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Geology > Format of the earth > Flashcards

Format of the earth Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Deep time

A

Earth’s entire history

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2
Q

Catastrophism

A

the view of the hypothesis that major features of earth or major earth events are the results of catastrophic events
- meter crater
-

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3
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The view or hypothesis that the earth’s features and history are derived from slow and continuous features

  • gradual passive span
  • Grand Canyon
  • The present is key to the past
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4
Q

Quantitative

A

means by number

- 25 years old

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5
Q

Qualitative

A

not using numbers

- I am younger than my mom

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6
Q

Geochronology

A

The study of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments using signatures inherent to the rocks themselves

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7
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the layering of rocks in earth’s history

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8
Q

Cross-cutting relationships

A

the order of events depends on how many layers it cuts through or breaks apart

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9
Q

Inclusion

A

Igneous intrusions of stills squeeze between layers causing the rocks to jump years in age

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10
Q

Fossil succession

A

90% of the living materials on earth have already passed away; this helps give a timeline of how old the rocks are.

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11
Q

Unconformities

A

missing time

  • uneven surface
  • the change in the angles of the rocks( angular unconformities)
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12
Q

Nonconformities

A

Igneous or metamorphic rocks under sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

Stratigraphic correlation

A

Find rocks the correlated from one side to the other and which layers have disappeared over time.

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14
Q

Geological map

A

helps identify which rocks formed in certain areas

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15
Q

Quantitative (radiometric dating)

A

collecting samples to give estimates of age chemically (Igneous)

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16
Q

half-lives

A

the probability of how fast it will decay

- how long it takes 1/2 parents to forms into daughter

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17
Q

Other dating techniques

A
  • tree rings
  • fish growth ring through ears
  • magnetic poll
  • ## fission traces
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18
Q

how do we get the age of the earth?

A

By dating rocks

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19
Q

How much water is on the earth

A

75%

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20
Q

Water is important to keep the average tempature

A
  • earth with water 67 degrees F 24/7

- earth without water 253 degrees F day and -387 degrees F at night

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21
Q

Diversity of landscapes

A

water flow helps shapes the land

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22
Q

How can life as we know it survive?

A

water is the bases of all known living organisms

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23
Q

What drives the hydro-logical cycle?

A 
the sun helps with evaporation
condensation
precipitation
Transpiration
surface runoff infiltration
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24
Q

Surface water includes

A
  • biosphere
  • soil moisture
  • surface fresh water
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25
Stream and rivers
concentrated flow of water in channels
26
Runoff
sheet-like flow over the land surface
27
stream-flow
- drinking - irrigation - Industrial use - Transportation - Recreation - Aesthetics - Energy
28
sheet flow
a large blanket of water on the surface mainly moving due to gravity to a flat surface
29
Water shed
defined from high points to lower points
30
Channelization
preferred path ways tend to be deeper and steeper (water moves faster)
31
Tributaries
a tree like structure that leads to a trunk stream (which is a stream or river)
32
Drainage basin (water shed)
- land areas draining into a trunk stream or body of water | - Ridges and peaks separate drainage basins
33
Drainage basin (water shed)
- land areas draining into a trunk stream or body of water | - Ridges and peaks separate drainage basins
34
Drainage Divides
- watersheds exist at multiple scales - large watersheds contain many smaller watersheds - Continental divide separate drainage that flow to different water bodies
35
Drainage networks
- Dendrite (branching or tree-like) - Common in regions of uniform materials - Radial draining in all direction away from a point - found at the perimeter of a high region of feature - rectangular (channels aligned primarily in two directions) - common in gently sloped areas of orthogonality jointed rocks - Trellis (trunks streams flow through resistant rocks, tributaries flow between ridges - common where surface alternates between erodible and resistant materials
36
Perennial
all the time - humid or temperate climate (sufficient rainfall and lower evaporation) - at or below water table
37
Ephemeral
when rain and snow hits the area - dry climates (low rainfall and high evaporation) - above the water table
38
Hyporheic zone
- water in zone moves in the same direction as stream | - travels at a lower velocity than stream water
39
water on the ground
- average channel with and depth - channel gradient - Average water velocity - Discharge - sediment load
40
Discharge (Q)
the volume of water passing at a point per unit per sec Q=V*A V= velocity A= area
41
Wetted perimeter
the amount of water touching the rocks
42
Thalweg
the deepest part of the river also the fastest part of the river - larger grains move
43
Rivers rely on energy
``` flowing water is from mass and gravity potential energy (PE) to kinetic energy (KE) ```
44
Gradient
another name for slope (rise/run)
45
Erosion Processes
- scouring (water picks up and moves sediment) | - breaking and lifting (rapidly moving water)
46
Alluvial sediment
general term form sediment deposited by moving water
47
Fluvial sediment
sediment on or deposited by a river system
48
Longitudinal changes
- near source ( gradient is steep, Discharge is low, sediment are course, channels are often straight) - near the sink (gradient is flat, discharge is high, sedimentation are fine, channels curve and twist)
49
Base level
- ultimate base level is sea level - streams cannot erode below sea level - a lake is a local or temporary base level - resistant rock on the river bottom may define the local base level - changes in sea level, or tectonic uplift or subsidence, will change base level
50
Valleys
are v shaped
51
Canyons
are vertical shaped
52
Braided stream
multiple threads of streams | high sediments and quick erosions
53
Meandering streams
loop around like a snake higher vegetation and higher rain fall become more curved during time
54
Groundwater
water contained under the grounds in the spaces of cracks in the rocks
55
Hydrogeology
study of ground water
56
Infiltration
when it rains the water seeps into the ground it gets stored in aquifers
57
Porosity
a measure o flow much of a rock is open space. This space can be between grains or within cracks or cavities of the rocks (space open)
58
Permeability
A measure of the ease with which a fluid (water in this case) can move through a porous rocks (Connection between the pore spaces)
59
What effects the groundwater usage
sorting ( how much water we can get in the porosity) cementation (tightly cemented together means less water) anisotrapy (prefer to a line in one direction)
60
Aquifer
sediment or rock that transmits water easily
61
Aquitard
sediment or rock that hinders water flow
62
Levels in aquifer may very
depends on climate and topography
63
hydraulic head
varies on water pressure
64
Rechargre area
- flow is directed downward | - commonly found in topographic uplands
65
discharge area
- flow is directed upward | - usually observed in topographic low
66
Darcy's law
an equation that predicts the volume of water passing through an area of an aquifer at an given time (Q=KiA)
67
ground water moves very slow
feet/year feet/ decade slower than plate tectonics
68
local
shallow flow over short times and distances
69
Intermediate
flow of moderate depth, time, and distance

Geology (6 decks)

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