Examining Earth's Surface

Question 1

Solar System

Answer 1

One sun, eight planets

Question 2

First four

Answer 2

Rocky terrestrial (small and solid)

Question 3

Last four

Answer 3

Gas Giants (Large)

Question 4

What is shift red?

Answer 4

Light moving away from you (extended lightwave)

Question 5

What is shift blue?

Answer 5

Light moving towards you (compressed lightwave)

Question 6

What is the singularity?

Answer 6

• 14 billion years (by or gy) how old the universe

- Time and space didn’t exist

Question 7

What happened right after singularity?

Answer 7

• 1 minute
• 1 billion Kelvin
• Hydrogen and Helium nuclei
• Electrons can’t form at this rate

Question 8

How long did electrons from after singularity?

Answer 8

10 million years

Question 9

What is accretion?

Answer 9

collect and accumulate material to create more mass to form stars and planets

Question 10

How old is the earth?

Answer 10

4.5 billion years or gy

Question 11

What did the earth first look like?

Answer 11

Molten

Question 12

What happened when earth broken apart?

Answer 12

The moon form from the gravity of the earth

Question 13

What happened to the heavier elements processes?

Answer 13

They sunk (differentation)

Question 14

What is the composition of the whole earth?

Answer 14

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, and magnesium

Question 15

What are the layers of the Earth?

Answer 15

Lithosphere, mantle, core

Question 16

What are the layers of the lithosphere?

Answer 16

Crust and asthenosphere (2.2-2.6 g/cm3)

Question 17

What are the layers of the core?

Answer 17

Inner and outer

Question 18

What is the different crust layers?

Answer 18

Continental (thickness 20-40 k) (lightness 2g/cm3)

Oceanic (thickness 5-10k) (heavier 2.5g/cm3)

Question 19

What is the mantle density?

Answer 19

3.5-5.5g/cm3
82% of earths
flows over the long peirods of time (15cm/year)
Convection happens when heat moves up from the inner core

Question 20

What is asthenosphere?

Answer 20

where the mantle where rock becomes doft enough to flow (between lithsphere and mantel)

Question 21

What is the core density?

Answer 21

Outer core (9-12.2 g/cm3)
Inner core (12.6-13 g/cm3)

Question 22

Outer core

Answer 22

Liquid

4,300 kelvin

Question 23

Inner core

Answer 23

“solid”
iron and nickle
1216km
5700 kelvin

Question 24

Atmosphere

Answer 24

Gas layer
N and O
Earth’s mass keeps gas in

Question 25

Ocean crust

Answer 25

dense 3g/cm3 thinner 7-10 km Fe and Mg

Question 26

Divergent

Answer 26

moving apart ridge (rift valley) young rocks at the center valley

Question 27

Subduction

Answer 27

only oceanic crust are down-going plate

Question 28

movement of tectonic plates

Answer 28

motion equal earthquakes

Question 29

what is the break point called

Answer 29

focus

Question 30

what is the straight up wave point on the surface

Answer 30

epicenter

Question 31

Elastic deformation

Answer 31

where it bends but goes back to normal shape

Question 32

Brittle deformation

Answer 32

where it snaps back to normal shape but in pieces

Question 33

stick ship friction

Answer 33

build up stress and then moves for a short distance

Question 34

p wave

Answer 34

primary wave a few minutes after the shock - compression waves (travel through liquid and solid) - always faster wave

Question 35

s wave

Answer 35

shear wave longer after shock | - shear wave (only travel through solids)

Question 36

Body waves

Answer 36

p and s waves through the lithosphere

Question 37

surface waves

Answer 37

love and Rayleigh wave | feel and most damage

Question 38

love waves

Answer 38

side to side

Question 39

Rayleigh waves

Answer 39

rolling waves

Question 40

Normal fault

Answer 40

``` tension wall divergent thinner foot wall (up) head/hanging wall (down) ```

Question 41

Reverse fault

Answer 41

``` compression convergent thicker foot wall (down) head/hanging wall (up) 60ish degree angle (steep) ```

Question 42

Thrust fault

Answer 42

``` compression convergent thicker foot wall (down) head/hanging wall (up) 30ish degree angle (shallow) ```

Question 43

Strike slip fault

Answer 43

no vertical slippage Shear transformed

Question 44

left lateral

Answer 44

the fault slips to the left

Question 45

right lateral

Answer 45

the fault slips to the right

Question 46

Intensity

Answer 46

``` damage human perspective - cost - damage buildings - deaths closer to the epicenter (more intense) mercalli scale (social economic factors) ```

Question 47

magnitude

Answer 47

Seismic moment magnitude | - energy released from faults will always be the same no matter where you are on the earth

Question 48

What are the different types of magnitude levels

Answer 48

divergent 1-3 sometimes 4 seduction 1-9.5 mainly thrust compression 1-7 Transformed 1-4

Question 49

Earthquake hazards

Answer 49

- primary: ground motion and disruption of the ground surface * split buildings * disrupt roads * open fissure or a fault scrap - secondary: indirect damage due to processes caused by the earthquakes * fire * landslides * liquefaction * tsunami * disease

Question 50

wind waves

Answer 50

- 100 m - several tens to hundreds of meters - wave height and wavelength maximum several tens of km per hour - waves break in shallow waters and expend all stored energy

Question 51

Tsunami waves

Answer 51

- influences the entire water depth - wavelengths of several tens to hundreds of km - wave height and wavelength unrelated to wind speed - velocity maximum several hundreds of km per hour - raised plateau that pours onto the land with no dissipation - 15-20 minutes after waves pull back