EXAMS 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Brain abnormalities can be related to:
A
more than 2,000 disorders.
2
Q
All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the:
A
peripheral nervous system
3
Q
- Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?
A
the spinal cord
4
Q
- The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called:
A
the brainstem
5
Q
The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:
A
Edmond Jacobson
6
Q
- “Behavior consists of patterns in time” is a definition of behavior expounded by:
A
Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
7
Q
Patterns in time can be made up of:
A
C) both movements and thinking.
8
Q
- Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors, whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors.
A
inherited; learned
9
Q
Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones. If we trim the beak, the behavior disappears. This example illustrates:
A
fixed behavior.
10
Q
- The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n):
A
inherited response.
11
Q
Which statement is the MOST accurate?
A
B) Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
12
Q
The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by:
A
Aristotle.
13
Q
Mentalism is:
A
the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
14
Q
The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness
A
mind
15
Q
- The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from:
A
René Descartes.
16
Q
According to the philosophy of dualism:
A
the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
17
Q
Subsequent research indicated that the pineal body was responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior.
A
biological rhythms
18
Q
The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called:
A
the mind-body problem.
19
Q
Descartes’s followers would argue that
A
young children do not have minds
20
Q
The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as:
A
materialism.
21
Q
The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:
A
both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
22
Q
The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as:
A
natural selection.
23
Q
- Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that:
A
humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
24
Q
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by:
A
Gregor Mendel
25
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as:
epigenetics.
26
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats and monkeys because:
if all animals are related then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
27
Inherited behavior:
includes emotional expressions in humans.
28
Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year, how many recover consciousness?
20 percent
29
A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:
in a minimally conscious state
30
In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient's behavior.
deep brain stimulation
31
The first humanlike brain evolved
6 million years ago
32
The first brain evolved approximately:
250 million years ago
33
Humans are of the order ____ and the family_____.
primates; great apes
34
Which sequences is correct?
phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
35
The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is
taxonomy
36
Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees—all belong to the same:
order
37
Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same:
class
38
Insects have
enough ganglia to be called a brain
39
The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:
sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog
40
Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called
chordates.
41
Humans are unique in that they have the
largest brain to body size ratio of any living animal
42
42. More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as:
bilateral symmetry
43
A notochord is a
longitudinal flexible rod in the back.
44
Chordates are any organisms that have:
a brain and a spinal cord
45
The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is:
nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain.
46
46. Other than humans, which chordate has the largest forebrain?
birds
47
Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in which chordate species?
both primates and dolphins
48
48. The primate order contains approximately:
275 species.
49
49. Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately:
5–10 million years ago
50
50. Humans are most closely related to:
chimpanzees.
51
51. The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was:
Australopithecus
52
52. The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:
B) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.
53
The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately:
2 million years old
54
54. Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?
B) Neanderthals
55
Tools are associated with:
All of the answers are correct.
56
Modern humans appeared approximately:
200,000 years ago.
57
57. Homo sapiens coexisted with:
Neanderthals
58
Which sequences is correct?
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
59
Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with:
Neanderthals
60
The idea that species exhibiting more complex behaviors will possess relatively larger brains is summed up by:
A) the principle of proper mass.
61
The encephalization quotient is determined by:
relating actual brain size to expected brain size.
62
62. Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to modern humans?
Dolphin
63
63. Which has the largest encephalization quotient?
Dolphin
64
64. The human cerebellum contains about ____ as many neurons as the cerebrum.
four times
65
Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain, most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant's:
cerebellum
66
66. Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.
drier
67
Dunbar proposed that group sizes of _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.
about 150
68
Vegetation eaters have:
smaller brains than fruit eaters
69
Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it:
All of the answers are correct.
70
Fruit-eating primates:
forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain.
71
Howler monkeys have smaller brains than equally sized spider monkeys. This is thought to stem from the fact that
howler monkeys eat less fruit than spider monkeys.
72
You have discovered a new breed of monkey in the jungles of South America. The diet of these monkeys appears to consist mainly of fruit. Based on what you know about evolution and other fruit-eating monkeys, which statement is likely to apply to this newly discovered breed of monkey?
All of the answers are correct
73
73. How much of the body's resources does the brain use?
20 percent
74
Humans are classed as:
fruit eaters.
75
75. _____ allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging.
Cooking food
76
76. The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to:
cooling of the brain by blood flow.
77
Compared with Australopithecus skulls, human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass. This would have led to:
both better brain cooling and increased brain size.
78
Stedman and colleagues argue that size reductions in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to:
changes in diet.
79
Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates:
neoteny.
80
One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows:
A) time for more brain cells to be produced.
81
Brain size is correlated with:
All of the answers are correct
82
If one person has a brain weighing 1000 grams and another has a brain weighing 1500 grams, the difference most likely reflects:
body size.
83
83. A behavior that is typical of all members of a species is called:
species-typical behavior.
84
84. Which of the following is NOT correlated with brain size?
Intelligence
85
You and your grandfather both take the same intelligence test and you score almost 20 points higher! This is an example of the _____ and it is likely due to _____.
Flynn effect; differences in education and/or life experiences
86
Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing:
differences in species-typical behaviors.
87
Studies of the brains of very intelligent people (e.g., Albert Einstein) have revealed that intelligent people's brains:
have no size relation to intelligence
88
88. _____ is the complex learned behaviors passed on from one generation to another.
Culture
89
The acquisition of culture by humans stems most directly from:
A) an evolved ability for high mental flexibility.
90
The first artistic relics were made by modern humans approximately:
30,000 years ago.
91
Reading and writing were invented approximately
7000 years ago.
92
_____ are ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread from person to person in a culture and can be influenced by brain structure.
Memes
93
According to Mesoudi, language, music, mathematics, and art may have spread through cultures by way of:
memes.
94
The cerebellum contains _____ of all the neurons in the adult human brain.
80%
95
2. Neural agenesis refers to:
the failure of a structure to develop
96
3. If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present?
No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain
97
4. Phenotypic plasticity refers to:
A) how an organism's genotype can be influenced by environmental factors.
98
The CNS includes the _____, whereas the PNS includes the _____.
spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
99
The somatic nervous system includes the _____, whereas the autonomic nervous system includes the _____.
D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
100
The subdivision of the nervous system that controls the gut is called the:
enteric nervous system
101
The term afferent refers to _____ signals.
incoming
102
Efferent is to afferent as:
motor is to sensory.
103
Afferent is to efferent as:
in is to out.
104
Moving from superficial layers to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found?
dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater
105
Brain nomenclature can be very confusing. This is because:
All of the answers are correct.
106
Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain are_____:
dorsal.
107
The ventral portion of a structure is sometimes called:
inferior
108
Rostral is to caudal as:
anterior is to posterior.
109
Coronal section is to horizontal section as:
frontal view is to dorsal view.
110
What best characterizes the composition of cerebrospinal fluid?
sodium chloride and other salts
111
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between:
the arachnoid layer and pia mater.
112
The functions of the temporal lobes lie mainly in:
hearing, language, and music
113
Following a brain injury Greg has difficulty in understanding language and music. He is most likely to have suffered damage to his:
temporal lobe.
114
The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling:
decision making.
115
Following a brain injury Suzanne experiences difficulty with problem solving and decision making. She is most likely to have suffered an injury to her:
frontal lobe.
116
The parietal lobes primarily control:
sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.
117
Following a recent stroke Jim experiences difficulty with directing movements toward objects. The stroke is most likely to have occurred in his:
parietal lobe.
118
The occipital lobes are responsible for:
visual processing.
119
During a recent car accident Allison suffered a brain injury that left her blind even though her eyes are working fine. She is most likely to have suffered damage to her:
occipital lobe.
120
Sulci are:
the cracks between the bumps on the brain.
121
Gyri are:
bumps on the surface of the cortex.
122
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with meningitis?
aggressiveness
123
Sulcus is to gyrus as:
crack is to bump.
124
The symptoms of the "sleeping sickness" that arose during World War I are caused by lesions to the:
substantia nigra.
125
Which of the following arteries does NOT act as a major supplier to the cerebrum?
superior
126
The artery that provides blood to the lateral, temporal, and frontal lobes is the _____ cerebral artery.
middle
127
The artery that provides blood to the occipital lobes is the _____ cerebral artery.
posterior
128
A disruption of the blood supply to a brain region causes:
a stroke
129
36. _____ is mainly composed of cell bodies and capillaries.
Gray matter
130
_____ is(are) mainly composed of nerve fibers with fatty coverings.
White matter
131
CSF is made in
the ventricles.
132
The large cavities inside the brain are known as:
ventricles and are filled with CSF.
133
What is the most unlikely function of CSF?
aiding cell transmission in the brain
134
Ischemic stroke is caused by:
a clot.
135
A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by:
a ruptured blood vessel.
136
43. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is effective for treating:
ischemic stroke
137
When observing a sagittal brain section at the midline, what is the prominent feature composed of white matter?
corpus callosum
138
45. Cutting the brain from front to back will give:
a sagittal view.
139
According to Descartes, the seat of the mind was located in the:
pineal gland.
140
The role of glial cells is primarily:
to modulate the activity of neurons
141
48. CNS is to PNS as:
tract is to nerve.
142
49. The prosencephalon is sometimes referred to as:
D) the front brain.
143
In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the
telencephalon.
144
In the human brain the mesencephalon contains:
tectum and tegmentum.
145
The thalamus and hypothalamus are considered part of the:
diencephalon.
146
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the metencephalon?
the medulla
147
Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain?
the tegmentum
148
Awakening from sleep is a function of:
D) the reticular formation.
149
The reticular formation is primarily made up of:
gray matter and white matter.
150
The primary function of the cerebellum is:
control of movement
151
Orienting responses (e.g., turning your head to locate the source of a sound) are controlled by:
the superior and inferior colliculi.
152
The red nucleus, substantia nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter are parts of the:
tegmentum.
153
Regulation of breathing and the cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by:
the medulla.
154
What are the functions of the superior and inferior colliculi respectively?
visual and auditory
155
Which of the following is part of the tegmentum?
the substantia nigra
156
The hypothalamus is NOT primarily involved in:
sensory input.
157
Sexual behavior is a primary function of:
the hypothalamus.
158
The _____ acts as a sensory relay station for signals arriving from sensory receptors that are being sent to the cortex.
pons
159
Thalamus is to hypothalamus as:
sensory input is to body maintenance.
160
The lateral geniculate nucleus deals with:
vision.
161
The primary function of the thalamus is:
transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.
162
Which of the following is NOT part of the forebrain?
the tectum
163
The basal ganglia primarily controls:
voluntary movement.
164
Cognition is usually attributed to:
the neocortex.
165
Deficits in processing basic visual information (e.g., luminance) are caused by damage to the:
occipital lobe
166
A person who has trouble locating the source of stimulation on the skin most likely has damage to the:
parietal lobe.
167
Trouble recognizing sounds is most commonly associated with damage to the
temporal lobe.
168
Following a brain injury Steven has trouble organizing himself and has difficulty formulating plans to accomplish goals. Steven is most likely to have damaged his:
frontal lobe.
169
Six layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter would describe:
the neocortex.
170
Cortical regions:
have different specific chemical characteristics.
171
Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
V and VI
172
Integrative functions are processed by layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
I to III
173
Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
IV
174
Memory and emotion are processed by the:
limbic system.
175
The caudate nucleus and the putamen are part of the:
basal ganglia.
176
Parkinson disease and Tourette syndrome are neurological diseases associated with the:
basal ganglia.
177
The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of the:
limbic system.
178
The hippocampus and the cingulate cortex participate in performing _____ functions.
D) memory
179
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the limbic system?
putamen
180
Removal of the amygdala in cats leads to:
emotional changes.
181
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.
8
182
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck travel through:
the cranial nerves.
183
Sensory and motor signals to the arms are sent through _____ sections of the spinal cord.
cervical
184
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to _____ sections of the spinal cord.
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to _____ sections of the spinal cord.
185
Dermatomes are associated with the:
spinal nervous system.
186
The law of Bell and Magendie states that the:
dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor.
187
Motor output from the spinal cord travels via the:
ventral spinal cord.
188
Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via the:
dorsal spinal cord.
189
Increases in heart rate and inhibition of digestion are controlled by the:
sympathetic nervous system.
190
The _____ nervous system works to help us "rest and digest," whereas the _____ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
191
The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary components of the:
the parasympathetic nervous system.
192
The _____ contains a sheet of neurons lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon.
enteric nervous system (ENS)
193
Language control is usually situated in the:
left hemisphere.
194
The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the _____ side of the body.
contralateral
195
Spatial navigation is controlled by _____ of the brain.
C) the right hemisphere
196
The brain appears to have:
a combination of serial and parallel systems.
197
The notion of segregation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system was postulated by:
François Magendie and David Bell.
198
Memory seems to be located:
throughout the brain.
199
Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition account for symptoms in:
both Tourette syndrome and Parkinson disease.
200
1. ______ is the technique that allows researchers to label different neurons by highlighting them with distinct colors.
Brainbow
201
The Golgi stain made use of ______ to stain neurons so they could be viewed under a microscope.
silver nitrate
202
Based on their observations of stained neurons, Golgi put forward the ______ hypothesis, whereas Cajal proposed the ______ hypothesis.
nerve net; neuron
203
In the central nervous system there are approximately:
100 / 86 billion neurons.
204
Neurons:
have only one axon.
205
The ______ is the core region of the cell that contains the nucleus
soma
206
______ are branches extending out of a neuron's cell membrane that allow it to collect information
Dendrites
207
______ are single fibers that carry messages to other neurons.
Axons
208
Which of the following is not part of a neuron's function?
production of myelin
209
The action potential typically originates at the:
axon hillock
210
The junction of the axon and the soma of a neuron is called:
the axon hillock
211
The part of the axon that conveys information to other neurons is the:
terminal button.
212
Which of the following defines a synapse?
end foot, space, dendrite
213
What is the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?
dendrite, nucleus, axon hillock, axon
214
What is the best analogy for a neuron?
a multi-input computational device with one output wire
215
_____ carry information from receptors to the brain.
Sensory neurons
216
______ and _____ cells are examples of different types of interneurons
All of the answers are correct.
217
____ are also called association cells because they link up sensory and motor neurons.
Interneurons
218
______ are known for having the largest cell bodies and the longest axons.
Motor neurons
219
______ are a special type of interneuron found in the cerebellum.
Purkinje cells
220
The simplest neuron is a(n):
bipolar neuron.
221
Which of the following is not characteristic of a pyramidal cell?
one set of dendrites
222
Interneurons:
are involved in processing sensory information and sending information to the motor neurons.
223
Stellate cells are:
interneurons.
224
Which of the following is not an interneuron?
Schwann cell
225
Glial cells are primarily responsible for:
the support of neurons
226
______ act as "glue" that helps bind neurons together
Glia
227
According to the text, which of the following statements is correct?
Both some new neurons and many new glial cells are formed throughout life.
228
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
ependymal cells
229
Ependymal cells are associated with:
the production of CSF.
230
Hydrocephalus is usually caused by blockage at:
the fourth ventricle.
231
______ are glial cells that have nutritive and supportive functions.
Astrocytes
232
Brain tumors often result from the unregulated growth of:
glial cells.
233
______ are tumors that begin in one part of the body and spread to another part of the body.
Metastatic tumors
234
The blood-brain barrier is made up of ______ attached to neurons and blood vessels.
astrocytes
235
Chris has been feeling very ill lately. He has had a severe headache for a week now and has been vomiting, has had trouble concentrating, and has started losing some of his vision. This morning he had a seizure. You tell Chris he should go to the hospital immediately because he probably has:
a brain tumor.
236
The fluid in which the cell's internal structures are suspended is called:
intracellular fluid
237
Astroglia are not associated with:
removal of dead tissue.
238
Which glial cells operate as part of the brain's immune system?
microglia
239
Phagocytosis, or the breakdown of any foreign tissue or dead brain cells, is carried out by:
microglial cells.
240
Microglia originate in:
the blood.
241
Greg accidentally cuts his fingertip with a knife. The next day he notices that his fingertip seems numb to the touch. Greg is very concerned about this, but you tell him not to worry because:
nerves in the PNS regenerate thanks to Schwann cells.
242
______ help generate myelin in the CNS, whereas ______ help generate myelin in the PNS.
Oligodendroglial cells; Schwann cells
243
Myelin is produced by which of the following cells?
oligodendroglia and Schwann cells
244
Myelin around axons:
speeds up transmission of information
245
Multiple sclerosis symptoms are caused by
loss of myelin on axons.
246
Melissa, a 23-year-old female living in Alaska, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm and leg for a few weeks. Today when she woke up she realized that she could barely move her right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because:
she may have multiple sclerosis.
247
Which of the following statements is correct?
In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells serve as guideposts to show axons where to terminate when regeneration occurs.
248
Which three elements constitute more than 90 percent of a cell?
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
249
The smallest quantity of an element that retains the properties of an element is a(n):
atom.
250
______ is a structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy.
The mitochondrion
251
The ______ contain(s) the chromosomes and genes of a cell
nucleus
252
The place where protein packages are wrapped and shipped in a cell is called:
Golgi body.
253
Mitochondria and lysosomes are analogous to:
power and transportation.
254
______ are involved in transporting molecules and help give the cell its shape
Tubules
255
Cell wastes are handled by:
lysosomes.
256
The cell membrane is important because:
it controls the amount of water in the cell and regulates the concentration of salts on two sides
257
The ______ help(s) regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside of the neuron.
cell membrane
258
All of the cells in our body are made from a book of blueprints contained in:
chromosomes of each individual cell.
259
The code for the synthesis of proteins is contained in:
genes.
260
Membranes of a cell are made of special molecules called:
phospholipids.
261
DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases. Which one of the following is not a nucleotide base?
histamine
262
Human cells contain:
46 chromosomes.
263
Which of the following sequences is correct?
chromosomes, genes, proteins, enzymes
264
A chain of amino acids forms a:
protein
265
Proteins are assembled in:
endoplasmic reticulum.
266
Which of the following is part of the cells' membranes?
endoplasmic reticulum
267
A series of amino acids is called a:
polypeptide chain.
268
Humans require _______ amino acids for the synthesis of proteins
20
269
Any one neuron may use as many as _____ protein molecules.
10,000
270
Golgi bodies package ______ and ship them to other parts of the neuron via ______.
proteins; microtubules
271
Golgi bodies essentially act as ______ for neurons.
an internal postal service
272
An analogous term for receptor is:
keyhole.
273
Protein molecules can:
All of the answers are correct.
274
Membrane channels are made up of:
proteins.
275
Some membrane channels can selectively allow in one type of ion (e.g., K+) but not others. The ability to restrict the passage of only certain ions largely depends on:
the size and shape of the channel.
276
Humans have approximately:
20,000 genes.
277
Expressed genetic traits of an individual are referred to as their:
phenotype.
278
The gene that is most common in a population is called a:
wild-type gene.
279
The ______ chromosome pair determines our sexual characteristics.
twenty-third
280
______ is a term that means having two different alleles for the same trait
Heterozygous
281
________, caused by a genetic mutation, can help prevent malaria.
Sickle-cell anemia
282
In ______, an allele's own trait and that of the other allele in the gene pair are expressed completely.
codominance
283
A child who has seizures, blindness, and degenerating motor and mental ability and who dies at an early age most likely has:
Tay-Sachs disease.
284
Since the mutation that leads to Tay-Sachs disease is recessive, the probability that a child of two parents who both carry the recessive Tay-Sachs allele will later develop Tay-Sachs disease is:
25 percent.
285
Because the gene that leads to Huntington's disease is dominant, a child who has one parent with Huntington's disease has a _____ chance of developing the disorder.
50 percent
286
Huntington's chorea leads to the death of cells in the:
basal ganglia and cortex.
287
A patient who, previous to death, showed abnormal involuntary movements and loss of memory most likely suffered from:
Huntington's disease.
288
Ashley, a 36-year-old female, has recently had trouble controlling the movement of her arms. For example, sometimes her arms will flail about as if they are reaching for something even though she does not want them to. She has also started having memory problems and changes in her personality. Her father had similar symptoms in his thirties but died before he turned 40. You tell Ashley to go to the doctor because she might have:
Huntington's disease.
289
Down syndrome is caused by (an) extra ______ chromosome(s)
twenty-first
290
Characteristic facial features, short stature, heart defects, and mental retardation are signs of:
Down syndrome.
291
The simplest way to select for specific genetic traits in animals (e.g., dogs) is through the use of:
selective breeding.
292
One genetic technique that could be used to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the original genetic donor is:
cloning
293
Transgenic animals are:
produced by adding a gene to the genome.
294
If you are interested in testing the role that a specific gene plays in a disorder, you can eliminate the gene and observe the effects using:
knockout technology.
295
If you want to study the role of a specific gene on a particular behavior, you could take the gene from one species and insert it into the genome of another species. This is referred to as:
knock-in technology.
296
Chimeric animals are the result of
combining genes from two different species.
297
The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is explained by:
phenotypic plasticity.
298
______ is the study of how the environment can influence the expression of different genes.
Epigenetics
299
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms can influence the expression of a particular gene?
ribosome modification
300
The simplest way to select for specific genetic traits in animals (e.g., dogs) is through the use of:
selective breeding.
301
One genetic technique that could be used to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the original genetic donor is:
cloning.
302
Transgenic animals are:
produced by adding a gene to the genome.
303
If you are interested in testing the role that a specific gene plays in a disorder, you can eliminate the gene and observe the effects using:
knockout technology.
304
If you want to study the role of a specific gene on a particular behavior, you could take the gene from one species and insert it into the genome of another species. This is referred to as:
knock-in technology.
305
Chimeric animals are the result of:
combining genes from two different species.
306
The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is explained by:
phenotypic plasticity.
307
______ is the study of how the environment can influence the expression of different genes.
Epigenetics
308
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms can influence the expression of a particular gene?
ribosome modification
