EXAMS 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Erica is an 18-year-old in her first year of university. One day while she was watching a video in class, Erica started to hear what she thought was music playing. Suddenly, she began shaking in her seat and fell to the floor. After the incident ended, one of her classmates helped her to the campus medical center, where she was later diagnosed as having:
A
epilepsy
2
Q
Approximately ______ people have a seizure at some point in their lifetime
A
1 in 20
3
Q
The three symptoms that are common to many forms of epilepsy are:
A
an aura, abnormal movements, and loss of consciousness.
4
Q
René Descartes believed that ______ carried signals through the nervous system.
A
cerebrospinal fluid
5
Q
The technique of electrical stimulation was first discovered by:
A
Luigi Galvani.
6
Q
Electricity is a flow of electrons from a body that contains a higher charge (more electrons) to a body that has a lower charge (fewer electrons). The body containing the higher electrical charge is called a:
A
negative pole.
7
Q
Another term for volts is:
A
electrical potential between two poles.
8
Q
In a now-famous experiment Fritsch and Hitzig discovered that electrical stimulation of the neocortex led to:
A
movements.
9
Q
Roberts Bartholow is remembered for being the first person to stimulate the brain(s) of a:
A
human.
10
Q
When Richard Caton first measured fluctuations on a voltmeter from electrodes placed on the scalp of a human subject, he was recording what we now call:
A
the electroencephalogram.
11
Q
An electroencephalogram, or EEG, can theoretically be recorded by:
A
a voltmeter.
12
Q
Measuring the speed of information flow in a nerve was first performed by:
A
Hermann von Helmholtz.
13
Q
Neurons in most animals, including humans, are approximately:
A
1 to 20 thousandths of a millimeter in diameter.
14
Q
Because the giant axons of the squid are nearly ______ in diameter, they were used to record electrical activity in neurons for the first time
A
1 millimeter
15
Q
Microelectrodes can:
A
All of the answers are correct.
16
Q
The ability to record from single neurons was made possible by the invention of:
A
both the oscilloscope and the microelectrode.
17
Q
The patch technique involves:
A
placing the tip of the microelectrode in an axon and applying some back suction.
18
Q
In order to measure the voltage across the cell membrane you would normally:
A
place one electrode on the outer surface of an axon’s membrane and another inside the axon and measure the voltage difference.
19
Q
When a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, it is an example of a(n):
A
concentration gradient.
20
Q
The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called:
A
diffusion.
21
Q
The notion that opposites attract is an analogy that best describes:
A
a voltage gradient.
22
Q
If a small amount of dye is placed in a beaker of water, it will flow away from the initial point of contact. The ensuing process illustrates:
A
diffusion.
23
Q
Channels in the cell membrane are formed by:
A
protein molecules
24
Q
Which of the following is not involved in producing the resting potential?
A
calcium ions
25
The resting potential:
can vary from -40 mV to -90 mV between species.
26
A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -73 mV is called:
hyperpolarization.
27
When the neuron is at rest, ______ channels are normally closed, whereas ______ is free to enter and leave the cell.
Na+; K+
28
Which of the following is not true?
The membrane has a sodium-potassium pump that removes potassium from inside the cell and replaces it with sodium.
29
Large protein anions are:
manufactured within a neuron.
30
There are approximately ______ K+ ions inside the cell membrane compared to outside the cell.
20 times more
31
The negative charge inside of the cell membrane is largely a product of the presence of:
negatively charged protein anions.
32
Small voltage fluctuations in the cell membrane that occur near the vicinity of the axon are called:
graded potentials.
33
The sodium-potassium pump:
continuously exchanges three intracellular Na+ for two extracellular K+
34
A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -65 mV is called:
depolarization.
35
The use of tetrodotoxin (puffer fish poison) surrounding an axon demonstrates:
the role of sodium channels in depolarization.
36
Tetraethylammonium (TEA):
blocks potassium channels.
37
You and a friend are visiting Japan and are eating at an authentic sushi restaurant. The sushi chef brings you some samples of puffer fish and within a few minutes both of you and your friend begin feeling extremely weak, to the point where your muscles will not contract and you are no longer able to think clearly. You ask the sushi chef to call an ambulance because:
you may have ingested tetrodotoxin, which is a sodium channel blocker.
38
An action potential is:
a large, brief reversal in the polarity of a membrane.
39
The voltage of a neural membrane that is sufficient to cause an action potential is approximately ______ and is referred to as a(n) ______.
-50 mV; threshold potential
40
During an action potential:
the voltage of the cell membrane goes to about +30 mV and then drops to -70 mV.
41
The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the ______ and the ______.
inflow of sodium; outflow of potassium
42
Na+ and K+ channels on axons are mainly:
voltage dependent
43
______ channels are more sensitive than ______ channels, so they open first during the action potential.
Sodium; potassium
44
Sodium channels close when the membrane potential reaches approximately:
+30 mV
45
Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are active:
when the threshold voltage of the cell is reached.
46
A cell cannot produce an action potential:
during the absolute refractory period.
47
During the ______ it is more difficult, but not impossible, for another action potential to be initiated.
relative refractory period
48
Refractory periods are due to:
voltage-sensitive sodium and potassium channels.
49
The repolarization of the neuronal membrane is largely due to the:
opening of potassium channels, allowing the outflow of potassium.
50
Nerve impulse describes:
the movement of an action potential along the axon.
51
The propagation of the nerve impulse is:
All of the answers are correct.
52
Because of refractory periods, the maximum firing rate of a neuron is approximately:
200 impulses per second.
53
An action potential usually goes only in one direction in an axon because:
the refractory periods force the impulse to go in one direction.
54
The speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by:
myelin.
55
Saltatory conduction is aided by ______ located at ______.
sodium and potassium channels; nodes of Ranvier
56
Saltatory conduction refers to:
action potentials jumping from one node to the next
57
On larger myelinated axons, nerve impulses can reach speeds of up to _______ meters per second.
120
58
A brief depolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it more likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called:
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
59
A brief hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called:
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
60
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are recorded:
in the cell body.
61
Myasthenia gravis is:
an autoimmune disease.
62
______ is often accompanied by drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, and general fatigue.
Myasthenia gravis
63
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with:
the opening of potassium channels, allowing the outflow of potassium
64
EPSPs are associated with:
the opening of sodium channels, allowing the influx of sodium.
65
In order for an EPSP to cause another action potential, the stimulation must reach the _______, which is(are) rich in voltage-sensitive ion channels.
axon hillock
66
Stimulation producing two EPSPs in quick succession illustrates:
temporal summation.
67
Simultaneous stimulation at two different locations on a cell membrane that lead to an EPSP are an example of:
spatial summation.
68
Spatial summation is more likely to occur
when the two impulses are close together on the membrane.
69
Action potentials originate in the:
axon hillock.
70
EPSPs on the distant dendrite's tree:
are less likely to have a dynamic effect than those close to the axon hillock.
71
Dendrites can receive:
both excitatory and inhibitory input.
72
EPSPs and IPSPs are first received by:
dendrites.
73
The ______ acts in a way similar to a democracy in that it "counts votes" from incoming EPSPs and IPSPs, and if there is enough excitation, an action potential will fire.
axon hillock
74
_____ is the term used to denote reverse movement of the action potential into the dendrites.
Back propagation.
75
______ combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue.
Optogenetics
76
Research on optogenetics and light-sensitive ion channels has discovered that channelrhodopsin-2 can be used to ______ neurons and halorhodopsin can be used to ______ neurons.
depolarize; hyperpolarize
77
Stretch-sensitive channels are typically found on the dendrites of:
sensory neurons.
78
Dendrites of touch-sensitive neurons are activated by:
stretching open Na+ channels.
79
An end plate is found on:
a muscle membrane.
80
The muscle end plate is activated by the neurotransmitter:
acetylcholine.
81
Alex is 53 years old and has had weakness in his throat and chest for a few months. Now he is also starting to have general weakness in his arms and legs. The weakness in his legs has gotten so bad that yesterday he fell down when walking across his living room. Alex appears to be showing early signs of:
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
82
Lou Gehrig's disease is also known as:
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
83
The neurotransmitter-sensitive ion channels on muscle end plates differ from other ion channels in that:
K+ and Na+ enter and leave through the same channels.
84
______ is a disease that has been linked with the death of ______.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; spinal motor neurons
85
______ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate, whereas ______ speeds it up.
Acetylcholine; norepinephrine
86
Acetylcholine helps ______ muscle contraction in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whereas it acts to ______ muscle contraction in the central nervous system (CNS).
inhibit; excite
87
______ can also act as neurotransmitters
Hormones
88
Chemicals released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect are called:
neurotransmitters.
89
_____ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control.
Parkinson's disease
90
Parkinson's disease is linked with the loss of ______ neurons in the midbrain.
dopamine
91
The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n):
electron microscope.
92
______ contain the neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicles
93
Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the study of synaptic morphology. The resolution of an electron microscope is much greater than that of a light microscope because:
smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves.
94
A synaptic cleft is the space between:
an axon terminal and a dendrite.
95
______ contribute to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters or by cleaning up excess neurotransmitters
Glial cells
96
The contents of a synaptic vesicle include:
neurotransmitters.
97
Axon terminals are found on the ______ whereas dendritic spines are found on the ______.
presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane
98
Neurons in which the ion channels from one cell connect directly with ion channels on another cell are called:
Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct.
99
______ store several vesicles containing neurotransmitters
Storage granules
100
Which of the following would not be found at the axon terminal?
axon hillock
101
Electrical synapses:
are relatively rare in mammals.
102
Compared with chemical synapses, electrical synapses:
transmit messages faster.
103
There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the mammalian nervous system because chemical synapses:
allow better control of messages passed between neurons.
104
Precursor chemicals that form the building blocks for neurotransmitters are absorbed from the:
blood.
105
Protein molecules that pump substances across a membrane are called:
transporters.
106
Neurotransmitters are produced in the:
cell body and presynaptic terminals.
107
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission are primarily found on the:
presynaptic membrane.
108
. In order for neurotransmitters to be released, ______ must enter the terminal button.
Ca2+
109
Immediately before neurotransmission, calcium ions entering the presynaptic membrane bind to:
calmodulin
110
Ultimately Ca2+ serves to aid neural transmission by:
causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
111
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via:
exocytosis.
112
Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order?
action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter
113
When a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a transmitter-activated receptor, which of the following may occur in the postsynaptic cell?
All of the answers are correct.
114
Receptors on the presynaptic side that may be influenced by neurotransmitters are called:
autoreceptors.
115
For an action potential to be elicited:
multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.
116
The number of quanta released from the presynaptic membrane is influenced by:
both the amount of Ca2+ that enters and the number of vesicles docked on the presynaptic side.
117
How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?
All of the answers are correct.
118
_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic side for reuse.
Reuptake
119
_____ is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation whereby the neurotransmitter simply leaves the synaptic cleft.
Diffusion
120
______ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes.
Degradation
121
Reuptake is accomplished by:
transporter proteins.
122
Transmitters are usually released in the blood via:
axosecretory synapses.
123
______ synapses send signals from one dendrite to another dendrite.
Dendodendritic
124
____ synapses send signals from an axon to a dendrite.
Axodendritic
125
_____ synapses send signals from one axon to another axon.
Axoaxonic
126
_____ synapses are terminals that have no specific target.
Axoextracellular
127
______ synapses send signals from an axon to a cell body.
Axosomatic
128
When an axon terminal synapses on another axon terminal, it is called:
an axosynaptic synapse.
129
Gap junctions are:
All of the answers are correct.
130
Type II synapses are _____, whereas Type I synapses are_____.
inhibitory, excitatory
131
Which of the following best characterizes Type I and/or Type II synapses?
Type I synapses are excitatory and have round synaptic vesicles.
132
Type I synapses are found on the ______, while Type II synapses are found on the ______.
spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron; neuron cell body
133
The active zone on Type I synapses is ______ when compared with the active zone on Type II synapses.
larger
134
Which of the following statements regarding Type I and/or Type II synapses is not correct?
Type II synapses have a larger active zones than Type I synapses.
135
Which of the following criteria are used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter?
I. The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron.
II. When the neuron is active, the chemical is released and produces a response.
III. Injection of the chemical mimics the effects of neuronal stimulation. IV. Mechanisms exist for the removal of the chemical.
All of the answers are correct.
136
A chemical that has not yet met all the conditions that constitute a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n):
putative neurotransmitter.
137
A Renshaw loop consists of:
an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron.
138
Which of the following is not a classification type of neurotransmitter?
nucleic acid
139
Which of the following is not part of the amine subtype of small-molecule neurotransmitters?
glycine
140
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetate and choline by:
choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).
141
The rate by which dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can be synthesized is controlled by a rate-limiting factor that is linked to the availability of:
tyrosine hydroxylase
142
The rate-limiting factor of dopamine synthesis can be bypassed through the administration of:
L-dopa.
143
Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?
dopamine
144
Acetylcholine is deactivated through:
enzymatic degradation.
145
Which is the correct sequence of amine neurotransmitters?
tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
146
______ plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal.
Serotonin
147
Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule?
glutamate and GABA
148
In the mammalian brain ______ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.
GABA; glutamate
149
What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
glycine
150
In the nervous system, peptides play a role in:
regulating feeding and drinking behavior, hormonal functions, and pain and pleasure regulation.
151
Met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin are endogenous neuropeptides whose function is mimicked by:
both opium and morphine.
152
In the popular movie Awakenings, ______ was used to treat patients with a rare movement disorder that followed a severe influenza outbreak in the 1920s.
L-dopa
153
Unlike small-molecule neurotransmitters, peptide transmitters:
do not bind directly to ion channels, but they indirectly influence cell structure and function.
154
____ are a class of neurotransmitters that can act as hormones for fertility, childbirth, and lactation
Peptides
155
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas neurotransmitter that:
dilates blood vessels in active areas.
156
Ionotropic receptors:
Ionotropic receptors:
157
Ionotropic receptors consist of:
both a binding site and a pore.
158
The opening of an ionotropic receptor can directly influence the movement of ______ ions across the neuronal membrane.
All of the answers are correct.
159
Metabotropic receptors consist of:
a single membrane-spanning protein.
160
Which of the following terms is not associated with metabotropic receptors?
All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.
161
A second-messenger system can:
All of the answers are correct.
162
What chemicals are the first messenger?
neurotransmitters
163
Neurotransmitters are identified by which of the following criteria?
synthesis, release, and receptor activation
164
Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter for:
all skeletal motor synapses.
165
All neurons leaving the spinal cord have:
acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
166
______ activates the sympathetic nervous system, whereas ______ activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
Norepinephrine; acetylcholine
167
Which of the following is not one of the activating systems in the CNS?
glutamate
168
Which of the following activating system-cell body location pairs is not correct?
Serotonin, ventral tegmentum
169
Acetylcholine has been related to:
Alzheimer's disease.
170
Dopamine may be related to:
schizophrenia.
171
Mania has been related to:
Mania has been related to:
172
Serotonin has been related to:
depression.
173
Habituation is the result of:
excitatory postsynaptic potentials being smaller.
174
The neural basis of habituation:
involves calcium ion influx decrease.
175
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with:
an increased response to stimuli.
176
The neural basis of sensitization:
involves an increase in calcium ion influx and takes place in potassium channels.
177
Repeated stimulation may cause:
sensitization, habitation, and associative behaviors.
178
It has been found that in well-trained and habituated Aplysia, the number of sensory synapses:
decreases and the size decreases.
179
Increasing the number of synapses to account for learning involves _____, leading to the activation of _____, a second messenger.
calcium; cAMP
180
In fruit flies, which mutation(s) may lead to impairments in the acquisition of habituation?
dunce and rutabaga
181
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Dendritic spines are designed to act only in unison.
182
Various forms of ______ have been used as study pills by students.
amphetamines
183
______ is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior.
Psychopharmacology
184
Drugs that are used to manage neuropsychological illness are called:
psychoactive drugs.
185
Which of the following is the least efficient method of drug administration?
oral consumption
186
If a person is dying and needs lifesaving medication to be administered as quickly as possible, what is the best method of administration?
injection into the bloodstream
187
The correct order from least efficient to most efficient method of drug administration is:
oral consumption, inhalation, injection into the bloodstream
188
Approximately how many liters of blood are in the circulatory system at any one time?
6
189
Which of the following are most effective in passing through the blood-brain barrier easily?
water-soluble drugs
190
One thousand micrograms of amphetamine taken orally is equivalent to:
10 micrograms injected into the cerebrospinal fluid.
191
Endothelial cells are:
surrounded by the end feet of astrocyte glial cells.
192
Tight junctions are associated with:
endothelial cells.
193
The pituitary gland is to the area postrema of the lower brainstem as:
hormones are to toxins.
194
The ______ does not have a blood-brain barrier.
pineal gland
195
Drugs that influence hormones primarily do so by acting on the:
pituitary gland.
196
Which of the following substances can pass through the endothelial membrane in the blood-brain barrier unassisted (i.e., without active transport)?
carbon dioxide
197
An active-transport system transports:
only one specific substance.
198
The blood-brain barrier does not allow ______ to pass through.
neurochemicals
199
Which of the following does not cross the blood-brain barrier?
carbon
200
Approximately ______ of drugs that can influence brain function cannot pass through the blood- brain barrier.
98 percent
201
The breakdown of drugs by the body is referred to as:
catabolization.
202
The ______ is especially important for catabolizing drugs in the body.
Liver
203
______ cannot be easily broken down by the body and can cause severe neurological side effects.
Mercury
204
Psychoactive drugs have most of their effects at the:
synapse.
205
A drug that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine at synapses is an example of an:
agonist.
206
A drug that reduces dopamine release at synapses is an example of an:
antagonist.
207
Agonist is to antagonist as:
accelerate is to brake.
208
Botulin toxin (botulism) causes paralysis and slowed breathing and is therefore:
an acetylcholine antagonist.
209
Botulin toxin is used pharmacologically to:
reduce both muscle spasms and skin wrinkling.
210
Black widow spider venom:
promotes the release of acetylcholine.
211
A drug that blocks the release of acetylcholine is called a(n):
antagonist.
212
Black widow spider venom affects its victim by:
promoting the release of acetylcholine.
213
Botulin toxin is found in:
tainted food.
214
Nicotine acts as a(n):
acetylcholine agonist.
215
Curare:
blocks receptors.
216
______, an ______, was used to make poison arrowheads by South American natives.
Curare; acetylcholine antagonist
217
Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, has its effect by:
promoting the release of acetylcholine.
218
______ has been used to treat some memory disorders.
Physostigmine
219
An example of an organophosphate is:
insecticide.
220
______ is a decreased response to a drug over time.
Tolerance
221
When the number of enzymes needed to break down a drug in the liver increases, it is called:
metabolic tolerance.
222
The development of ______ can explain why a person may appear to be unintoxicated despite having a high blood alcohol level.
cellular tolerance
223
______ is likely to increase with ______ drug use.
Sensitization; occasional
224
Sensitization has been linked with:
All of the answers are correct.
225
Sensitization usually occurs:
in a new environment.
226
______ are effective at treating anxiety disorders.
Both barbiturates and benzodiazepines
227
Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are examples of:
antipsychotic drugs.
228
MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are examples of:
antidepressant drugs.
229
Lithium and carbamazepine are typically prescribed as:
mood stabilizers.
230
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are often prescribed as:
antianxiety drugs.
231
Which antianxiety drugs are often prescribed as a sleeping aid?
barbiturates
232
______ results when tolerance for one drug is carried over to a different member of the same drug group.
Cross-tolerance
233
If I had an anxiety disorder I would probably take:
Valium.
234
Which of the following are antianxiety agents?
benzodiazepines
235
GABA:
decreases the firing of cells.
236
GABA receptors have a binding site for:
GABA, for alcohol, and for benzodiazepines
237
______ acts primarily on GABAA receptors.
All of the answers are correct.
238
______ is a disorder characterized by unusually wide spacing between the eyes, low intelligence, hyperactivity, social problems, and small brain size.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
239
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is worse if a mother drinks during the ____ trimester.
first
240
Motor side effects similar to those of Parkinson's disease can be a side effect of:
neuroleptics.
241
The incidence of schizophrenia is:
one in 100.
242
First-generation antipsychotics influence ______ receptors, whereas second-generation antipsychotics influence ______ receptors.
D2; D2 and serotonin
243
The ______ hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that patients have ______.
dopamine; too much dopamine
244
Schizophrenia is treated with:
phenothiazines.
245
Over the course of a lifetime approximately ______ of people will have a depressive episode that lasts for several months.
30 percent
246
______ deficiency has been linked with higher rates of depression.
Vitamin D
247
Selective serotonin reuptake blockers are used in the treatment of:
depression
248
Depression is treated with:
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
249
If I had a bipolar disorder, I would probably take:
lithium.
250
MAO inhibitors increase levels of serotonin by:
inhibiting the breakdown of serotonin.
251
SSRIs treat depression by:
blocking the reuptake of serotonin.
252
Anticonvulsant drugs that are used to treat epilepsy are also effective in treating:
bipolar disorder.
253
Your friend has recently been diagnosed with major depression. She has been prescribed several SSRIs over the last few months, but none seem to be working well. Your advice to her is to ask her doctor about using:
ketamine.
254
Enkephalins and dynorphins are examples of:
endorphins.
255
______ is an example of an opioid analgesic.
All of the answers are correct.
256
The term "soldier's disease" was used to describe ______ addiction following the American Civil War.
morphine
257
The effects of cocaine can be mimicked by:
amphetamines.
258
______ block(s) the reuptake of dopamine.
Both amphetamine and cocaine
259
______ was used by soldiers in World War II as a means of staying awake and alert and to help increase confidence
Amphetamine
260
______ was once added to many drinks to help give them an energizing effect.
Cocaine
261
______ has been shown to be effective in treating nausea, lack of appetite, glaucoma, and chronic pain.
Marijuana
262
An example of a serotonin psychedelic would be:
LSD.
263
The disinhibition theory attempts to explain the effects of:
alcohol.
264
Sensitivity to drugs is determined by:
All of the answers are correct.
265
Drug abuse has been associated with changes in:
dopamine.
266
Another term for the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is:
wanting-and-liking theory.
267
Which of the following is the correct sequence for drug addiction?
pleasure, associative learning, incentive salience
268
When cues that have previously been associated with drug taking are encountered, the ________ system becomes active, producing the subjective feeling of wanting.
dopamine
269
At present the basis for alcohol addiction is:
still uncertain.
270
Which of the following drugs has the highest concordance rate for addiction among identical twins?
Alcohol
271
In large doses ______ has been shown to have toxic effects in neurons.
All of the answers are correct.
272
Domoic acid is most toxic to the:
hippocampus.
273
Which of the following statements is correct?
All of the answers are correct.
274
Alcohol can cause brain damage indirectly through:
both a poor diet and a vitamin B deficiency.
275
Which of the following street drugs is least likely to cause brain damage?
LSD
276
MDMA ("ecstasy") has been shown to have toxic effects on:
serotonin nerve fibers.
277
The ______ produces neurohormones, whereas the ______ secretes releasing hormones.
hypothalamus; pituitary gland
278
Which of the following is likely to be called the master gland?
pituitary gland
279
The hormone testosterone most likely has its behavioral effects by:
entering a neuron and activating genes.
280
Testosterone and cortisol are examples of:
steroid hormones.
281
______ is an important homeostatic hormone.
Insulin
282
Gonadal hormones:
All of the answers are correct.
283
The hormone involved in our fast response to danger or threat is:
epinephrine.
284
Epinephrine:
prepares the body for a sudden surge of activity.
285
Which of the following sequences is correct?
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex
286
It is suggested that high levels of stress can damage neurons in the:
hippocampus.
287
Cortisol levels are usually regulated by the:
hippocampus.
