Exam3 Flashcards
1
Q
In mice, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Breeding a brown-furred mouse and a black-furred mouse produces all black-furred F1 generation offspring.
A
what genotype is the brown-furred parent? bb
What is the genotype of the gametes produced by the brown-furred parent? all are b
What genotype is the black-furred parent? BB
What is the genotype of the gametes produced by the black-furred parent? all are B
What genotype is the black-furred F1 generation offspring? all are Bb
2
Q
Two black-furred F1 generation mice from the problem above are bred with one another. Use a Punnett Square to work out the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio for this cross. After you have worked through the problem select the correct answers below.
A
What is the genotype ratio of the F2 offspring from this cross? 1/4 BB : 1/2 Bb : 1/4 bb
What is the phenotype ratio of the F2 offspring from this cross? 3/4 black-furred : 1/4 brown-furred
3
Q
Pigmented eyes (P) are dominant to non-pigmented (p), and dimpled chins (D) are dominant to non-dimpled chins (d).
Suppose a dimple-chinned, blue-eyed (non-pigmented) man whose father lacked a dimpled-chin marries a woman who is homozygous recessive for both traits.
A
What is the genotype of the woman? ppdd
What is the genotype of the man? ppDd
What are the possible genotypes of the man’s gametes? 1/2pD ; 1/2 pd
4
Q
Set up and work through a Punnett square for the cross between the man and the woman to answer the questions below:
A
What is the expected genotypic ratio of children produced in this marriage? 1/2 ppDd : 1/2 ppdd
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the children? 1/2 non-pigmented eyes and Dimpled chin : 1/2 non-pigmented eyes and non-dimpled chin
5
Q
The genetic makeup of an individual organism often written as letters for each allele (Aa)
A
Genotype
6
Q
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
A
Phenotype
7
Q
Alternative versions of a gene (A or a)
A
Alleles
8
Q
An allele that can determine the phenotype of an organism when only one copy is present and when two copies are present (when heterozygous – Aa or homozygous – AA)
A
Dominant
9
Q
An allele that only determines the phenotype when two copies are present (when homozygous – aa)
A
Recessive
10
Q
The observation that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes because of meiosis
A
Law of segregation
11
Q
For multiple genes each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation
A
Law of independent Assortment
12
Q
In humans, there are three alleles for blood type: A, B, and O. The alleles for type A and type B blood are codominant. A person with one A and one B allele has blood type AB demonstrating how both traits are expressed together. The A and B alleles are dominant over the O allele. A person that is homozygous for the O allele will have O blood.
A man with type A blood marries a woman with type B blood. Their child has type O blood.
What are the genotypes of these three individuals?
A
The man’s genotype is Ao
The woman’s genotype is Bo
The child’s genotype is oo
13
Q
Create a Punnett square for the cross between the man and woman above to answer the question below.
What genotypes, and in what frequencies, would you expect in future offspring from this marriage?
A
1/4 Ao : 1/4 Bo : 1/4 AB : 1/4 oo
14
Q
Type of dominance that occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote (Aa) and homozygous dominant (AA) individuals are identical
A
Complete Dominance
15
Q
Type of dominance that occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygote (Aa) individuals is somewhere between the phenotypes of the homozygous dominant (AA) and homozygous recessive (aa) individuals
A
Incomplete dominance
16
Q
The type of dominance that occurs when two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
A
Codominance
17
Q
The property of genes having multiple phenotypic effects
A
Pleiotrophy
18
Q
The property of a gene at one locus altering the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
A
Epistasis
19
Q
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
A
Polygenic inheritance
20
Q
A family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
A
pedigree
21
Q
Mendel was careful about his crosses between pea plants. He always started with true breeding pea plants. A true breeding plant is one that
A
self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
22
Q
Which of the following best describes alleles?
A
alternate forms of a gene
23
Q
During his experiments with monohybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his law of segregation which states that
A
gametes receive one copy of each gene
24
Q
During Mendel’s monohybrid cross experiments, pea plants with white flowers were crossed to pea plants with purple flowers. All of the offspring from this cross had purple flowers showing that that the purple trait is
A
dominant
25
An individual who is homozygous always
carries 2 copies of same allele for a gene
26
Mendel's dihybrid cross experiments demonstrated that when two peas with the genotype YyRr are crossed, all four possible phenotype combinations are seen in their offspring. This outcome demonstrates
Mendel's law of independent assortment
27
Mendel's dihybrid crosses demonstrated that pea plants with a genotype of yyrr produce ____ type(s) of gamete(s) whereas plants with a genotype of YyRr produce _____ type(s) of gamete(s).
one; four
28
For a certain type of grape vine, large grapes (L) are dominant to small grapes (l) and red grapes (R) are dominant to green grapes (r).
When a grape vine with small red grapes is crossed to a grape vine with large green grapes, half of the grape vines produced make large green grapes and half make large red grapes. Based on this, what are the genotypes of the parents?
LLrr/llRr
29
Hypothetically, if a mother and a father could each make 10 different types of gametes how many genetically different children could they produce?
Hint - Each different gamete is an independent event so should you use the addition or multiplication rule?
100
30
In humans, when a parent that has naturally curly hair has children with a parent that has naturally straight hair, their children have naturally wavy hair. What type of inheritance is demonstrated by the naturally wavy hair seen in the children?
incomplete dominance
31
Which of the following best describes how codominance inheritance can be identified?
the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygote
32
In humans, there are some genetic diseases caused by single genes that have many different phenotypes. For example, people with Marfan syndrome are unusually tall, have eye defects, and suffer from cardiovascular issues. This type of disease demonstrates
pleiotrohy
33
Many human characters like skin color are affected by several genes. These characters are called
polygenic
34
Why is it more likely for children of close relatives to have a genetic disease?
close relatives are likely to carry the same genetic disorders
35
Many human genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis are recessive. A person that is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder
is a carrier
36
In humans, the condition for normal vision (XC) dominates color blindness (Xc) and both alleles are linked to the X chromosome. A normal man marries a colorblind woman and they are planning to have children. They know you are taking biology so they ask you for advice:
Since the husband has normal vision what is his genotype? XCY
Since the wife is colorblind what is her genotype? XcXc
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these parents? XcXc x XCY
What will be the genotypes of the husband's gametes? XC ; Y
What will be the genotypes of the wife's gametes? Xc ; Xc
If this couple has a daughter, what is the chance that she will have normal vision - what fraction of the boxes in your Punnett square that represent daughters have normal vision? 2/2 both boxes
If this couple has a son, what is the chance that he will have normal vision - what fraction of the boxes in your Punnett square that represent sons have normal vision? 0/2 - none of the boxes
37
page 313 #3
A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body color and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with vestigial wings. The offspring have the following phenotypic distribution:
gray normal (wild type), 778
black vestigial, 785
black normal, 158
gray vestigial, 162
Which of the offspring have the parental phenotypes? gray normal and black vestigial
Which of the offspring have the recombinant phenotypes? black normal and gray vestigial
What is the recombination frequency between these genes for body color and wing size? 17% (recombinant/total#)(100)
38
The theory that states that Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes and chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment
Chromosome theory of inheritance
39
The term for a gene that is located on either sex chromosome
Sex-linked gene
40
Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
Linked genes
41
The production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent
Genetic recombination
42
An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
Nondisjunction
43
Our understanding of genetics deepened in the late 19th century because better microscopes
allowed biologists to study meiosis and mitosis, revealing the parallels between the behaviors of genes and chromosomes.
44
Biologist realized that the behavior of chromosomes during cell division is the underlying cause of the genetic probabilities that Mendel observed. Specifically, Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment are caused by
the behavior of chromosomes during anaphase I and metaphase I, respectively.
45
If a father carries a dominant X-linked disease, what is the chance that his son will also get the disease?
0%
46
For the recessive disease hemophilia, males are much more likely to inherit the condition than females. Why is this true?
the gene for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome
47
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that some genes are linked. This means that the genes
are on the same chromosome
48
What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the following cross: AaBb x aabb? In this example, A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b.
1:1:1:1
49
A cross between YyRr x yyrr gives the phenotypic ratio 7:7:1:1. Which of the following explains this strange ratio?
linked genes
50
A dihybrid test cross (YyRr x yyrr) produces 15 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs?
1.5%
51
What is a description of the genetic location of several genes based on recombination frequencies called?
a linkage map
52
The trisomy that causes down syndrome occurs because homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. What is this unfortunate event called?
nondisjunction
53
Mendel's Law of ________ states that alleles for 2 different genes separate during meiosis and segregate independently.
independent assortment
54
The observed trait an individual has is called the:
phenotype
55
What is the name of the table (or square) used to calculate the probabilities of offpspring genotypes?
Punnett
56
Which of these is heterozygous?
Aa
57
Which of theses is homozygous for the recessive allele?
aa
58
Meiosis produces haploid:
gametes
59
In humans, the number of fingers is controlled by one gene. For this finger number gene, six fingers (F) is (surprisingly!) the dominant trait and five fingers (f) is the recessive trait. It turns out that the dominant six finger allele is very rare in humans (Links to an external site.) so there are very few people with six fingers. For this question both parents are heterozygous for the finger number gene and they are curious what possible traits their children might have. Since they know you are taking biology they ask for your advice:
Since both parents are heterozygous for the finger number gene, what is their genotype? Ee
Since both parents are heterozygous for the finger number gene, what is their phenotype? 6 fingers
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these parents? Ee x Ee
Since both parents are heterozygous for the finger number gene, what will be the genotypes of their gametes? E and e
60
On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square for the cross between this mother and father and work through the steps explained above to answer the following questions about the children of these parents:
What is the probability that these parents will have a 6 fingered child? 3/4
What is the probability that these parents will have a 5 fingered child? 1/4
61
Remember that the number of fingers is controlled by one gene. For this finger number gene, six fingers (F) is the dominant trait and five fingers (f) is the recessive trait. For this question the father is heterozygous for six fingers and the mother has five fingers. Use this information to answer the questions below:
What is the genotype of the father? Ee
What is the genotype of the mother? ee
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these parents? Ee x ee
What will be the genotypes of the father's gametes? E and e
What will be the genotypes of the mother's gametes? e and e
62
On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square for the cross between this mother and father and work through the steps explained above to answer the following questions about the children of these parents:
What is the probability that these parents will have a 6 fingered child? 1/2
What is the probability that these parents will have a 5 fingered child? 1/2
63
In snapdragon flowers, the color of the petals in controlled by a single gene. The two alleles (R and r) for the snapdragon flower color gene are incompletely dominant. In snapdragons, a cross between a homozygous red flower (RR) and a homozygous white flower (rr) makes heterozygous pink flowers (Rr) showing how the heterozygous snapdragons have an intermediate phenotype (pink) that is a blend of the homozygous phenotypes (red and white).
Two pink snapdragons are crossed. Use the information above to answer the questions about this cross below:
Since both snapdragons have the pink phenotype, what is their genotype? Rr
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these two snapdragons? Rr x Rr
What will be the genotypes of the gametes for these pink snapdragons? R and r
64
On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square for the cross between the pink snapdragons and work through the steps explained in the Mendelian Genetics Problems area above to answer the following questions:
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a red child? 1/4
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a pink child? 1/2
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a white child? 1/4
65
What is the probability of each of the colors (red, pink, and white) appearing in the offspring?
A cross is made between a red snapdragon and a pink snapdragon. Use the information above about the snapdragon flower color gene to answer the questions about this cross below:
What is the genotype of the red snapdragon? RR
What is the genotype of the pink snapdragon? Rr
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these two snapdragons? RR x Rr
What will be the genotypes of the gametes for the red snapdragon? R and R
What will be the genotypes of the gametes for the pink snapdragon? R and r
66
On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square for the cross between the pink snapdragons and work through the steps explained in the Mendelian Genetics Problems area above to answer the following questions:
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a red child? 1/2
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a pink child? 1/2
What is the probability that these pink snapdragons will have a white child? 0/4 none
67
In which type of inheritance is an intermediate phenotype observed.
Ex: Curly hair + Straight hair = Wavy hair (Wavy is the INTERMEDIATE condition between the two parents).
incomplete dominance
68
In humans, there are three alleles for blood type: A, B, and O. The alleles for type A and type B blood are codominant. A person with one A and one B allele has blood type AB demonstrating how both traits are expressed together. The A and B alleles are dominant over the O allele. A person that is homozygous for the O allele will have O blood. A man with alleles for blood types A and O marries a woman with alleles for blood type B and O.
Since the man has the genotype AO what is his phenotype? A blood
Since the woman has the genotype BO what is her phenotype? B blood
What will be the genotypes of the man's gametes? A; O
What will be the genotypes of the woman's gametes? B; O
69
Now that you have determined the gamete genotypes you can set up a Punnett square for this cross. On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square with 4 boxes for the cross between the parents in the questions above. Fill in all of the boxes of the Punnett Square to answers the questions below.
What fraction of the Punnett square boxes have genotypes that represent children with type A blood? 1/4
What fraction of the Punnett square boxes have genotypes that represent children with type B blood? 1/4
What fraction of the Punnett square boxes have genotypes that represent children with type AB blood? 1/4
What fraction of the Punnett square boxes have genotypes that represent children with type O blood? 1/4
70
Which type of inheritance has 2 or more completely dominant alleles?
Ex: Parent 1 has blood type A + Parent 2 has blood type B = Child with blood type AB.
Codominance
71
Which type of inheritance is affected by gender?
Sex-linked
72
In humans, the allele for free earlobes (E) is dominant over the allele for attached earlobes (e). The allele for dark hair (H) is dominant over the allele for light hair (h). Two parents are heterozygous for both the earlobe and hair genes and they are curious what traits their children might have. They know you are taking biology so they ask you for advice:
Since both parents are heterozygous for the earlobe and hair genes, what is their genotype? EeHh
Since both parents are heterozygous for the earlobe and hair genes, what is their phenotype? Free earlobes and Dark hair
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these parents? EeHh x EeHh
Since both parents are heterozygous for the earlobe and hair traits, what will be the genotypes of their gametes? EH; Eh; eH; ee
73
Which genotypes in the Punnett square represent children with the free earlobes and dark hair phenotype? Select all that apply. Hint - both the free earlobes and dark hair traits are dominant
EEHH
EEHh
EeHh
EeHH
74
What fraction of the 16 boxes in your Punnett square from Question 16 have the genotypes that represent children with the free earlobes and dark hair phenotype that you chose in the last question?
9/16
75
Which genotypes in the Punnett square represent children with the free earlobes and light hair phenotype? Select all that apply. Hint - The free earlobes trait is dominant and the light hair trait is recessive
Eehh
| EEhh
76
What fraction of the 16 boxes in your Punnett square from Question 16 have the genotypes that represent children with the free earlobes and light hair phenotype that you chose in the last question?
3/16
77
Which genotypes in the Punnett square represent children with the attached earlobes and dark hair phenotype? Select all that apply. Hint - The attached earlobes trait is recessive and the dark hair trait is dominant
eeHH
| eeHh
78
What fraction of the 16 boxes in your Punnett square from Question 16 have the genotypes that represent children with the attached earlobes and dark hair phenotype that you chose in the last question?
3/16
79
Which genotypes in the Punnett square represent children with the attached earlobes and light hair phenotype? Select all that apply. Hint - The attached earlobes trait and the light hair trait are both recessive
eehh
80
What fraction of the 16 boxes in your Punnett square from Question 16 have the genotypes that represent children with the attached earlobes and light hair phenotype that you chose in the last question?
1/16
81
In humans, a type of blindness is due to a dominant allele (B) and normal vision is the result of a recessive allele (b). Migraine headaches are due to a dominant allele (M), and normal (no headaches)is recessive (m).
A couple is thinking about having children, the husband is heterozygous for blindness and does not suffer from migraines and the wife has normal vision and is heterozygous for migraines. They are curious what traits their children might have and they know you are taking biology so they ask you for advice:
Since the husband is heterozygous for blindness and does not suffer from headaches what is his genotype? Bbmm
Since the wife has normal vision and is heterozygous for migraines what is her genotype? bbMm
Which of these options correctly shows the cross between these parents? Bbmm x bbMm
What will be the genotypes of the husband's gametes? Bm ; bm
What will be the genotypes of the wife's gametes? bM; bm
82
On a piece of paper set up a Punnett square with 16 boxes for the cross between the parents in the questions above. Fill in all of the boxes of the Punnett Square like they did in the video above to answers the questions below. Hint - this Punnett square does not have the standard 9/16 : 3/16 : 3/16 : 1/16 ratio.
Look carefully at the genotypes in your Punnett square, what fraction of the boxes show this couple having a child with normal vision that does not suffer from headaches? Count up the number of squares that have genotypes for this phenotype to get the answer. 4/16(1/4)
Look carefully at the genotypes in your Punnett square, what fraction of the boxes show this couple having a child with dominant blindness and migraines? Count up the number of squares that have genotypes for this phenotype to get the answer. 1/4
83
Viruses that infect bacteria that were used in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed experiments to show that DNA is the genetic material
Bacteriophages
84
The substance of inheritance; the genetic material
DNA
85
The spiral structure of a DNA molecule that is made up of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs A-T and G-C
Double helix
86
Predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (derived or “conserved” from the parent molecule) and one newly made strand
semi conservative model of replication
87
The property of the DNA double helix that the subunits run in opposite directions
Antiparallel
88
The researchers that were using a technique called X-ray crystallography to study the molecular structure of DNA
Maurice Wilkins and rosalind franklin
89
The researchers that built models of a double helix to conform to the X-rays and chemistry of DNA
Watson and crick
90
DNA CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
```
A: Nucleotide
B: hydrogen bond
C: 3' hydroxyl end
D: Phosohodiester bond
E: 5' Phosphate end
F: Adenine
G: Cytocine
H: Guanine
I: Thymine
```
91
The area where the DNA strands are separated for replication to happen
Replication bubble
92
The place where DNA replication begins
Origin of Replication
93
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
Helicases
94
Enzymes that correct “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Topoisomerases
95
Enzymes that catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
DNA Polymerases
96
Proteins that bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA
Single stranded binding proteins
97
The enzyme that fuses together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
DNA Ligase
98
Synthesizes an RNA primer to start DNA replication
Primase
99
The new strand of DNA where DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously
Leading strand
100
The new strand of DNA that is synthesized as a series of Okazaki fragments
lagging strand
101
Initiation of DNA replication
```
A: Topoisomerase
B: Helicase
C: Single stranded Binding proteins
D: Primase
E: RNA Primer
```
102
DNA Replication
```
A: Replication bubble
B: lagging strand
C: leading strand
D: DNA Polymerase III
E: Okazaki fragment
F: DNA polymerase I
G: DNA ligase
```
103
DNA repair where enzymes correct errors in base pairing
mismatch pair
104
DNA repair where a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
Nucleodide excision pair
105
Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules
Telomeres
106
The enzymes that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells
Telomerase
107
A complex of DNA and proteins like histone proteins that is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Chromatin
108
Rosalind Franklin used which of these techniques to show that DNA is composed of a two stranded helix?
x-ray crystallography
109
Which of these best describes the backbone of a DNA molecule?
a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern
110
In 1950, biochemist Erwin Chargaff discovered that the composition of DNA varies from one species to another. Chargaff also noted that
the ratio of A to T is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to C is close to 1:1
111
Which of the following best describes the outcome of semiconservative DNA replication?
each new DNA double helix consits of one old strand and one new strand
112
One strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence 5'-TGGATA-3'. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be _____.
5'-TATCCA-3'
113
During DNA replication, one strand is replicated continuously and the other strand is replicated in short fragments that must be fused together. Which of the following best explains why this difference between the replicating DNA strands occurs.
DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand.
114
What enzyme creates the RNA fragment required to start the elongation of a new DNA strand?
primase
115
During DNA replication, ______ is the enzyme responsible for separating the DNA strands.
DNA helicase
116
There is a very rare X-linked genetic disease caused by mutations in a human telomerase gene. Since the cells of people that suffer from this disease are lacking telomerase, they
experience a gradual reduction of chromosome length with each replication cycle.
117
Chromatin is formed by wrapping DNA around proteins called
histones
118
The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes 2 stages; transcription and translation
Gene expression
119
The concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA>RNA>protein
Central Dogma
120
The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA
Transcription
121
The synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA
Translation
122
Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends
RNA processing
123
The enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase
124
The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches
Promoter
125
The sequence signaling the end of transcription
Terminator
126
The stretch of DNA that is transcribed during transcription
transcription unit
127
Noncoding regions called intervening sequences in the pre-mRNA
intron
128
Coding regions in the mRNA that are connected together and expressed
exon
129
A string of adenosines (As) that are add to end of a pre-mRNA
Poly-A-tail
130
What is the complementary copy of the following DNA sequence?
5’-ATGTATGGAGAAAATGAGTGA-3’
NOT 3’-TCACTCATTTTCTCCATACAT-5’
131
Transcribe the following DNA sequence into mRNA.
The bottom strand is the template strand.
5’-ATGTATGGAGAAAATGAGTGA-3’
3’-TACATACCTCTTTTACTCACT-5’
NOT 5’-UACAUACCUCUUUUACUCACU-3’
132
# Translate the mRNA below into a protein. Begin the translation at the first base. Use the single letter code abbreviations in the genetic code diagram below for each amino acid to reveal a secret phrase.
5’-AUG UAU GGA GAA AAU GAG UGA-3’
MYGENE(STOP)
133
What is the complementary copy of the following DNA sequence?
5’-ATGTATGGAGAAAATGAGTGA-3’
5’-TCACTCATTTTCTCCATACAT-3’
134
Transcribe the following DNA sequence into mRNA.
The bottom strand is the template strand.
5’-ATGTATGGAGAAAATGAGTGA-3’
3’-TACATACCTCTTTTACTCACT-5’
5’-AUGUAUGGAGAAAAUGAGUGA-3’
135
A cell translates an mRNA message into protein with the help of a special RNA that carries an amino acid
tRNA
136
The triplet code of gene expression in DNA gene
Genetic code
137
The words of a gene that are transcribed into complementary non-overlapping three-nucleotide words of mRNA
codon
138
The RNA found in the ribosome that helps create the ribosome structure
NOTGenetic code
139
Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene that can lead to the production of an abnormal protein
point mutations
140
A short amino acid sequence found in polypeptides that are destined for the ER or for secretion
signal peptide
141
The RNA found in the ribosome that helps create the ribosome structure
rRNA
142
A short amino acid sequence found in polypeptides that are destined for the ER or for secretion
signal peptide
143
Gene expression involves the following three processes. In what order do these processes occur?
RNA processing
Translation
Transcription
3,1,2
144
In experiments with mold, mutants with changes in different genes were discovered by Tatum and Beadle. Each mutant was missing one of several enzymes in an amino acid metabolic pathway. This result specifically suggested that
genes carry information for making proteins
145
An amino acid is encoded by ___ letters in an mRNA and this short sequence is called a(n) ___.
3; codon
146
In the genetic code, the following codons specify the corresponding amino acids:
AAA = Lysine (lys)
CCC = Proline (pro)
GGG = Glycine (gly)
UUU = Phenylalanine (phe)
Which of the following sequences in the template strand of DNA would specify the peptide phe-lys-gly-pro?
5'-GGGCCCTTTAAA-3'
147
Which of the options below is the same for both DNA and RNA
both are built of nucleotide monomers
148
what is the cue for RNA polymerase to start transcription
it looks for promoter sequence
149
To process an RNA certain parts called ___ are removed and the coding parts called ____ are spliced together.
introns; exons
150
The DNA sequence in the template strand is 5'-CGA-3'. What is the sequence of nucleotides in the transcribed mRNA?
3'-GCU-5'
151
A terminator plays an important role during the synthesis of an RNA. The terminator is
a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals a stop to transcription
152
During RNA processing, what happens to a mRNA that makes it easier for ribosomes to attach to the 5' end?
a cap and tail
153
During the synthesis of a protein, the tRNAs
pairs with the mRNA and brings an amino acid for the protein.
154
Pick the option below with the stages of translation in the correct order.
initiation, codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation, termination
155
The anticodon of an incoming _____ molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA in the _____ of the ribosome.
tRNA; A site
156
If a mutation changes a codon specifying an amino acid in the middle of a gene to a stop codon it will
result in shortened polypeptide chain
157
Which of the following mutations is most likely to change just one amino acid in a protein?
a point mutation in the first letter of a codon
