exam4

Question 1

western boundary currents better defined and flow faster in comparison to eastern boundary currents due to…

Answer 1

Western Intensification

Question 2

2 reasons why western boundary currents flow faster are

Answer 2

1- Water that is moved westward across ocean by easterly trade winds piles up against continents then must rapidly move northward. In contrast westerlies do not converge so water spreads out before hit contintental boundaries

2 - EARTHS ROTATION - Moves hill of water westward - water must squeeze along western edge of hill

Question 3

what is el nino

Answer 3

warm water moves into eastern pacific ocean

Question 4

what is la nina

Answer 4

very cold water moves into eastern pacific ocean

Question 5

what are the possible causes of enso

Answer 5

1982 reuption of volcano in mexico, El Chicon

EPR heats water

Changes in sea ice off of antartica

Dont know…

Question 6

Normal conditions of El Nino?

Answer 6

Trade winds, east to west
High- P over East. Pacific, Low-Power Western Pacific
Trade winds move warm water westward along equator
PERU = UPWELL
Cold water east pacific, warm water in west pacific

Question 7

ENSO

Reversed Conditions of El Nino?

Answer 7

OPPOSITE

High P in West Pacific, Low P east pacific
Trade winds weaken, possibly reverse
WARM WATER INTO EAST PACIFIC

Question 8

review page 151

Answer 8

page 151

Question 9

wind produces what kind of horizontal water circulation?

Answer 9

horizontal water circulation and causes vertical circulation

Question 10

what does upwelling do

Answer 10

bring cold deep nutrient rich water to surface

Question 11

what are the 2 areas of upwelling

Answer 11

coastal and equatorial

Question 12

what is downward water movement

Answer 12

downwelling

Question 13

what is equatorial upwelling

Answer 13

when water mves on either side of geographic equator deflected slightly towards poles by eckman transport. then replaced by deeper colder nutrient rich water

Question 14

where does equatorial upwelling occur

Answer 14

in westward flowing equatorial surface currents

Question 15

what are abundant in equatorial pacific

Answer 15

radiolaria

Question 16

what is coastal upwelling

Answer 16

wind blowing parallel to shore or offshore

Question 17

When does coastal upwelling occur

Answer 17

deep water replaces coastal water

Question 18

upwelling important forrrr

Answer 18

peru

Question 19

what is downwelling

Answer 19

water driven toward coastline by wins

Question 20

downwelling has…

Answer 20

no direct effect on climate or biological activity along coast

Question 21

review page 153

Answer 21

review page 153

Question 22

what are thermohaline circulation

Answer 22

horizontal & vertical currents below pycnocline

Question 23

deep circulation in thermohaline circulation is driven by wind energy?

Answer 23

nah density differences

Question 24

what is the density stratification of oceans?

Answer 24

high density near bottom

low density at surface

Question 25

where is density stratification strongest?

Answer 25

at tropical temperate latitudes

Question 26

ABW =

Answer 26

Antartic Bottom Water the most distinctive deep water mass

Question 27

charaacteristics of ABW

Answer 27

Temp - -0.5 Density - 1.0279 gm/cc Highest density of world's oceans Very mobile

Question 28

why does ABw form

Answer 28

seawater freezes off coast of antartica, wedell sea

Question 29

what is the deep circulation in the thermohaline circulation driven by

Answer 29

differences in density

Question 30

is the entire ocean undergoing a slow thermohaline circulation

Answer 30

ya

Question 31

explain the formation and downwelling of ABW

Answer 31

water sinks rapdily in small area in cold ocean rises slowly across large area in temperate & tropical zones returns slowly poleward to repeat cycle

Question 32

T or F Forams are smart critters they have figured out that ekman transport is responsible for equatorial upwelling in the tropical pacific ocean. The upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface for their dining pleasure. This is why they have moved there

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What is the following considered, Upwelling or downwelling? West coast of the chile where surface water moves onshore because water turns to the left as a southerly wind causes Ekman transport to occur

Answer 33

Upwelling

Question 34

Average conditions in the w pacific are warm water and low pressure

Answer 34

False

Question 35

One possible cause of the 82 - 83 enso was the eruption of el chichon volcano

Answer 35

ya

Question 36

average conditions in the east pacific is a strong downwelling along the coast of peru

Answer 36

false

Question 37

what is classifications of waves based on

Answer 37

1 - disturbing force creates wave 2 - restoring force flattens / destroys wave 3 - lambda (wavelength) AND DISTURBING FORCE

Question 38

what is disturbing force

Answer 38

energy that causes ocean waves to form

Question 39

what are some examples of disturbing forces

Answer 39

``` wind storm surge eqs, volcanic eruptions gravitational forces earths rotation ```

Question 40

waves moving thru water deeper than lambda/2 = what kind of waves Circular orbits

Answer 40

Deep water wave

Question 41

waves moving thru near-shore water where depth < lambda/20 elliptical orbits

Answer 41

Shallow water waves

Question 42

characteristics of common wind waves | deep water

Answer 42

period < 20 seconds lambda < 600 meters speed < 112 kph

Question 43

characteristics of shallow water waves | tsunami

Answer 43

period < 20 minutes lambda = 100 - 200 km speed ~ 850 kph

Question 44

what are 3 factors that affect growth of wind waves

Answer 44

wind strength wind duration fetch

Question 45

what is fetch

Answer 45

uninterrupted stance over which wind moves without significant change in direction

Question 46

what is the ratio of wave height to wavelength

Answer 46

1:7

Question 47

wave separation =

Answer 47

dispersion

Question 48

look at drawing of swell

Answer 48

its on page 164 smooth undulations of ocean surface

Question 49

look at the drawing of dispersion

Answer 49

to left many different lambdas | and to the right there is a single lambda

Question 50

explain dispersion

Answer 50

waves from storm sort themselves into groups with similar wave length and velocity they disperse then they swell

Question 51

what is interference

Answer 51

a usual situation in open ocean in which multiple sets of wave trains moving all dirctions from different sotrms interact with each other

Question 52

interaction =???

Answer 52

interference

Question 53

constructive interference occurs btn waves of different lambda's of

Answer 53

big waves

Question 54

destructive waves interference btn waves of different lambda's of

Answer 54

no or little waves

Question 55

review constructive interference pic | page 166

Answer 55

simliar large waves for both sets the resulting swell is largest

Question 56

review the destructive interference pic | page 166

Answer 56

swells mirror each other for both sets the resulting swell is nothing

Question 57

wave story time

Answer 57

Storms bring wind/ energy Brings many diff wave lenghts dispersion occurs deep water waves swell and theres a single wave length wave train happens approach the coast bottom of the wave touches the bottom = shallow friction with bottom of ocean bottom of wave slows crest continues ahead, lambda shortens violates 1:7 ratio and wave breaks energy goes into surf zone ; erode the coast or transport sediment

Question 58

what is wave diffraction

Answer 58

propagation of a wave around obstacle, wave changes direction due to obstacle not velocity

Question 59

what is wave refraction

Answer 59

waves approach shore @ angle than head on wave bends or refracts due to change in velocity slowing and bending of waves in shallow water

Question 60

longer lambda waves more faster or slower

Answer 60

moves faster