EXAMS/QUIZZES Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
Random mutations or genetic recombination or can be Phenotypic plasticity due to environment
A
true
2
Q
Genetic drift can introduce new alleles to population
A
false, gene flow
3
Q
____ consists of an organism and all of its descendants
A
clade
4
Q
____ speciation occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species.
A
sympatric
5
Q
In genetic drift, all characteristics of an organism contribute to its fitness
A
false
6
Q
Natural selection may happen when there is a change in allele frequency
A
true
7
Q
___ is a study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
A
cladistics
8
Q
____ is a grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
A
monophyletic
9
Q
A random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population is ___
A
drift
10
Q
____ is a process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
A
evolution
11
Q
Founder effect happens when there is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a large population
A
true
12
Q
_____ refers to an evolutionary line of descent and can be determined by comparing sequences in
different species.
A
phylogeny
13
Q
A mechanism by which organisms adjust to new
environments or to changes in their current environment is ___
A
adaptation
14
Q
Peripatric speciation may be caused by an extreme
case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated
A
true
15
Q
The formation of each new branch in a cladogram is
a microevolutionary event
A
false, macroevolution
16
Q
____ is a process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another
A
speciation
17
Q
Genetic drift can increase genetic differences between population
A
true
18
Q
___ the process through which populations of living
organisms adapt and change
A
natural selection
19
Q
Environmental changes in the habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution.
A
true
20
Q
Character/s of comparison found common in both groups is considered ___
A
primitive trait
21
Q
The species equally related to all members of the group of interest is considered as ingroup.
A
false, outgroup
22
Q
Artificial speciation refers to intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species.
A
true
23
Q
____ group which does not share an immediate common ancestor
A
polyphyletic
24
Q
Peripatric speciation occurs when populations are separated not by geographical barrier.
A
false, sympatric
25
____ is the study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationships among organisms
systematics
26
Phylograms are similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation
true
27
___ consist of character/s present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor.
symplesiomorphy
28
Darwin’s theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as ___
descent with modification
29
Analogous structures are similar structures in organisms with shared ancestry
false, homologous
30
It represents the number of changes that have
occurred in the branch
branch length
31
A group of two or more taxa or DNA sequences that includes both their common ancestor and all of their descendants
monophyletic group
32
the common ancestor of all taxa
root node
33
two descendants that split from the same node
sister group
34
the branching patterns of the tree
topology
35
homoplasy is a misleading similarity
true
36
an advocate of special creaiton and fixity of species
Georges Cuvier
37
he suggested descent with modification
Count Buffon
38
scala natura
Carolus Linnaeus
39
proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lamarck
40
developed the modern Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
41
the similarity in function can deduce this concept
analogy
42
adaptation - Hibernation of bears during winter to escape the cold temperature and preserve their energy
behavioral adaptation
43
adaptation - Blubber of a penguin to protect itself from a freezing temperature
structural adaptation
44
adaptation - Venom production of a snake to wad off predator
physiological adaptation
45
a ladder of life, with humans at the top
scala naturae
46
The phylogenetic tree tells us how species are related to one another.
true
47
Rooted tree specifies the relationship among species without identifying a common ancestor, or evolutionary path
false, unrooted
48
The evolutionary process of modification of structures in order to become adjusted to a mode of life of a particular environment
adaptation
49
The formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
allopatric speciation
50
This acts as the selection pressure or screening process of evolution
habitat
51
A change in the genetics of the population over time
evolution
52
Synapomorphic traits or characteristics are present in the immediate ancestor only but not in the earliest ancestor
true
53
He published De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
54
Developed the concept of homology and
analogy
Sir Richard Owen
55
His teaching was particularly famous for his ability to draw with both hands at once while still continuing to talk
Louis Radolphe Agassiz
56
He assembled all available Greek anatomical writings and added some of his own dissectionof apes
Galen
57
traits of characteristics of organisms has evolved within the group of related organisms that were not present in the ancestor
derived traits
58
This period highlights human civilization
holocene
59
The first human-like creatures occurred
pliocene
60
Modern human occurred in this period
pleistocene
61
Ape-like features and grazing mammals appeared in this period
miocene
62
serves as the basis of the classification of organisms in a given taxon
presumed homologies
63
Birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Therefore, birds and bats are more closely related to one another than do mice and crocodiles
false
64
Basic architectural plan/archetype
Pierra Belon
65
Circulation of blood ; advocated for the study of comparative anatomy
William Harvey
66
Compared the anatomies of animals ; published Historie Naturelle
Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton
67
Published a book on the anatomy of stomachs and
intestines of several different species
Nehemiah Grew
68
Systema naturae ; father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
69
Created the scientific division between vertebrata and invertebrata ; Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck
70
(3) issues of evolution in Philosophie Zoologique
spontaneous generation
progressive change
need itself produces evolutionary change
71
First extensive writing in comparative anatomy
Historie Naturelle
72
(6) things Georges Cuvier is known for
- Founder of comparative anatomy and paleontology
- Species are immutable
- Species must be studied as functional whole
- Natural history of fishes
- “catastrophism”
- Advocated for special creation and fixity of species
73
Introduced the concept of “survival of the fittest”
Alfred Russel Wallace
74
Introduced the concept of homology and analogy ; Archeopteryx provided evidences of evolution ; Archetype/ideal original pattern
Sir Richard Owen
75
Known for being able to draw with both hands while
talking
Louise Radolphe Agassiz
76
Published the De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
77
Evolution of the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
78
Embryonic development of animals, worked with Charles Darwin ; mammalian egg
Karl Ernst von Baer
79
Biogenetic law
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
80
Published a 44-volume catalog of all animals and plants ; suggested descent with modification ; suggested the possibility of evolution
Count Georges Buffon
81
Uniformitarianism , rates and change are constant ;
earth
Charles Lyell
82
Is the morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, and other properties exhibited by an organism ; determined by its genes and environment
phenotype
83
fundamental principle
there was a common descent of all organisms (modification of existing lines)
relatedness
84
fundamental principle
differences among organisms(random mutations/genetic recombination or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment).
variation
85
fundamental principle
the survivability of the organism(reproduction rate, passing of its genetic characteristic to the next generation)
fitness
86
fundamental principle
organisms with better adaptive characteristic will survive until they become sexually mature to reproduce (selection factors – envt. Factors that affect reproduction success)
selection
87
fundamental principle
random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
drift
88
Darwin's (4) postulates
1. MORE YOUNG ARE PRODUCED each generation than can survive to reproduce
2. Individuals in a population VARY IN THEIR CHARACTERITICS
3. The differences among individuals are BASED ON GENETIC DIFFERENCE
4. Individuals wit some characteristics survive and reproduce better HAVE HIGHER FITNESS than do individuals with other characteristics
89
Key components to the process of natural selection
- Inherited variation exists within the population
- Competition results from an overproduction of
offsprings
- Environmental pressures lead to differential
reproduction
- Adaptation that benefit survival are selected for
- Genotype frequency changes across generations
- Evolution occurs within the population
90
Pattern of speciation where evolution acts to create a new species , straight line, no splitting , rare
anagenesis/phyletic evolution
91
Pattern of speciation that arises from a splitting
event , formation of a new branch , much more
common
cladogenesis/speciation
92
Integral to the process of speciation occurs due to
reproductive barriers
reproductive barriers
93
Taxonomy literally means ___, it is the science of
classifying organisms
arrangement law
94
(6) principles in the ICZN
1. Principle of binomial nomenclature
2. Principle of priority
3. Principle of coordination
4. Principle of first revisers
5. Principle of homonymy
6. Principle of typification
95
developed the concepts of homology and analogy
Richard Owenatu
96
natural selection
Charles Darwin
97
theory of use and misuse
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
98
ontogeny recpitulate phylogeny
Ernest Heinrich Haeckel
99
used the term comparative anatomy
Nehemiah Grew
100
survival of the fittest
Alfred Russel Wallace
101
compared skeleton of humans and birds
Pierre Belon
102
a study of vertebrate structure, function, and evolution
comparative anatomy
103
grouping in which all species share a common ncestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
monophyletic
104
is a distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, tha tis unique to a given taxon
autapomorphy
105
a random variation in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
drift
106
a process of change, a long-term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
evolution
107
production of hybrids between Bullock's oiriole and the Baltimore oriole which occurs at the junction of their territory
parapatric speciation
108
study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
cladistics
109
a process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another
speciation
110
creation of new species distinct from their ancestor
anagenesis
111
common ancestor
root
112
lineage
branch
113
ancestor and all of its descendants
clade
114
speciation event from a common ancestor
node
115
branch from a common node and closely-related
sister taxa
116
branching structure of the tree
topology
117
represents the number of differences between sequences
distance scale
118
represents evolutionary relationships
phylogeny
119
characters found common in both groups
primitive
120
species equally related to all members of the group of interest
ingroup
121
structures that are of no use to some animals
vestigial
122
analogous structure that arose independently
homoplasy
123
similarity of organism due to convergent evolution
analogy
124
developmental history of organism
ontogenesis
125
divide the body into two equal halves
bilateral symmetry
126
true or false
ingroup species that are not found in outgroup are most likely derived traits
true
127
true or false
species that evolved through speciation results in the great diversity of life currently present on earth
true
128
true or false
the horizontal order of species on the phylogenetic tree tells you about how they are related
false
129
true or false
studying systematics has a variety of applications in thte filed of evolutionary biology
true
130
true or false
if the derved character state is found in just one species in the ingroup, it is not phylogenetically informative
true
131
true or false
in general, primitive traits cannot indicate anythin about relationships of species within a group
true
132
true or false
nature or habitat acts as a selection pressure or screening process of evolution
true
133
true or false
if a group of organisms carries a large number of distinctiv characters, the group has reached a new grade
true
134
true or false
thermocline is a gradual adaptive change in the evolution of a feature wwithin a phyletic line
false
135
true or false
in genetic drift it increases genetic differences and all its organism's characteristics contributes to tis fitness
false
136
true or false
gene flow introduces new alleles to population
true
137
true or false
an artifical speciation is an itnernational breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating new distinct species
true
138
true or false
phylograms are similar to cladograms, however, ranch lengths may differ accoridng to the length of time since speciation
true
139
true or false
branch lengths that are scaled to time, making the relationship between relative node depth and time explicit
true
140
true or false
the morre derived characters shared by two groups, the more likely they are closely related
true
141
__ is the subphylum where tunicates/sea squirts belongs
Urochordata
142
the head of the sperm contains the nucleus
true
143
turtles, snakes, lizards, and alligators are endothermic organisms
false
144
__ is a large phylum of animals that includes the vertebrates together with the sea squirts and lancelets
Chordate
145
in diploblastic animals, __ is present between the ectoderm and the endoderm
mesoglea
146
the lip opening formed during invagination of the outer layer to the inner layer giving a double-walled cup in gastrulation
blastopore
147
shark, skates, and rays belongs to class __
Chondrichthyes
148
kangaroo, spiny anteater, and humans belong to class __
Mammalia
149
the presence of a primitive streak marks this stage
gastrulation
150
turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodialian belong to class __
Reptilia
151
chordates with primitive head, pharyngeal slits, and myostomes
lancelets
152
__ is a term used to describe 16-cell stage embryo
morula
153
__ derives fro mectoderm that rolls into a hollow tube during development
dorsal hollow nerve cord/neural tube/neural plate
154
the individual daugther cell are called blastula during cleavage
false
155
in mammallian, embryo, the outer portion of the blastocyst is called __
trophoblast
156
the body plan of chordates has pharyngeal pouch
true
157
__ is the cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embeyonic and some adult chordate animals
notochord
158
the two hypothetical ancestors of chordates are the Annelids and Echinoderms
false
159
__ is animmature egg cell
oocyte
160
__ is acavity found within the blastula
blastocoel
161
___ also called cold-blooded is an organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings
ectothermic
162
blastopore is formed during blastula stage
false
163
the individual daughter cells are called blastula during cleavage
false
164
__ is the general group of jawless fish
Agnatha
165
the missing link between echinoderms and vertebrates
calcichordate
166
why is it advantageous for a deuterostome animal to possess body cavity
this provides an organized compartment for placing of organs
167
branch of biology that studies the prenatal devleopment of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses
embryology
168
random mutations or genetic recombination or can be Phenotypic plasticity due to environment
true
169
the unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates is called __
mucous gland
170
the dermis of crocodiles and lizards are composed of connective tissues and dermal bone
true
171
amphhibians integument undergoes molting or ecdysis because of extensive keratinization
false
172
__ is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering
hooeves
173
__ secretes oilused forpreening makes the feather water repellant
uropygial gland
174
the vascular segment of the integumentary system is called __
dermis
175
what best describe the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates
containsmulticellular glands with keratinized epithelium
176
oil gland
holocrine
177
sweat gland
merocrine
178
mammary gland
apocrine
179
poison gland in amphibian's skin
alveolar gland
180
melbonian gland
sebaceous gland
181
unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates
mucous gland
182
mammary gland
apocrine gland
183
sweat gland
serous gland
184
__ is the underlying support that demarcates the connective tissue from epithelium
basement membrane
185
skin of most fishes is non-keratinized and covered with mucus cuticle
true
186
__ cells are epidermal cells that serve as our immune sentinels
Langerhans
187
actively dividing cells are found in the __ layer of the epidermis
stratum basale
188
a Greek physician assembled anatomical
writings and added some of his own dissections of
Apes.
Galen
189
attributed the similarity to the
manifestation of basic architectural plan or
archetype
Pierre Belon
190
circulation of blood ; advocated
the study of Comparative Anatomy
Wiliam Harvey
191
published a book describing the
anatomy of stomach and intestines in several
different species
Nehemiah Grew
192
During 18th century, knowledge about
comparative advance rapidly
- Compared the anatomies of different animals
- Histoire Naturelle (Natural History)
Louise Jean-Marie Daebenton
193
considered the first intensive work in
comparative anatomy.
Histoire Naturelle
194
19th century
- Scientific division of animal kingdom into
Vertebrata and Invertebrata
- Published Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck
195
discusses three issues of evolution by mean of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
1. Species change through time, simplest arise
through spontaneous generation.
2. Progressive changes in species along an
ascending scale.
3. Need itself produces evolutionary changes
Philosophie Zoologique
196
Founder of Comparative Anatomy
- Argued that species are immutable, organisms
must be understood as functional wholes
because parts and the function they serve were
tightly-related.
- Published the Natural History of Fishes
Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert Cuvier
197
Developed the concept of “Survival of the Fittest”
Alfred Russel Wallace
198
Developed the concepts of homology and
analogy
- Instrumental in obtaining nad describing the
first primitive bird Archeopteryx that provided
the evidence for the theory of evolution he
advocated the idea of an archetype, or ideal
original pattern that was modified to form the
different types of animals.
Richard Owen
199
Established the modern concept of the
evolution of the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
200
Notable biologist that specializes in the
embryonic development of animals, as he was
working with Charles Darwin in his expeditions.
He observed the following patterns that is now
an established laws on embryology:
1. General characteristics of the group to
which an embryo belongs devleop before
special characteristics.
2. General structural relations are likewise
formed before the most specific appearance
3. The form of any given embryo does not
converge upon other definite forms but
separates itself from them.
4. The embryo of a higher animal form never
resembles the adult of another animal form,
such as one less evolved, but only its
embryo
5. Paper describing the mammalian egg
6. Research into development of fishes
Karl Erns von Baer
201
Biogenetic law (ontogeny recapitulate
Phylogeny)
- proposed that during development from
fertilized egg to adult, animal pass through
stages that recapitulate their evolutionary
development.
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
202
It is the study of forms of a living being
* Studies how a structure and its function become an
integrated part of an interconnected design, and
how this design itself becomes a factor in the
evolution of new form (3)
Morphology
- Similarity
- Symmetry
- Segmentation
203
series of structures in the
same species may be homologous to one
another even though individual elements in the
series are not homologous to each other.
Serial homology
204
evolution towards similar traits in unrelated species
Convergent evolution
205
appearance ; structures look alike and
may or may not be homologous or analogous.
Occurs when characters are similar, but not derived
from common ancestor.
Homoplasy
206
Describes in which the body of animal meets the
surrounding environment.
Symmetry
207
(2) devdlopmental concepts
Ontogenesis
Phylogenesis
208
Developmental concept
Developmental history of organism.
* Primary operant is the genes
* Occupies a single lifetime
Ontogenesis
209
Evolutionary history of a taxon
* Relates a taxon to ancestral taxa in the evolutionary
line
* Operant is the establishment of evolutionary
lineage.
Phylogenesis
210
(6) evolutionary concepts
Adaptation
Speciation
Habitat
Evolution
Phyletic line
Evolutionary Trend (Morphocline)
211
Evolutionary concept
Hereditary modification of phenotype (increases
the chance of survival).
* Believed to be a result of environmental pressure
through natural selection.
Adaptation
212
Evolutionary concept
Formation of new species from pre-existing ones
due to geographical isolation of a population from
other populations of the same species
* Continuous speciation will result to the formation
of new taxa (phylogenesis)
* Consequence: reproductive isolation
Speciation
213
Evolutionary concept
Acts as the selection pressure/screening process for
evolution.
Habitat
214
Evolutionary concept
Results from interplay between changing
environments and adapting organisms.
Evolution
215
Evolutionary concept
Lineage I relatively continuous and complete in the
fossil record.
* Different phyletic lines evolve at different rates at
different time and different characters of one line
evolve at different rates at the same time.
Phyletic line
216
Evolutionary concept
Gradual adaptive change in the evolution of a
feature within a phyletic line.
* Usually observed for large populations evolving at
moderate rates.
Morphocline
217
Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known
plants and animals
Suggested descent with modification
Count Buffon
218
Founder of comparative anatomy and
paleontology
French vertebrae zoologist, was the first to
use comparative anatomy to develop a
system of classifying animals.
Proposed that a whole series of
catastrophes (extinction) and re-populations
from other regions had occurred
Advocate of special creation and fixity of
species
Georges Cuvier
219
term applied to
Cuvier’s explanation of fossil
history: the belief that catastrophic
extinctions occurred, after which
repopulation of surviving species
occurred, giving an appearance of
change through time.
catastrophism
220
First biologist to:
▪ Propose evolution
▪ Link diversity with environmental
adaptation
Lamarck
221
Lamarck’s belief that organisms become
adapted to their environment during their
lifetime and pass these adaptations to their
offspring.
Lamarckism
222
Earth is subject to slow but continuous
cycles of erosion and uplift.
Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and
process of change are constant.
Charles Lyell
223
Provide ideas about relationships among organisms,
source of variation, and possibility of evolution
Georges Buffon
224
occurs when evolution acts to create new species, which are distinct from their ancestors, along a single lineage,
through gradual changes n physical or genetic traits.
In this instance, there is no split in the phylogenetic
tree
Anagenesis or ‘phyletic evolution
225
arises from a splitting
event, where a parent species is split into two
distinct species, often a the result of geographic
solation o another driving force involving the
separation of populations.
Cladogenesis ‘speciation’
226
The __ that is integral to the process
of speciation occurs due to reproductive barriers, which
are formed as a consequence of genetic, behavioral or
physical differences arising between the new species.
reproductive isolation
227
occurs when members of
a population become geographically isolated
from one another, to the extent that genetic
exchange, through mating, is prevented or
interfered with.
- May be a result of geographical changes, such as the formation of mountain by a volcano, island formation, habitat separation by glaciers and rivers, or habitat fragmentation caused by human activity.
- Alternatively, species members may emigrate,resulting in population separation by dispersal; this is commonly
known as vicariance.
Allopatric speciation
228
is the evolutionary
process whereby species are formed from a
single ancestral species while inhabiting the
same geographic area.
- In contrast to allopatric speciation, the
distribution ranges of species which evolve
through sympatry my be identical or they
may only overlap.
- This could occur, for example, it a herbivorous insect
begins to feed on a new or novel plant source with which it was not ancestrally asociated, or if a new species of plant is introduced to the species’ geographic range.
Sympatric Speciation
229
is an extremely rare case
of speciation that occurs when a population is
continuously distributed within a geographic
area without any specific barriers to gene flow.
- Occurs when populations are separated not
by a geogrphical barrier but populations in
these areas my interbreed and often
develop distinct characteristics and
lifestyles.
- nonetheless, the population does not mate
randomly within the population, but rather
individuals mate more commonly with their
closest geogrphic neighbors, resulting in
uneven gene flow.
- Non-random mating may increase the rate
of dimorphism within populations, in which
varied morphological forms of the same
species re displayed.
- the result is one or more distinct subpopulations (known as ‘sister species’),
which have small, continuous overlaps in
their biogeogrphic and are geotypically
dimorphic
Parapatric Speciation
230
is a form of allopatric
speciation that occurs when populations that
have become isolated have a very few
individuals.
- Through this process, the population goes
through a genetic bottleneck. Within the
small sub-population, organisms which are
able to survive within the new environment
may carry genes that were rare within the
main population but that cause a slight
variation to behavior or morphology.
- Through repeated matings, the frequency of
these, once rare, genes increases within the
small population.
Peripatric Speciation
231
is the branching structure of the tree.
Topology
232
branches on a tree are scaled so
that they reflect the amount of evolutionary change
(in other words, the number of modificatins in
characteristics that has occurred
Branch length
233
scale which reprresents the
number of differences between sequences
Distance scale
234
pairs of terminal taxa and/or
clades that branch from a common node and are
often closely related
Sister taxa/groups
235
Reflect the most basal ancestor of the tree in
question.
Rooted trees
236
Do not imply a known ancestral root
Unrooted trees
237
Character/s is present in immediate ancestor only
but not in the earliest.
Shared derived characters
Synapomorphy
238
Character/s is present in immediate ancestor and
earlier ancestor.
* Primitive traits/Ancestral traits
Shared ancestral character
Symplesiomorphy
239
Is a distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that
is unique to a given taxon
Uniquely derived character
Autapomorphy
240
Grouping in which all species share a common
ancestor, and all species derived from that common
ancestor are included.
* Includes an ancestor + all descendants
Monophyletic group
241
Grouping in which species that do not share an
immediate common ancestor are lumped together,
while excluding other members that would link
them
Polyphyletic group
242
Grouping in which all species share a common
ancestor, but not all species derived from that
common ancestor are included.
Paraphyletic group
243
Is a taxon outside the group of interest.
* All the members of the group of interest are more
closely related to each other than they are to the
outgroup.
* Many phylogenies also include this
Outgroup
