hold h2o moleculeSSSSSS together
128
remember hydroGen and covalent
HYDROGEN MULTIPLE MOLECULES
COVALENT SINGLE WATER MOLECULE
129
WHAT KIND OF BONDS HOLD CL AND NA TOGETHER
IONIC
130
TYPE OF BOND THAT HOLDS MUTIPLE BONDS OF NA AND O TOGETHER
HYDROGEN BOND
131
the most important physical property of ocean is how it interacts with....
HEAT
132
name 3 characteristics of oceans
1 - prevent large temperature changes from day - night, summer - winter
2 - allow heat to flow from EQUATOR - POLES
3 - provide energy for hurricanes, waves, currents
133
name 4 heat sou8rces that influence oceans
1 - Sun
2 - Radioactive elements inside the earth
3 - volcanic activity
4 - human activity
134
what is heat
energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.
135
TRUE OR FALSE, cold water molecules vibe higher than hot water molecules
false homie
136
Ocean water = ????
water heat capacity = high = small temp. change
137
land =
heat capacity = low = Large Temp Change
138
what is heat
energy of random vibration of atoms or molecules. Heat measures # of molecules vibrating, how fast.
139
TRUE OR FALSE HOT WATER MOLECULES ARE SLOWER THAN COLD WATER MOLECULES
FALSSSe
140
what is temperature
objects response to input/ output of heat
141
according to the celsius scale, what is the freezing point of PURE water
0 degrees celsius
142
according to the celsius scale what is the boiling point of PURE WATER
100 degrees celsius
143
SO IMPORtant, what is heat capacity???
measure of heat required to raise temp of 1 gram (0.035 ounces) of a substance by 1 degree celsiuss aka 1.8 degree farenheit
144
what is a calorie
amt of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of h20 by 1 degree celsisus
145
what is a nutritional calorie
1k calories, aka kilocalorie
146
latent =
hidden
147
latent heat of evaporation occurs at ???
540 cal/gm @ 100 degrees celsius
148
no temperature change in water until...
all water changes state
149
energy =
latent heat of evaporation ( used as work to make hurricanes)
150
what is the average salinity of water?
35 parts per thousand AKA 3.5 %
151
what is latent heat of fusion
@ 80 calories/ gm ( 0 degrees celsius )
amount of heat energy that must be removed per gram of pure water to form ice no temperature change, just heat energy change
152
true or false removing 1 calorie of heat from water does not cause temperature change @ 0 degrees celisus, and must use 80 calories per gram
true
153
saltier water =
lower freezing temperature
154
finish the second part of the phrase
dissolved solids ( salts) lower_______
freezing point (anti freeze)
155
by weight what is the average composition of seawater
96. 5 percent water
| 3. 5 percent (avg) dissolved substances
156
review page 106 latent heat cycle
review page 106 latent heat cycle
157
From Ice to Water, how much heat capacity is needed
80 calories/ gm for both in the absorbing and freezing process
158
From water to gad how much heat capacity is needed
540 cal/gm for both evaporation and condensation
159
540 cal/gm is referred to as
latent heat of evaporation
160
80 cal/gm is referred to as
latent heat of fusion
161
true or false 3.5% = 35 parts per thousand
true
162
what makes up the % total of 96.5 in weight of water
oxygen (85.8 %)
hydrogren (10.7 %)
total is 96.5 %
163
what makes up the % total of 3.5 weight of salts in water
labeled as most abundant ions in the book
```
Chloe kardashian
Sold
Soul
Magazines
Calculated
Poootasos
BYEEEE CABRON!!!!!!
```
Chloride (1.9)
Sodium (1.1)
Sulfate (0.3)
Magnesium ( 0.1 )
Calcium ( 0.04 )
Potassium ( 0.04 )
Bicarbonate (0.04)
164
listed under the the label , major components of seawater at 35 parts per thousand salinity
RECALL ALL MINOR ELEMENTS (PPM) !!!!!
They all got minor elements aka MINOR PEEPEES
```
Bros
Strong
Bored
Silly
Flowing
```
minor elements (ppm) =
Bromine (Br)
Strontium(Sr)
Boron (B)
Silicon (Si)
Fluorine (F)
165
trace elements listed under major components of seawater
RECALL TRACE ELEMENTS (PPB) !!!!!!!!!
```
Lithium (Li)
Iodine ( I)
Phosphorous (P)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Magnesium (Mg)
Lead (Pb )
gold (Au)
Mercurcy (Hg)
```
166
ions (salts) in seawater interact with each other & what else to modify physical properties of water
interact with each other and water molecules
167
IONS are AKA ______
Salts!!
168
physical properties of water are also known as
colligative properties
169
t or f , salts in seawater interact with each other & water molecules to modify colligative properties of pure water
duhhhhh true
colligative properties = physical properties of pure water
170
does pure water even have colligative properties??
NAHAAAA
171
higher concentration of salts in water =
increased effect of colligative properties
172
true or false less heat is necessary to raise temperature of seawater by 1 degree celisius in compared to pure water
truuuu
173
as salinity increases, freezing temperature of water decreases. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
174
do salts act as an anti-freeze????
YAAA
175
SOOOO does that mean colder temperatures to freeze pure wataaaah instead of sea wataaaaaah
TRUEEEE
176
fresh water evaporates more slowly than sea water, true or falseee?
NAAAAH sea water faster
177
what is sticky feeeling on skin after swimming
lingering sea water
178
explain osmotic pressure
pressure exerted on biological membrane when salinity
179
osmotic pressure increases with?
increasing salinity
180
what is osmotic pressure important for
water movement in & out of cells
181
what brings ions and salts to oceans via rivers??
weathering & erosion
182
are rivers ( continental crust rocks) the only source of salts in the oceans
nope they are not
183
if rivers were the only source of salts then they would = the amt of salts in the oceans, agree?
YES I AGREE BITCH
184
other salts and elements are called what
excess volatiles
185
what are the source of excess volatiles
earth's interior
186
earth's interior =
outgassing at Mid ocean ridges
187
Excess volatiles =
CO2
Cl -
S 2 -
H+
Fl -
N2
H20 vaporrrr
188
where does Na + come from? IMPORTANT!!!
weathering of continental crustal rocks
189
Where does Cl - come from ?? IMPORTANT
mantle by outgrassing at vents at mid ocean ridges
190
if outgassing of mid-ocean ridges & transport by rivers to oceans continue - should oceans become saltier with time???
nopeeee , proportions & amounts of dissolved salts per unit volume are nearly CONSTANT
191
What goes into ocean must come out some where else, what does this equal?
steady- state ocean
192
ion addition rate is equiavalent to what?
ion removal rate
193
who quantified concept of residence time with the ion addition rate = ion removal rate
when did he do it
Barth 1952
194
residence time =
average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean
195
What is residence time
average length of time element or ion spends in the ocean
196
what does residence time of an element or ion depend on what?
its chemical activity
197
examples of long residence time
Cl
Na
100 million years
198
examples of short residence time
Al
Fe
O
CO2
E. Hux
200 - 600 yrs
199
Residence time =
Amount of element in ocean/rate @ which is added to (removed from) ocean
200
input of rivers and outgassing is = to what
is = to output of sediments for each element / ion
201
what is the residence time of seawater molecules
3,500 years
202
finish the phrase
% of salts in seawater is same,
regardless of how salty water is
203
constant ratio =
forchhammer's principles of principle of constant proportions
204
can you determine salinity by evaporating seawater & weighing what is left behind due to complex behavior of ions, WHY or WHY not?
You cannot since some ions become a gas.
205
How is salinity determined?
By determining the chlorinity of a sample
206
Chlorinity =
total weight of chlorine , bromine, iodine ionsin seawater
207
long residence times of most ions assure what?
thorough mixing
this is what makes the principle of constant proportions work
208
conservative constitutents =
constintuents of seawater that occur in constant proportion of change slowly through time..... LONGGG RESIDENCE TIME
209
most abundant dissolved constituents in seawater are what??
conservative constituents
210
Examples of gases that are conservative constituents
Ar, Kr,
ALSO N2
211
Explain the principle of constatnt proportions:
by georg forchhammer,
he observered that although total amount of dissolved solids ( salinity ) varies in seawater samples; RATIO of major salts in samples is constant
212
what is the formula to determine salinity?
salinity (parts per thousand ) = 1.80655 x chlorinity ( parts per thousand )
213
what is an example of a calculation to determine salinity?
Chlorinity = 19.2 parts per thousand = Salinity 34.7 parts per thousand
214
what do plants and animals in surface ocean waters need to survive
gases
215
where do gases come from
atmosphere
216
do gases come from breakdown water
no
217
where are gases mor readily dissolved
cold water
218
cold soda has more fizz due to ???
c02 gas dissolved in soda
219
warm soda is flat
- no dissolved co2
220
nitrogen in seawater
48 percent sea water
will not dissolve
organisms use nitrogen compounds for biological activity
221
oxygen in seawater
36 percent seawater
very small amt in ocean, more in atmosphere
COMES FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS
important for biological activities
222
what does photosynthesis require?
sun, so most oxygen available @ surface
223
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in seawater
mostly dissolved in oceans because co2 very soluble in water
combines with water to form weak carbonic acid known as (h2CO3)... this is why it can hold 1000x more CO2 than n2 & o2 @ saturation
224
in sea water, co2 is used by ???
marine plants
225
co2 becomes locked in ???
shells of animals
226
more c02 moves from atmosphere to....
oceans & VICE VERSA
then deposited as sediment
227
is there a large sink of c02 in bottom of ocean
fuk yaa
228
surface of oceans REVIEW
pLANts, Sunlight, Photosynthesis
THIS MEANS HIGH O2, LESS CO2
229
deep ocean REVIEW
Dark, no photosynthesis, no plants
THIS MEANS HIGH CO2, LESS O2
230
animals take in??? and take out what
Take in 02, out CO2
231
what is the ph of pure water?
7.0
232
what is the ph of pure water?
7.0
233
what is the ph of acid
| what is the symbol associated with it?
H+ < 7.0
H+ LESS THAN 7.0
234
what is the ph of acid
| what is the symbol associated with it?
H+ < 7.0
H+ LESS THAN 7.0
235
what is the ph of a base
| what is the symbol associated with it?
Alkaline (OH- ) > 7.0
OH- GREATER THAN 7.0
236
high ph means
BASICCCCCC BITCH, more OH-
to remember, " HIGH OH- MG YOU IS BASIC"
237
low ph means
ACID more H+
to remember, "low key she toxic, H+ NAAAAAHHHH"
238
seawater is overall....
slightly alkaline
239
what is the average ph of seawater
7.8
240
ph of pure water?
7.0
241
depth of cold waters makes co2 more acidic, true or false?
true
242
what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?
dissolves calcareous ooze
243
what odes the deep ocean water below ccd do?
dissolves calcareous ooze
244
what does the behavior of carbon dioxide in the sea water do?
buffer the water, prevents large changes in the pH of seawater when acids or bases are added
245
what happens when acid is added to seawater and the ph of ocean water is lowered
it becomes more acidic
| the reaction moves upward and raises the ph by removing hydrogren ions
246
what happens when alkaline is added to sea water
ph of water increases
| reaction moves downward lowering the ph by releasing the hydrogen ions
247
what is the density of pure water
1.000 gm/cc
248
what is the density of granite
2.7 gm/cc
249
what is the density of basalt
3.0 gm/cc
250
what is the density of ocean IMPORTANT
1.020 - 1.030 gm/cc
251
substance denser with....
decreasing temperature
252
cold air sinks &
warm air rises
253
warm air rises &
cold air sinks
254
does water ever freeze solid
nope
255
what happens to pure water with decreasing temperature
denser
256
what is more dense, ice or water
ice is
257
what is the density of the whole earth
5.5 gm/cc
258
density of air =
0.0012 gm/cc
259
what is the density of water controlled by?
temperature and salinity
260
sea water is about how much percent denser than freshwater
2 - 3 %
261
density of seawater increases with....
decreasing temp, this increases salinity and increases pressure
262
3 factors that affect salinity
change amt of dissolved solids, change amt of h20 molecules
increasing salinity decreases freezing point of seawater
seawater @ 35 parts per thousand freezes @ -1.91 degrees celsisus
263
how does salinity of the ocean change due to evaporation of seawater?
increases
264
how does salinity of the ocean change due to rainfall
decreases
265
how does salinity of the ocean change due to freezing of seawater to form ice
increases
266
how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of sea-ice in the ocean
decrease
267
how does salinity of the ocean change due to melting of glacial ice (greenland)
decrease
268
how does salinity of the ocean change due to rivers adding water to the ocean
decrease
269
how does salinity of the ocean change due to climate change - global warming
increase
270
freezoing point of seawater at 35 parts per thousand?
-1.91 degrees celsius (28.6 degrees farenheit)
271
boiling point of seawater?
same temperature as pure water, but more slowly!!!!!!!
272
left over cool salty water is very dense and ...
sinks toward bottom
273
what is thermocline
change in temperature
274
what is halocline
change in salinity
275
what is pyncocline
change in density
276
changes in density in the ocean are controlled by changes in....
salinity and temperature
277
thermocline is high in beginning and
low @ end
278
salinity is low beginning and
high end
279
density starts low
ends high
280
halocline =
rapid salinity increase with depth.
281
what usually has same depth
halocline and thermocline
282
review surface zone (mixed layer)
upper layer.
constant temp & salinity because of wind and waves
low density & warm water
surface zone = -2% of ocean volume.
surface zone to 1k meters deep
283
Pycnocline (stronggg slope)
density increases with depth
separates surface water from deep water
18% volume of oceans
284
rapid drop in temperature with depth =
thermocline: controls drop in density
285
review deep zone
below 1k m. @ mid latittudes
little change in density with depth
very cold, stable water
286
layers =
distinct water masses
287
distinct water masses =
characteristic temperature salinity , density
288
according to density, what does layering do
traps dense cold water in deep
separated from warm surface waters by pycnocline
289
Thermoclines vary according to...
latitude
290
tropical & temperate waters have..
warm surface layer underlain by thermocline
291
polar waters have no thermocline because....
surface waters arent warmed by sun
292
water below thermocline =
very cold, -1 degrees celsius to 3 degrees celsius
293
what is photic zone:
zone of light, plants = photosynthesis
294
what is aphotic zone
zone of darkness ,no plants, no photosynthesis
295
why does clear ocean water appear blue?
blue light travels far enough through water to be scattered back to surface to our eyes.
296
why cant we see red underwater
red light absorbed
297
what happens to light as it gets deeper
light becomes dimmer and bluer with depth because red, yellow, orange wave lengths absorbed
298
is sound faster in the air or in the ocean?
sound is faster in the ocean
299
is sound fast in the air?
sound is slow in air compared to ocean
300
is light faster in the air or ocean?
air
301
is light slow in the air or ocean?
slower in the ocean
302
what is the salinity of sea water
0.000
303
what is the salinity of seawater
35 parts per thousand
304
what is the density of pure water
1.000 grams per cc
305
what is the density of sea water
1.020 - 1.030 grams per cc
306
what is the ph of pure water
7.0
307
what is the ph of sea water
7.8
308
what is the freezing point of pure water
0 degrees celsius
309
what is the freezing point of sea water
- 1.91 degrees celsius, or 286 degrees farenheit
310
what is the boiling point of pure water
100 degrees celcisus, 212 degrees farenheit
311
what is the boiling point of seawater
100 degrees celsius or 212 degrees farenheit jussst more slowly
312
true or false???
the water molecule is polarized because it has a plus end and a minus end caused by the angular distribution of the oxygen atoms around the central hydrogen atom
FALSEEE
313
when water molecules dissolve a salt crystal, the negative hydrogens surround the chlorin ion
false
314
sodium and chlorine have a long residence time in the ocean of about 100 thousand years
false
315
mixing time in the oceans is about a thousand years
turew
316
if an acid is added to sea water, the reaction moves upward to remove hydrogen ions becoming more basic
true
317
average pH of seawater is.... 7.0???
False
318
sound travels much faster in the ocean in comparison to the air???? t or f
TRUW
319
amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsisus =
HEAT CAPACITY
320
energy =
heat
321
540 cal/gm is the value for what?
heat capacity @ 100 degrees celsius , known as the latent heat of evaportaion
322
t or f the latent heat of evaporation is the heat energy required to change liquid water to a gas, involving the breaking of hydrogen bonds
true
323
t or f the latent heat of fusion is the heat energy that must be added to liquid water to form ice
true
324
the value for the latent heat of melting of water at the freezing point is 80 cal/ gm
truuuu
325
t or f, the latent heat of fusion of water is greater than that of the latent heat of evaporation because we are only rearranging the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
falseee
326
t or f , the density of water decreases when it changes from ice to liquied
truew
327
t or f, the heat capacity of water is very high at 100 degrees celsius , this is why it boils so quickly
true
328
seawater at 35% has a higher freezing temperature in comparison to pure water
true
329
t or f rivers bring sodium into the oceans and chlorine is supplied by rainwater
FALSE
330
WHERE DOES CHLORINE COME FROM
MANTLE BY OUTGASSING AT VENTS AT MOR
331
charge on oxygen -=
negative charge
332
charge on chlorine =
negative charge
333
charge on sodium =
positive charge
334
charge on hydrogen =
positive charge
335
what does it mean that the water molecule is dipolar
water molecule has equal and opposite electrical charges
336
name one property of ionic bonds
form crystals, are brittle, hard, have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity, BUT ONly when dissolved in water
337
source of chlorine in the waters is
vents
338
water is the best....
solvent
339
protons or #electrons =
atomic number
340
change in salinity =
halocline
341
excess h+ ion
acid
342
zone of light
photic
343
540 cal gram =
heat capacity
344
color of light absorbed by h- bonds
red
345
change in density
pynocline
346
most abundant element in seawater
oxygen
347
change in temperature
thermocline
348
water molecule = + end , - end
polarized
349
35 parts per thousand =
salinity
350
most important heat source =
sun
351
bonds that share electrons
covalent
352
HCO3-
bicarbonate
353
bonds that transfer electrons
ionic
354
source of sodium in sea water
wathering and erosion of rocks
355
pH > 7
Basic
