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Exam3_Flashcards

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1
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Memory for specific experiences from our lives and contains both episodic and semantic

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2
Q

Example of Autobio Memory?

A

10th birthday party; Episode-image of cake and people, playing specific games, how you felt; Semantic-WHEN party occured, where you lived at the time

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3
Q

Autobiopgraphical memory is ________________

A

Multidimensional

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4
Q

Autobiographical memory consists of three components:

A

Spatial, Emotional, and Sensory

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5
Q

What 4 aspects do we remember in life?

A

Personal milestones (graduation), Highly emotional events (car wreck), Events that become significant parts of life (first date with spouse), Transition points (beg. Freshman year to end of senior year)

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6
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

Finding that people 40+ years old show enhanced memory for events that happened between age 10-30

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7
Q

Three Hypotheses for Reminiscence Bump

A

Self-Image Hypothesis, Cognitive Hypothesis, Cultural Life Script Hypothesis

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8
Q

What is the self-image hypothesis?

A

Memory is enhanced for evens that occurs as a person’s self-image/identity is being formed

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9
Q

What is the cognitive hypothesis?

A

Periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding

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10
Q

What ist the cultural life script hypothesis?

A

Culturally EXPECTED events that occur at a particular time in life span (Everyone can recall their first kiss, their graduation, proposal)

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11
Q

_______ and ______ are often intertwined

A

Emotion and Memory

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12
Q

In LaBar & Phelps (1998), the subject was able to recall _________ words rather than ________ words

A

Arousing (profanity and sexuallity explicit) & Neutral words (street, store)

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13
Q

Cahill et al (1995) showed a slide with a boy and his mom, and then the boy got hurt. What were the reactions of the control and experimental group?

A

Controls showed enhanced memory for emotional part, while B.P. (hadb brain damage in the amygdala) did not

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14
Q

Cahill et al (2003) showed emotional and neutral pics, with the stress group putting arm in ice water while no-stress gp were in warm water. What happened?

A

After one week, stress gp recalled more arousing pics; no difference in pics for no stress gp

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15
Q

Emotions can focus attention on important objects, at the cost of drawing attention _____ from other objects.

A

Away

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16
Q

Weapon focus effect

A

Focus attention of weapon during a crime–reduces memory for other aspects of the crime

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17
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Perosn’s memory for the circumstnaces surrounding shocking, highly charged events, example: JFK & MLK, Jr. assassination, 9/11

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18
Q

Brown & Kulik (1977) found that originally people were able to describe memories in rich detail after long periods, however…

A

Later research shows that flashbulb memories change over time

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19
Q

Although subjects’ report was vivid, they were often…

A

inaccurate

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20
Q

Neisser & Harsh (1992) asked subject got they’d heard about Challenger explosion within one day, and about 2.5-3 years later…

A

Right after the event, 21% said they’d heard of it on TV; After years, 45% reported they saw it on TV.

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21
Q

Flashbulb memories stayed more vivid and ___________

A

re-livable

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22
Q

What three factors affect flashbulb memory?

A

Emotion, rehearsal, and media coverage

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23
Q

What is narrative rehearsal hypothesis?

A

May remember flashbulb memory events not because of special mechanism, but because we rehearse them afterward. E.g., tv replays scenes of 9/11 months afterwards, so when recalling, you might focus more on tv coverage than what you actually experienced and heard

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24
Q

Constructive nature of memory

A

Reported memories are based on what actually happened AND additional feactors such as person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations

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25
Fredrick Bartlett (1932) "War of Ghosts" Study
Subjs were given a story, then had to recall details after it. Over time, details become less intricate and story becomes shorter
26
People tend to shorten and __________ the story, so it makes more sense.
Reorganize
27
What is source monitoring?
Process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs
28
Source monitoring shows the memory is ____________
constructive
29
What is source memory error?
Misidentifying the source of memory
30
Source memory errors are important because the mechanisms responsible for them are also involved in…
creating memories in general
31
Johnson (2006) stated that memories are made up of
Info from actual event, perceptual experience, emotions, world knowledge, and things that happened before/after event
32
Jacoby et al (1989) Becoming Famous Overnight
Subjs were given a list of non-famous names; After 24 hours, subjs mistaken some non-famous names to be FAMOUS
33
Pragmatic inferences
Process which occurs when reading a sentence leads to a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied by the sentence
34
Schema
A person's knowledge about some aspect of the environment
35
Script
Our conception of the sequence of actionsthat usually occurs during a particular experience
36
DRM Paradigm
Remembering "sleep" is a false memory because it wasn't on the list of words that related to sleep
37
Loftus & Palmer (1974) Car Accident
Showed people a filmed car accident; Later, they were asked to estimate HOW FAST one car was going when it hit the other; The key variable was the VERB in the question: "bumped," "hit," "collided," "smashed," etc.
38
The Misinformation Effect
Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event becomes incorporated into the reconstruction of an event memory.
39
The Misinformation Effect increases…
As time passes; When the ruse is more subtle; When people are emotional; When questioning children of the elderly
40
Reconsolidation Effect
Rememering causes reactivationof memory and once reactivated, becomes fragile & subject to change until reconsolidated
41
Wade at al (2002) False Memories
Showed subjs pics from family members when they were 4-8 years old. Also created a pic of a hot air balloon ride that NEVER happened; about HALF remember the balloon ride
42
Repressed memories
One reason people may believe that memories are repressed is due to misattribution of source
43
Why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony?
Jurors & judges believe that memory is accurate; U.S. 200 ppl/day become criminial defendants based on eyewitness testimony, and many of these people will be falsely incarcerated.
44
What errors are associated with perception and attention?
Wells & Bradfield (1998): subj watched security vid of gunman who was in view for 8s. Attempted to pick from lineup. EVERY sub picked someone from lineup, but the suspect was NOT even in the lineup!
45
What errors are due to familiarity?
Ticket agent at RR station was robbed. ID'd a sailor as the robbr. Thankfully sailor was able top produce an alibi. Sailor looked familiar, BUT bc he live near train station and had prveiously bought tickets. Example of source memory error--ticket agent thought source of familiarity was seeing sialor during robbery, but was really when he purchased tickets.
46
What errors are due to suggestion?
Leading questions from police can influence memory
47
What is the issue with an officer askin during a lineup, "Which one of these man did it?"
Increase the chance that someone will be identified correctly or incorrectly
48
Post-identification feedback
Increase in confidence due to confirming feedback after suspect ID
49
What are the 4 recommendations to improve eyewitness testimony?
Inform that perp might not be in lineup, use "fillers" who are similar to the suspect, use sequential presentation (compare each pic to person to you saw), use a "blind" lineup administrator and get an immediate confidence rating
50
Cognitive interview
Encourages witness to talk with no interruption and uses techniques to put wit back in the scene
51
How is semantic memory organized?
By concepts and categories
52
What is a concept? What is a category?
Concept: the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas; organized by Category: includes all possible examples of a particular concept
53
Concepts provide _____ for creating categories
Rules
54
What is the definitional approach to categorization?
Decide if an object belongs in a category based on why whether object meets the definition of the category
55
What is the family resemblance approach to categorization?
Things in a category resemble on another in a number of ways
56
Family resemblance divided into two types…
Defining (essential for ALL members) and Characteristic features (Apply to MOST members)
57
*What categorization approach do we use now?
Prototypes
58
What is a prototype?
The AVERAGE or TYPICAL MEMBER of a category
59
High typicality vs Low typicality
High: category member closely resembles the prototype; Low: category member doesn't closely resemble the prototype
60
Family resemblance: high vs low
When an item's chars have large overlap w/ chars of many other items in the category, the family resemble is HIGH; when there is little overlap w/ other category members, family resemblance is LOW
61
Within cultures, people (agree/disagree) well on prototypes
AGREE
62
*Smith et al (1974) Typicality Effect
Sentence verification effect; Results: Subj responded faster for objects that were highly protoypical
63
*Typicality Effect
Ability to judge prototypical objects more rapidly than atypical objects
64
Are prototypes judged more quickly after priming?
Yes; Rosch (1975) presented pairs of colors to subjs for speeded same-different judgments. Half the trials were primed by a color name (e.g., green); half were not. More important, half the trials presented prototypical colors (a "good" green) or non-prototypical colors. Priming sped up judgments for prototypical colors and slowed judgments for non-protoypes...
65
What is the exemplar approach?
Concept is reporesented by multiple examples (rather than a single prototype); examples are ACTUAL category members rather than averages; objects like more exemplars are classified faster
66
Exemplars vs. Prototypes
Exemplars may work best for SMALL categories; Prototypes may work best for LARGER categories
67
Are there "special" categories?
Superordinate level (Fruit); Basic level (apple); Subordinate level (Granny Smith)
68
Of all three levels, we tend to name something by…
BASIC LEVEL
69
Ability to categorize is learned from __________
EXPERIENCE
70
Hierarchical Network Model of Semantic Memory
HNM consists of nodes connected by links and arranged via cognitive economy
71
Cognitive economy
Way of storing shared properties just once at a higher-level node
72
Statements that required further travel from canary resulted in (shorter/longer) reaction times
LONGER
73
*Spreading Activation
Activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node; therefore, RT to words are faster when they are RELATED
74
Problems with HNM
Doesn't explain typicality effect, cognitive economy, AND Quicker RT despite "travelling" more links
75
What is connectionism?
Approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes
76
What are units?
Concepts and their properties are represented in the network by the pattern of activity of the units
77
Connection weights
Determine how signals sent from 1 unit either increase/decrease activity of the next unit
78
High vs Low vs Negative connection weight
High: result in strong tendency to excite the next unit; Low: result in a less excitement; Negatie: can decrease or inhibit activation of next unit
79
How are the weights determined?
A network must be TRAINED to set connection weights; Training occurs through learning; Concepts are slowly modified in response to observation and feedback
80
Activation of a unit depends on…
Signal that originates in the input units; Connection weights throughout the network; A stimulus to present to the input units is represented by a PATTERN OF ACTIVITY THAT IS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE NETWORK
81
Hierarchical models vs. Connectionist
Connectionist are more complex, have more units for each concept, more "brain-like"
82
The embodied approach
Knowledge of concepts are based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object (example: hammer)
83
Category-specific memory impairment
Loss of ability to ID 1 type of object, but retain ability to ID other types of objects
84
Fruit & Veggie Guy-Stroke Patient M.D.
After stroke, he could no longer identify fruits and vegetables. He could only recognize 60% of them.
85
Multidimensional Scaling
1) Collect SIMILARITY RATINGS for some set of objects (or ideas), 2) Use scaling algorithm to create PSYCHOLOGICAL SPACE, 3) Use psychological space to infer important DIMENSIONS
86
MDS "Face space" models
Dimensions represent variations from the typical facial features (center)
87
Attractiveness & Prototypicality
Those whose faces were most prototypical were deemed more attractive than those who weren't
88
Mental imagery vs Visual imagery
Mental: ability to create the sensory world in the absence of the physical stimuli; Visual: seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus
89
Is imagery REQUIRED for thought?
Gatton (1883) pointed out that people who had difficulty forming images could still think
90
It is easier to remember _________ nouns that you can image vs. ________ nouns that are more difficult to image
CONCRETE; ABSTRACT
91
Mental rotation: The _______ of rotation and the ______ of rotation were varied.
DEGREES; PLANES
92
Mental operations on images resemble…
PHYSICAL OPERATIONS ON OBJECTS
93
F______r objects are easier to rotate
FAMILIAR
94
People with _____ spatial ability are twice as ____ and rotate along rigid axes
LESS; SLOW
95
Who is faster and more accurate in MR, men or women?
Men
96
Mental scanning
Subj creates mental image and scans it in their mind
97
Kosslyn et al.'s (1978) Map
Subjs studies map of fake island; After memorizing the map, they were asked to imaginea speak starting at one location, moving steadily to another. Subjs took longer to scan b/w greater distances
98
Pylyshyn (1973) argued that spatial experience is an…
epiphenomenon
99
Propositional representation
Relationships can be represented by abstract symbols such as an equation or statement aka LANGUAGE
100
Mental imagery and real perception…
share common processes
101
Perception and imagery activate the ______ & _______
VISUAL CORTEX & FRONTAL LOBE
102
Patient M.G.S. and the Horse
Prior to surgery, she imagined walking up to a horse within 15 ft before it overflows her visual field; After surgery: up to 35 ft bc surgery reduced size of visual field
103
Piazza del Duomo (1978)
Resident asked to imagine looking toward the cathedral; ignored al landmarks to the imagined left side
104
R.M. Drawings
Able to recognize & draw pics of objets but not from memory
105
C.K.'s visual agnosia
Inability to recognize objects, but COULD draw objects from memory

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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