EXAMMM Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
What was Hamilton
A
A Federalist
2
Q
What was Jefferson
A
A Democratic Republican
3
Q
Hamilton’s views on the national bank
A
Yes - necessary and proper. Loose construction
4
Q
Jefferson’s views on the national bank
A
No - not in constitution. Strict Construction
5
Q
Hamilton’s views on the economy
A
Industry
6
Q
Jefferson’s views on the economy
A
Farming
7
Q
Hamilton’s views on federalism
A
Strong Federal Power
8
Q
Jefferson’s views on federalism
A
Strong State Power
9
Q
Whiskey Rebellion
A
Farmers in Pennsylvania were angry about high taxes on Whiskey; GW led troops to show government was in control and stopped the rebellion
10
Q
GW’s Farewell Address advice
A
- Stay neutral in regards to foreign wars
- Do not split into political parties
11
Q
Alien and Sedition Acts
A
Passes by Federalists during John Adams’ presidency to silence DR; Alien Act targeted immigrants; Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government in print which violated the 1st amendment
12
Q
Alien Act in the Alien and Sedition Acts
A
Alien Act targeted immigrants
13
Q
Sedition Act in the Alien and Sedition Acts
A
Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government in print which violated the 1st amendment
14
Q
Marbury vs. Madison
A
JUDICIAL REVIEW - SC declared a law unconstitutional - John Marshall was the Chief Justice on this case
15
Q
Chief Justice on Marbury vs. Madison
A
John Marshall
16
Q
Louisiana Purchase-
Constitutional Concerns
A
Jefferson had a strict view on Constitution. He was unaware if he had the right to purchase the Territory because the power was not stated in the constitution
17
Q
Louisiana Purchase-
Details of Acquisition
A
U.S. bought it from France in 1803 for 15 million (3 cents an acre); France’s leader, Napoleon, was willing to sell it because he needed quick money to pay for his war with Britain
18
Q
Louisiana Purchase-
Geographic Area
A
Land west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; included the city of New Orleans (which was an important port); explored by Lewis and Clark with the help of Sacajawea
19
Q
How much was the Louisiana Purchase
A
15 million, 3 cents an acre
20
Q
When did they purchase the Louisiana Purchase
A
1803
21
Q
War of 1812-
Who fought?
A
U.S. vs. British
22
Q
War of 1812-
Causes
A
I- impressment of US sailors by the British
S- Ships were being attacked
S- Supplying NA in NW Territory
23
Q
Effects
A
W- Weakened Native resistance making it easier for US settlers to expand west
I- Industry increased (as a result of naval blockade in the Atlantic
N- Nationalism/patriotism increased - US stood up against the British and held its own
24
Q
Monroe Doctrine
A
Issued by President Monroe. Told European countries that the Western Hemisphere was closed for future conization; U.S. became protector of North and South Americas
25
What did the Monroe Doctrine make the U.S.
Protector of the North and South Americas
26
Missouri Compromise
Written by Henry Clay to maintain the balance of free and slave states in congress; Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state; also banned slavery North of the 36 30 latitude
27
Who was the creator of the Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay
28
Where did the Missouri Compromise ban slavery?
Above the 36 30 latitude line
29
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Supreme Court ruled federal government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce (trade between states); gave more power to the federal government. Also a John Marshall case
30
McCulloch vs. Maryland
CAN'T TAX YOUR DAD CASE. Supreme Court ruled a state can't tax its branch of the national bank; upheld federal authority over states (John Marshall case)
31
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney; allowed cotton to be cleaned at a much quicker pace; resulted in an increase in the planting of cotton which led to a larger demand for slave labor
32
Telegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse; allowed people to communicate over long distances; increase national unity
33
Steamboat
Robert Fulton; allowed much quicker travel (including upstream); increased national unity
34
Steel Plow
John Deere; resulted in more efficient farming
35
Jackson's presidency
Jacksonian Democracy - idea of spreading political power to the "common man" - most states no longer required property ownership to vote (did still have to be a white man).
36
Who were President Jackson's supporters
He was supported by farmers and factory workers
37
What did the election of 1828 show
Put an end to the idea that the government should be run by an educated elite
38
Democratic Party
Jackson lost the election of 1824 for JQA (which blamed the "corrupt bargain") the Era of Good Feelings was over and the Democratic Republican Party was split. Jackson's supporters became known as the Democrats
39
Who formed the Whig Party
Formed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents
40
Whig Party
Formed by opposition to Jackson. Were against the concentration of power in the chief executive (felt Jackson had too much power)
41
Jackson deals with National Bank
Vetoed renewal of charter. Said it was unconstitutional.
42
What did Jackson do to the national bank?
Tried to run bank out of business - withdrew govt. money and put it into state banks. National bank went out of business, which was a victory for Jackson and his supporters but this contributed to a bad economic future
43
Jackson deal with SupCourt
Jackson said national bank was unconstitutional even though SupCourt already has upheld it in the case of McCulloch v Maryland. He also refused to enforce SupCourt's ruling in Worcester v Georgia
44
Spoil System
Giving government jobs to political backers (Jackson was criticized for doing this)
45
Trail of Tears
Forced Journey of the Cherokee from georgia to the Indian Territory; thousands dies on this harsh march
46
Worcester v. Georgia
SupCourt ruled only govt. could deal with Indian Nations so Georgia state laws were invalid.
47
Jackson's response to Worcester v. Georgia ruling
Jackson's response was "John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it"
48
What did Congress eventually inforce after Worcester v. Georgia
Eventually Congress would enforce the Indian Removal Act and Cherokees would be forced to leave
49
Inflation
Increase in prices decrease in value of money
50
Tariff of Abominations
1828 tariff raised price of imported goods. Southerners were angry because they sold cotton for low prices and had to pay high prices for imported manufactured goods due to their trade agreements with European nations (cotton for credit). Southerners felt Northeast was controlling national policy when it came to economics.
51
When was the Tariff of Abominations
1828
52
Southern response to Tariff of Abominations
South Carolina threatened seccession
53
John C. Calhoun and Tariff of Abominations
VP from SC and proposed way for SC to stay in the Union. - Doctrine of Nullification
54
What is the Doctrine of Nullification
Made by VP John C. Calhoun. Said states have right to void a federal law with its borders. Nullification is an extreme form of states' rights
55
Webster-Hayne Debate
Debate over doctrine of states' rights/nullification. Centered on whether or not a state has the right to reject a nation law.
56
Daniel Webster
Senator for Mass. argued against nullification. Said Union is made up of people not states
57
Robert Hayne
Senator from SC, argued for nullification
58
James K. Polk
President during Mexican American War; After Tx was annexed, he sent troops to disputed border area of the Rio Grande; when troops were ambushed by Mexican soldiers, Polk asked Congress to declare war again Mexico
59
Manifest Destiny
Commonly held belief that westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean was not only good but inevitable
60
Who first used the term Manifest Destiny
Journalist John O'Sullivan
61
Acquisition of Oregon Territory
U.S. and GB split it at the 49th parallel
62
54 40 or fight
U.S. fight over Oregon Territory - split at 49th parallel
63
Mexican Cession
Large area received by U.S. after Mexican War
64
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Treaty that ended Mexican War - gave U.S. Mexican Cession
65
What treaty gave U.S. Mexican Cession
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
66
Gadsden Purchase
Bought from Mexico to build transcontinental railroad - completed continental U.S.
67
California Gold Rush
Gold found in CA, thousands immigrated (many Chinese)
68
What happened to CA after the gold rush
It had a large enough population it could apply for statehood in 1850
69
What is a 49ner?
A miner who went to CA in 1849 to search for gold
70
Themes of U.S. art and literature in the 1830s and 1840s
Shift in American art, literature, and philosophy. Artists like the Hudson River School began to depict nature and the U.S. landscape (westward movement). In literature, writers began to celebrate the history of America, writing about its past. American slang and spellings began to be used.
71
Transcendentalism
New philosophy that the spiritual words is more important than the material word and people can find truth through themselves through feeling and intuition.
72
Founders of transcensentalism
Authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote about transcendentalism
73
What did Thoreau write about?
Importance of individual conscience. Urged people to not obey laws they consider unjust. But no violence in protest, just peace. Called civil disobedience.
74
What did Thoreau do
Practiced civil disobedience by refusing to pay taxes that supported the U.S. government's allowance of slavery in war with Mexico. He was jailed for a short period of time
75
Abolition
Movement to end slavery. By 1804 most northern states had outlawed it and congress outlawed the importation of African slaves in 1807. Abolitions began to demand an end to slavery in the south
76
When did congress outlaw the importation of slaves?
1807
77
Frederick Douglass
Former slave who became famous for speeches against slavery. Autobiography became bestseller and a landmark achievement in the fight against slavery.
78
Sojourner Truth
Former slave who drew crowds in north from her anti slavery speeches
79
William Lloyd Garrison
White northerner who published an antislavery newspaper called the liberator
80
81
Former slave who drew crowds in north from their anti slavery speeches
Sojourner Truth
82
Former slave who became famous for speeches against slavery. Autobiography became bestseller and a landmark achievement in the fight against slavery.
Frederick Douglass
83
White northerner who published an antislavery newspaper called the liberator
William Lloyd Garrison
84
Underground Railroad
Series of escape routes to help slaves to freedom. Runaways traveled by night and hid by day. Helped by abolitionists
85
Harriet Tubman
Conductor on Underground Railroad. Led 19 journeys to help slaves reach their freedom
86
Seneca Falls Convention
First women's right convention in America. Called for legal and political rights. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrecia Mott and held in Seneca Falls NY
87
4 Reform movements
1. Temperance
2. Education
3. Workers' Rights
4. Mentally Ill
88
Conductor on Underground Railroad. Led 19 journeys to help slaves reach their freedom
Harriet Tubman
89
Who organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrecia Mott
90
Temperance
Limit or ban drinking of alcohol
91
Education
Led to more public high schools but still limited opportunities for women and African Americans. Leader was Horace Mann
92
Who was the leader of the education movement
Horace Mann
93
Workers Righters
Began to form unions to demand higher wages and better conditions
94
Mentally Ill
Wanted mentally ill removed from prisons and put in hospitals. Caused hospitals to be built. Leader was Dorthea Dix
95
Leader of mentally ill movement
Dorthea Dix
96
Northern Eonomy
- Manufacturing and commerce
- North underwent industrialization (close to ports and rivers which needed factories)
- Also had a willing labor force fueled by increase of immigrants
- Construction of canals, roads, and rail lines in the North and contributed to growth of Northern industrialization
97
YOU GOT THIS
:)
98
Southern Economy
Agriculture/plantation farming. Warm climate and fertile soil.
99
Invention of cotton gin on southern economy
Cotton produce and demand for slavery increased
100
Compromise of 1850 (4)
Congressional agreement -
1. CA enter as free
2. No slave trade in D.C.
3. No laws would be passed banning slavery in lands gained during Mexican War
4. Fugitive Slave Act would be passed in order to help slave owners capture runaways
101
Fugitive Slave Act
Law that helped slave owners capture runaways. Passes as part of the Compromise of 1850 in order to please south
102
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Law written by Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 that said slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in territory. Law overturned MC of 1820 which banned slavery in those areas
103
Who wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Stephen A. Douglas in 1854
104
Bleeding Kansas
Nickname of Kansas during 1850 as fighting broke out between pro and anti slavery people as they tried to make government. Fighting turned violent as hundreds were killed in 3 years
105
John Brown
Radical abolitionist who involved in murder of 5 people in Kansas. Brown eventually attempted to capture federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry VA. During raid Brown taken into custody. Found guilty by def govt and executed which caused outrage in North
106
Opinions on execution of John Brown
North - BOOO
South - YAY
107
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
Scott - slave taken into territory which banned slavery. Sued for freedom upon death of owner. SC ruled against him stating slaves are property and 5th amendment protects property rights.
108
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Debates between AL and SAD for Illinois senate seat in 1858
109
AL position on slavery in AL-SAD debates
Would not ban slavery where it already existed but slavery should not spread
110
SAD position on slavery in AL-SAD debates
Slavery should be decided by popular sovereignty
111
Presidential election of 1860
Slavery was dominant issue during election. Rep. candidate AL won election
112
Southern response to 1860 election
South fear AL outlawing slavery, SC seceded after election. Form confederate states of America
113
Lincolns 1st inaugural address
Stated no enemies but friends. wanted to preserve the Union. Still did not intend to abolish slavery. Said they would not invade south
114
Fort Sumter
U.S. federal fort in SC. AL said he would re-supply fort. Confederates open fired on fort before supplies arrived and def troops forced to surrender. First shots of the civil war.
115
North strategy
Anaconda plan - "squeeze" southern economy - naval blockade of South coastline which would prevent Southern imports and exports and take control of Miss. R which would cut confederacy in two
116
Southern strategy
stay on defense and "cotton diplomacy" - withhold cotton from Europe until they join as allies (didn't work)
117
Northern advantages (5)
1. Over double the population
2. 85% of the factories
3. Double railroad lines
4. Most naval power and shipyeards
5. AL as leader
118
South advantages (3)
1. Excellent generals, like Robert E. Lee
2. Advantage of fighting defensive war - knew territory and had access to supplies
3. Motivation to fight
119
Ironclads and minie balls and their effects
Minie balls contributed to high casualty rate and rifles could shoot farther with more accuracy. Ironclads were warships covered with iron
120
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by AL to free slaves in rebellion states
121
What did AL erdge slaves to do after the EP
- flee their plantation
- work for wages
- join Union army
122
What did the EP do to the focus of the war
Shifted it to abolition slavery
123
Why was the EP constitutional
Issued it as a military act of war to weaken south
124
Conscription
required military service
125
How AL handled Northern opposition
AL had war protestors arrested and held in jail without formal charges of a crime (suspended the writ of habeas corpus) this act was viewed by his critics as unconstitutional
126
How north financed the war
Issued greenback and started income tax
127
Antietam
"Bloodiest Day In U.S. History" - most casualties in a single day of combat. Battle fought in Maryland - first time Lee invaded North. Union gen. George McClellan was fired for not pursuing the retreating confederates at the end of the battle
128
Antietam Union gen. Info
George McClellan was fired for not pursuing the retreating confederates at the end of the battle
129
Gettysburg
Occurred in Penn. the second time Lee invaded. North won after 3 days after the "Pickett's Charge" by confederates. Turning point in war after Lee lost 1/3 of army
130
"Bloodiest Day In U.S. History"
Antietam
131
Gettysburg Address
Speech made by AL to dedicate battle field as cemetery
132
Gettysburg Address - What is at stake in the war?
Can a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality survive
133
William T. Sherman
Union Gen. that was responsible for carrying out total war in the deep south
134
Total War
William T. Sherman led toal war - destroying all things that might aid the enemy like railroad lines, crops, and burning and looting towns
135
Robert E. Lee
Commander of Confederate troops, fought for army to defend home state of VA
136
Jefferson Davis
Confederate States of America president
137
Ulysses S. Grant
Union Gen. in west - responsible for trying to secure the Miss. R and surrounding areas. Promoted to general over all Union troops after Vicksburg Miss.
138
Appomattox Court house VA
Location where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865
139
Reconstruction
Process the fed. govt. used to readmit the Confederate States to the Union from 1865 -1877
140
When was reconstruction
1865 -1877
141
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Passed by Radical Republicans over Johnson's veto. Divided South into 5 military districts. Southern states had to approve new states constitution the gave the right to vote to all men and ratify the 14th amendment to be let back into the Union
142
President Andrew Johnson
President after AL - was impeached in 1868 for violation the Tenure on Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval, was found not guilty in his trial so he was not removed from office
143
Radical Republicans
extreme abolitionists who wanted fed govt to take action in southern politics and society. Wanted political equality for all citizens. "Slavery is not over until the black man has the right to vote"
144
13th amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States
145
14th amendment
Granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S.
146
15h amendment
Said voting rights could not be denied on race
147
Free Citizens Vote
13, 14, 15
148
How did the south get around the 15th amendment?
Poll taxes and literacy tests
149
POTUS Ulysses S. Grant
President after Andrew Johnson - urged congress to pass anti-KKK bill.
150
What happen to POTUS Ulysses S. Grant's advisers
Charged with corruption which split republican party.
151
What happened after POTUS Ulysses S. Grant split with financial panic in 1873?
Weakened Republican party and reconstruction efforts
152
KKK
Secret organization with goal to restore dem. power in south and keep former slaves powerless. Attacked AA, beat people, burned homes, and killing some (lynching). Also tried to keep rep. away from polls so dem. could regain political power in south
153
Financial panic of...
1873
154
Jim Crow Laws
Law that allowed for segregation in public places in south
155
What's segregation?
forced separation of whites and blacks
156
End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877 - Contested presidential election in 1876 left answer up to commission of legislators. Rutherford B. Hayes, rep. was name president
157
Who won election of 1876?
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
158
Terms of Compromise of 1877
1. All federal troops removed from south
2. Federal government would give funding for internal improvements (railroad, etc.) in the south
3. Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet
159
Sharcropping
Agriculture that left most sharecroppers in a cycle of debt because farms were forced to use credit buy supplies.
160
Freedmen's Bureau
Created to assist former slaver including the establishment of schools in South
161
Hiram Rhodes Revels
First African American to serve in the U.S. congress
162
First African American to serve in the U.S. congress
Hiram Rhodes Revels
