INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards by Jasmine Juit

The outer covering of the body of vertebrates.
* Includes the mucous membranes.
* Forms the interface between organisms and
the external environment.

integument

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type of tissue in the epidermis

epithelial tissue
sttratified squamous (keatinized)

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type of tissue in the dermal-epidermal junction

basement membrane
glue like layer

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type of tissue in the dermis

connective tissue
dense, fibrous connective tissue
blood vessels, nerve, etc

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type of tissue in the hypodermis

areolar and adipose tissue
superficial fascia
subcutaneous tissue

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(4) functions of the skin

Protective barrier (mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV (thermal damages), and desiccation.
Cutaneous receptors.
Temperature regulation
Excretion (sweat)
Vitamin D synthesis

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embryonic origin of epidermis

ectoderm origin

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embryonic origin of dermis

mesoderm origin

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embryonic origin of hypodermi

mesoderm origin

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layer of the skin that contains cells that produce pigment and protect immune system

epidermis

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layer of the skin that contains nerve endings, oil and swet glands, and hair follicle

dermis

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layer of teh skin that is made up of fat, connective tissue, and larger blood vessels

subcutaneos tissue

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(5) composition of epidermis

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum/basale

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(4) epidermal cells

kertinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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90% of epidermal cells; produce keratin.

keratinocytes

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8 % of epidermal cells; produce melanin

melanocytes

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capable of trapping antigen in the skin.

langerhans cells

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make contact with the ending of a sensory neuron.

merkelcells

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Contains a number of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue.

dermis

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Provides tensile strength, and physiologic support for the interfacing epidermis

dermis

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(3) composition ofthe areolar connective tissue

collagen
elastin
reticular fibers

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not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis.
* Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves

hypodermis

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consists of loose connective tissue and elastin

hypodermis

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serves as padding and insulation for the body

fat

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Provides concealing coloration to the integument

chromatophores

Skin color also depends on the background color of the

stratum germinativum

the ability to change color __ controlled by the endocrine and the nervous system

(metachrosis/metachromatosis)

(3) types of chromatophores

melnophores licophores iridophores or guanophores

Produce yellow, brown to black pigment. * __ protects chromosomes in the S. basale from UV lights

melanophores melanin

melanin is concentrated in one spot

freckles and moles

Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red pigments) (melanophore)

licophores

yellow

xanthophores

red

erythrophores

Causes iridescence in vertebrates (fishes) ❑Contains guanin (purine) crystals

iridophores or guanophores

Refers to a type of epithelial tissue involved in the production and release of different secretory products, such as sweat, saliva, breast milk, digestive enzymes, and hormones, among many other substances.

glandulaar epithelium

glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct

exocrine gland

classifications of exocrine gland based on the numbes of cells (2)

unicellular multicellular

classification of unicellular exocrine gland (4)

club cells granular cells goblet cells sacciform cells

Elongated, binucleated (amphibians) * Secretes mucus * May contain chemicals that stimulates alarm or fear

club cells

Secretes mucus in skin (lampreys & other fishes)

granular cells

Narrow apical end, wide base (osteichthyes & chondricthyes) * Secretes mucus

goblet cells

Secrete large, membrane-bound toxic products to repel enemies

sacciform cells

(2) classification of multicellular exocrine glands based on branching pattern of ducts

simple (no branching) compound (branched)

simple multicellular exocrine glands

simple alveolar simple branched alveolar simple tubular simple coiled tubular simple branched tubular

compound multicellular exocrine glands

compound alveolar compound tubulo-alveolar compound tubular

type of multicellular tubular glands (4)

simple tubular simple coiled simple branched compound tubular

multicellulr tubular gland -short, blind tubes located in the dermis and extend to the surface -thumb pads (anurans) -ceruminous glands

simple tubular

multicellulr tubular gland -long, narrow tube, coiled distal end located in the dermis -openings are referred to as pores of the skin -sweat glands

simple coiled

multicellulr tubular gland -divides at its distal ends into two or more branches -sweat glands in the axilla

simple branched

multicellulr tubular gland -consist of a varying number of simple tubular glands -mammary glands

compound tubular

(3) saccular (alveolar) multicellular glands

simple sacular simple branched compound saccular

saccular (alveolar) multicellular glands -only one expanded bulb or acinus at the end of the duct -Mucous and poison glands (amphibians)

simple saccular

saccular (alveolar) multicellular glands -with several acini arranged along a single excretory duct -with single acinus dividedby partitions into several smaller acini -Meibomian glands -Sebaceous or oil glands

simple branched

saccular (alveolar) multicellular glands -composed of several simple saccular glands called lobules -Mammary glands

compound saccular

(3) classification of exocrine gland bsed on secretion

merocrine secretion apocrine secretion holocrine secretion

secretion vesciles fuse with the cell membrane to secrete the product of the gland

merocrine secretion

secretion part of the cell (with vesciles) is pinched off to release the product

apocrine secretion

secretion a mature cell dies completely to secrete the product

holocrine secretion

(3) types of glands as to type of secretion

mucous glands serous glands sebaceous glands

type of gland secrete mucus (Ex. unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates and some simple saccular glands of fishes and amphibians).

mucous gland

type of gland (sudoriferous glands) - secrete watery substance; (e.g. sweat glands)

serous glands

type of gland (oil glands) - Secrete oily substance (Ex. uropygial glands of birds, ceruminous glands and Meibomian glands of human)

sebaceous gland

scale ❑Formed in the S. germinativum. ❑Found in terrestrial tetrapods ❑Shed and replaced from time to time (ecdysis). ❑Ex. Scutes of turtles and snakes

epidermal scales

scale ❑Derives from dermal bone. ❑Dermatome origin ❑Ex. Fishes scales

dermal scales

(4) types of dermal scales in fishes

cosmoid placoid rhomboid/ganoid ctenoid and cycloid

dermal scale in fishes -small, thick scales -possessed only by Latimeria (lobe-finned fish) -thick layer: cosmine -thin layer: enamel

cosmoid

dermal scale in fishes -consist of a basal plate embedded in the dermis with a caudally directed spineprojecting to the epidermis -spine contains a central pulp cavity for blood vessels, nerve endings, & lymph channels from the dermis -plate and spine: dentine -spine covering: enamel

placoid

dermal scale in fishes -rhomboidal in shape -composed of bones -surface of the bone: ganoin

rhomboid/ganoid

dermal scale in fishes -bony layer is characterized by concentric ridges (growth increments) -anterior portion embedded in the dermis -allow increased flexibility of the body

ctenoid and cycloid

Skin of most fish is __ and covered with __.

nonkeratinized mucus cuticle

(4) functions of the integument of fishes

❑Prevent bacterial penetration. ❑Contributes to the laminar flow of water across surface. ❑Make fish slippery to predators. ❑Includes chemicals that are repugnant or toxic to enemies.

Alive and active on the body surface * No superficial layer of dead keratinized cells * Mitosis is not restricted to the basal layer

epidermis of fishes

epidermis of fishes contains (2) types of cells

epidermal cell specizlised unicellular glands

cell type in the epidermis of fishes make up the stratified epidermis

epidermal cells

cell type in the epidermis of fishes contributes to the mucous cuticle

specialized unicellular cuticle

integument in amphibians is specialized as a __

repiratory surface (cutaneous respiration)

epidermis of amphibians is divided into (4) layers

s. basale s. spinosum s. granulosum s. corneum (allows cutaneous respiration)

dermal composition of amphibians (2)

s. spongiosum s. compactum (mucus, poison gland chromatophores)

More adapted to terrestrial environment. * Extensive keratinization. * Fewer skin glands.

integument of reptiles

epidermal scales are present (scutes), divided into three layers

epidermis of reptiles

3 layers of the epidermis of reptiles

s. basale s. granulosum s. corneum

composed of fibrous connective tissues, dermal bones are found in crocodiles, lizards, and extinct reptiles

dermis of reptiles

The shedding of skin. * Is usually periodic and complete in snakes and some lizards but often only partial in other species. * Dependent upon the health of the snake, the ambient temperature, humidity and other environmental factors

molting/ecdysis

shedding of cornified layer of the skin

molting/ecdysis

process of molting/ecdysis

(1) s. basale duplicates the deepe layers of granulosum and corneum forming new skin (2) a temporary layer filled with WBC (stratum intermedium) is formed between the old and new skin (3) WBC promote the separation and loss of the old superficial layer of the skin

Restricted to certain areas of the body. * Important in reproductive behaviorand protection

skin glands in reptiles

(2) skin glands in reptiles

femoral gland scent gland

skin gland in reptiles found along the underside of the hind limbs in the thigh region of lizards.

femoral gland

skin gland in reptiles open into the cloaca and on the margins of the lower jaw in crocodiles and some turtles

scent gland

Adapted to free movement over the muscles. * Delicates except in exposed areas (feet). * Covered and protected by feathers.

integument of aves

composed of S. basal and a transitional layer of S. corneum

epidermis of aves

rich supplied with blood, sensory nerves and smooth muscles.

dermis of aves

highly vascularized dermis in the breast during brooding season

brood patch (in aves)

(2) skin glands in aves

uropygial gland slat gland

skin gland in aves secretes oil used for preening makes the feather water repellant.

uropygial gland

skin gland in aves excrete excess salt

salt gland

Are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on dinosaurs, both avian (bird) and some non-avian (nonbird) and possibly other archosauromorphs.

feathers

Each feather grows from a structure in the bird's skin roughly comparable to a hair follicle in humans. First the old feather falls away. As a new one grows, it starts to look like a plastic drinking straw. Within this tube, or sheath, the feather itself develops, its barbs crammed in a tight packed spiral. After the tip of the spiral splits, allowing the feather to unfold, fan-like, into its final shape

true

the thin skin lack what layer

stratum lucidum

is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consists of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone

horn

are a single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels.

antlers

horn vs. antlers

HORNS single protrusions without forking grow throughout the animal's life and never shed made of bone cvered by a keratin sheath ANTLERS extensions of the animal's skull made entirely of bone shed and regrow in a larger size each year

is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering.

hooves

hoove without a separation in the middle

perissodactyla

hoove with a partition at the middle

artidactyla

an ancient chordate stucture associated with the filter feeding structures arises from the neural crest cells departed from the sides of the neural tube and migrate into the walls of the pharynx between successive pharyngeal slits

splanchnocranium

make up the skeleton of the jaws and gills in fishes and amphibins may remain cartilaginous or become covered by dermal bone

splanchnocranium

(6) types of jaw attachments

paleostylic euautostylic amphistylic hyostylic metautostylic craniostylic

type of jaw attachment chrcteristic of Agnathans none of the arches attach directly to the skull

paleostylic

type of jaw attachment the earliest jawed condition found in placoderms and acanthodians the mandibular arch is suspended from the skull by ittself without aid from the hyoid arch

euautostylic

type of jaw attachment found un early sharls, some osteichthyians and crossopterygians attached to the braincase through two primary articulations anteriorly by a ligament connecting the palatoquadrate to the skull posteriorly by the hyomandubula

amphystylic

type of jaw attachment found in most moden bony fishes the mendibular arch is attached to the braincase primarily through the hyomandibula with the aid of sympletic bone

hyostylic

type of jaw attachment found in most amphibians, reptiles and birds attached to the braincase directly through the quadrate bone formed in the posterior part of the palatoquadrate

metautostylic

type of jaw attachment found in mammals the entire upper jaw is a part of the braincase but the lower jaw called dentary bone is suspended from the dermal squamosal bone of the braincase the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilages remain cartilaginous except at their posterior ends which becomes the incus and malleus of the middle ear respectively

craniostylic

postcraniel skeleton (2)

axial appendicular

function of the body skeleton (5)

protects the viscera contributes to ventilation of the lungs store for various minerals provides rigidity to the body provides series of firm and hinged segments needed for locomotion in conjunction with the muscles

forms the main axis of the body composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and skull

axial skeleton

the primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the vertebral column unsegmented and composedof dense fibrous connective tissue the first skeletal element to appear in the embryo of chordates

notochord

the main axial support of vertebrates

vertebral column

a vertebra is composed of (3)

centrum one or two arches various processes

protects the spinal cord and provides rigidity to the body

vertebral column

(10) types of vertebra based on centra

aspondyly monospondyly - stereopondyly diplospondyly - embolomerous polypondyly aspidospondyly - rhachitomous holospondyly - lepospondyly

type of vertebra no centra

aspondyly

type of vertebra with only one centrum per segment

monospondyly

type of vertebra a monospondylous vertebra in which the single centrum (intercentrum) is separate

stereospondyly

type of vertebra with two centra per segment

diplospondyly

type of vertebra a diplospondylous vertebra in which the approximate equal-sized centra are separate

embolomerous

type of vertebra with five to six entra per segment

polyspondyly

type of vertebra the centra and spines are separate

aspidospondyly

type of vertebra an aspidospondylous vertebra with numerous separate parts that constitute each vertebral segment

rhachitomous

type of vertebra the centra and spines are fused intoa single bone

holospondyly

type of vertebra a holospondylous vertebra with a husk-shaped centrum usually pierced by a notochordal canal

lepospondyly

(5) types of centra based on shapes

amphicoelous procoelous opisthocoelous heterocoelous acoelous

notochord is peristent in (8)

adul jawless vertebrates placoderms chimaeras pleurachants dipnoans acanthodians crossopterygians primitive ray-finned fishes

anurans have no free caudal vertebrate, instead a ___

rod-like urostyle

most reptiles have a more distinct _ and __ sacral vertebra

cervical regions 2

__ have a more specialized and more uniform spines than other tetrapods and witn numerous cervical vertebrae, (#) heterocoelous vertebrae, (#) trunk, (#) caudal vertebrae fused to two sacral vertebrae called __

birds 10-20 10-20 5-6 synsacrum

free caudal vertebrae have been reduced to (#) vertebrae in birds

6-7

__ derived from the fusion of 4-7 vertebrae which supports the tail feathers (birds)

pygostyle

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

(140 cards)