Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SAM > Examination of skin > Flashcards

Examination of skin Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Methods of examining the skin

A

Inspection
Palpation
Smelling

Pyoderma- putrid smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Additional exams

A 
Skin scraping 
Otoscopic exam of the external ear canal
Biopsy
Non-specific blood
Non-specific urine 
Specific blood 
Special
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Additional: skin scraping

A

microscopic for para
Trichogram- hair shafts
Microbiology- culture for bacteria and fungi
Cytology after staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Additional non-specific blood

A

Blood count

Biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Additional specific blood

A

Hormones

Function tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Additional special

A 
IDST
Allergen specific IgE conc 
Coombs test
IF
Histopath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hair coat/ fur: Hair follicle.. 2 things to be discussed

A

Cycle

Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hair follicle cycle: 2 types of hairs

A

Primary: guard hairs, sebaceous and sweat glands and musculus arrector pili
Secondary: undercoat hairs and sebaceous gland
Ratio is 1:5-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hair follicle cycle.. stages

A

Anagen: active growing
Katagen: transitional- “self killer keratinocytes”
Telogen: resting- hair retained in follicle as “dead hair shaft”
Exogen: shedding, new hair shaft starts to grow

Seasonal or random shedding- dog and cat random but peak in spring and autumn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the hair follicle cycle regulated by

A 
Photoperiod 
Ambient temp
Nutrition
Hormones 
General state of health
Genetics 
Intrinsic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hair follicle cycle: disorders

A

Follicular atrophy– alterations in cycle

Follicular dysplasia– alterations in hair follicle structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 Types of sweat glands

A 
Appocrin= epitrichial
Eccrin= atrichial, merocrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apocrin= epitrichial sweat glands

A

Plentiful at mucocutaneous junctions, interdigital area and on dorsum
NOT on foot pads or nasal plane
Produce pheromones and IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eccrin= atrichial, merocrin glands

A

ONLY on foot pads-but in horse are everywhere

“Normal sweating”- water, salts, EFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exam of the fur/hair coat

A 
Density
Colour 
Gloss
Closure- how the coat fits together with the skin
Occurrence of loose hair i.e "pullability"-usually mild force needed
Stiffness
Localisation of abnormalities 
External parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exam of the fur/hair coat: density

A 
Loss of hair 
Lack of hair= alopecia 
Hypotrichiosis
Hypertrichiosis- hormonal
Primary: endocrine, follicular dysplagia 
Secondary: trauma- constant licking, chronic inflamm
Localised vs generalised 
Single vs multiple 
Continuous vs circumscribed 
Hereditary vs congenital vs acquired
Symmetrical vs asymmetrical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Skin- condition- 12 things

A 
Superficial layer- epidermis
Haemorrhages 
Odour
Temp
Moisture
Greasiness
Thickness 
Elasticity
Sensitivity
Ectoparasites
Skin lesions 
Skin swellings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Skin condition: thickness

A

Dogs: 0.5-5.0mm
Cats: 0.4-2.0mm

Thickest on dorsum, forehead, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, rump and base of the tail

Thinnest on pinnae, axillary, inguinal and perianal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skin conditions: skin swellings

A

Oedema
Emphysema
Haematoma
Tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Skin swellings: oedema

A

Oedema infiltration: phlegmone, abscess- usually infection

Oedema stagnationis: cold, impression lasts for a while- cardiac issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Skin swellings: tumour

A 
Localization
Number 
Size
Temp
Pain
Consistency
Percussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary skin lesions

A 
Macules
Patch
Papules
Plaques 
Nodules
Tuber
Tumour 
Wheals 
Angiodema 
Vesicles 
Bullae
Cysts 
Pustules 
Abscess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary skin lesion: Macule

A 
Not elevated, differs in colour due to melanin or local haemorrhage 
patechia- pinpoint 
purpura- bleeding into skin
vibex- line-form
ecchymosis, suffusion> 1cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary skin lesion: Patch

A

Larger macule, usually vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Primary skin lesion: Papules
Small solid elevation Infiltration of tissue or inflamm cells Erythematous papules- scabies, FAD
26
Primary skin lesion: Plaques
Flat-topped elevation- extension of papules | e.g in cat- eosinophil granuloma subtype
27
Primary skin lesion: nodules
Circumscribed solid elevation usually greater than 1cm | Usually extends into deeper layers of the skin
28
Primary skin lesion: Tumour (also classified under skin swellings)
Can involve any structure of the skin or subcut tissue Origin usually neoplastic or granulomatous Examples are fibroma, mastocytoma, melanoma and lipoma
29
Primary skin lesion: Wheals
Urticarial raised- usually consisting of edema Hypersensitivity type 1 reaction e.g urticaria, insect bites
30
Primary skin lesion: Angiodema
On distensable region e.g eyes or lips | Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
31
Primary skin lesion: Vesicles
Circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with fluid, upt to 1cm Can be intraepidermal or subepidermal Causes: viral, autoimmune, irritants *Shar pei- skin contains more mucin- idipathic vesicles can be present
32
Primary skin lesion: Bullae
Vesicles that are greater than 1cm | seen in pemphigus vulgaris
33
Primary skin lesion: cysts
Adnexal Epithelium lined cavity, can contain fluid or solid material Smooth and well-circumscribed
34
Primary skin lesion: pustules
Small, circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with pus Origin: can be intra, subepidermal or follicular Usually Ne-- infectious If Eo- this indiacted allergy Green- gram negative/ toxicity
35
Primary skin lesion: Abscess
Demarcated fluctuant lesion | Dermal or subcut accumulation of pus
36
Secondary skin lesions
Evolve from primary or Trauma Medications
37
Secondary skin lesions: Lichenification
``` Thickening and hardening of epidermis Areas of friction Usually hyperpigmented Crusted plaques- bacterial involvement Sometimes Malassezia (yeast) can be found e.g chronic atopic derm ```
38
Secondary skin lesions: Epidermal collarette
Circular rim of loose keratin flakes/ peeling keratin Remnants of primary skin lesions e.g vesicle or hyperkeratosis e.g Ringworm lesion
39
Secondary skin lesions : Scar (cicatrix)
When fibrous tissue replaces the damaged tissue Remnants of trauma, lesions Usually alopecic, atrophic and depigmented
40
Secondary skin lesions: Excoriation
``` Result of scratching, biting or rubbing Loss of superficial dermal layers Self produced (usually from pruritis) Invite secondary bacterial infection Recognisable by their linear pattern ```
41
Secondary skin lesions: erosion
Superficial | Does not penetrate the basal laminar zone
42
Secondary skin lesions: ulcer
Break in the continuity of the epidermis Exposes underlying dermis Note the structure of the edge- fibrotic, necrotic etc Firmness of depth Any exudate Scar after healing e.g indolent ulcer
43
Both primary and secondary skin lesions
``` Alopecia Scale/ Squamae Crust Follicular casts Comedons Abnormal pigmentation Hypopigmentation Leukoderma Leukotrichia Hyperpigmentation Melanotrichia ```
44
Alopecia
Loss of hair, can be partial or complete Primary: enocrine or follicular dysplasia Secondary: trauma or inflamm
45
Scale/ Squamous-
accumulation of cornified cells from stratum corneum- loss in larger "flakes"
46
Crust
Dried exudate, serum, pus, blood, cells adhere to the surface Primary: Zn responsive dermatosis Secondary: scabies Brown/red: haemorrhagic crust in pyoderma
47
Follicular casts
Accumulation of keratin and follicular material Primary- vit A responsive dermatoses Secondary- mange
48
Comedons
Dilated hair follicle with cornified cells and sebaceous material Primary: initial lesion of feline acne Secondary: seborrhic skin disease- greasy
49
Abnormal pigmentation
Melanin!!!
50
Hypopigmentation
Loss of epidermal melanin Primary: vitiligo like disease Secondary: post inflamm change
51
Leukoderma
Is the general term for white skin
52
Leuotrichia-
Lack of pigment in hair
53
Hyperpigmentation
Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin Melanophages found in superficial dermis Primary: endocrine, diffuse Secondary: post inflammation
54
Melanotrichia
Excess pigment in hair
55
What are the cutaneous appendages
Claws and nails
56
How do we examine claws
``` Shape length colour temp painfulness consistency tenderness ```
57
Onychomadesis
Complete loss of claw
58
Onychorrhexis
crumbling of claws
59
Examining the external ear canal
Head position Position of the external ear Shape Skin of ear pinnae and external ear canal Pain and sensitivity of the base of the ear Ototscopy of skin inside and cerumen- look for pus, ear mites fb etc Lab- cytology and microbioolgy
60
Other things to examine when discussing skin
Planum nasale Foot pads Perianal and circumanal glands Paraproctal glands

SAM (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions