Exan Dos

Question 1

Proof of crossing over

Answer 1

Creighton and McClintock

Question 2

What did creighton and McClintock conclude

Answer 2

Crossing over does involve a physical exchange between homologous chromosomes

Question 3

Advantages of using bacteria for genetic studies

Answer 3

Lots of progeny 
Can be genetically engineered 
Reproduction is rapid 
Growth is easy with little space 
Easy to isolate

Question 4

Prototroph

Answer 4

Can grow on minimal media

Question 5

Auxotroph

Answer 5

Mutant that requires additional nutrients

Question 6

Lederberg and Tatum

Answer 6

Conducted an experiment to determine if bacteria can transfer genetic material

Question 7

Purpose of U tube experiment

Answer 7

To understand if bacteria must touch in order to exchange genetic information

Question 8

Davis

Answer 8

U tube experience for to understand if cell contact is required for transfer of genetic information

Question 9

Conjugation

Answer 9

Temporary fusion of two single cell organisms for the sexual exchange of genetic material

Question 10

Bacteria cells that can transfer genetic material through fusion

Answer 10

F+ and F- cells

Question 11

F-

Answer 11

Recipient cell

Question 12

F+

Answer 12

Contains F factor and donates through pili hat contact F-

Question 13

Process of Conjugation

Answer 13

Pilus of F+ come in contact with F-
Conjugation tube forms
One strand of F factor is nicked and the 5’ end leads the way to the F- cell
Replication of the F factor occurs

Question 14

Benzer experiment

Answer 14

Wondered if mutations were all in same gene or if several genes were controlling lysis
Coinfext bacterial with two strains of bacteriophage and see if normal plaques are produced

Question 15

Population genetics

Answer 15

Study of inherited variation within and between populations over time and space

Question 16

CIs

Answer 16

Mutation one same chromosome

Question 17

Trans

Answer 17

Mutation on different chromosomes

Question 18

Cistron

Answer 18

Place where complementation cannot occur (gene)

Question 19

Two mutations in same gene

Answer 19

Alleles

Question 20

Two mutations on different genes

Answer 20

Nonalleles

Question 21

Lytic cycle

Answer 21

Phage infects 
Injects genetic material 
Takes over 
Replicates 
Creates new phages 
Lysis of cell

Question 22

Plaque

Answer 22

Seen on lawn of bacteria when lysis occurs

Question 23

Lysogenic cell

Answer 23

Bacterial cell with a prophage

Question 24

Prophage

Answer 24

A bacterial cell with a phage integrated into the chromosome

Question 25

Life cycle of a temperate phage

Answer 25

Lytic or lysogenic

Question 26

How do we use conjugation to map?

Answer 26

Combine several Hfr x F- makings

Question 27

Interrupted Mating

Answer 27

Combining several HFR x F- pairs to map circular bacteria because different Hfr strands integrate in different places if the bacterial chromosome and will begin transfer af different places and sometimes different directions

Question 28

F’ cells

Answer 28

F factor within an HFR pops out of the bacterial chromosome to produce an F’ cell

Question 29

F’ xF-

Answer 29

F’ merezygote (partial diploid)

Question 30

Transformation

Answer 30

Exogenous DNA transfers genes to competent bacterial cell and brings about heritable change in the cell

Question 31

Result of transformation

Answer 31

Only one daughter cell is transduced

Question 32

How can we use translation for genetic mapping

Answer 32

Cotransformation to determine if genres are located near each other

Question 33

Generalized transduction

Answer 33

Bacteria are infected with phage Bacterial chromosome is fragmented and some of the genes become incorporated into a few phages The cell lysis releases the phages to attach and release bacterial genetics instead of the phage genetics and create a transduced bacterial cell

Question 34

How can we use generalized transduction for mapping?

Answer 34

Two genes co transduce if they are close together

Question 35

Specialized transduction

Answer 35

Prophage pops out of bacterial chromosome and takes one or more genes with it The progeny virus transfer these genes when infecting other cells

Question 36

How can we use specialized transduction for genetic mapping

Answer 36

Not useful since the only genes are affects are those next to the integration site

Question 37

Cell contact required in conjugation?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

Cell contact required in transformation?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

Cell contact required in transduction?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Conjugation sensitive to DNase?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

Transformation sensitive to DNase?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

Transduction sensitive to DNase?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

Hardy Weinberg law

Answer 43

Allele and genotypes frequencies will arrive at and remain at equilibrium frequencies after one generation of random mating of all sssumotions are met

Question 44

Assumptions of hardy Weinberg

Answer 44

``` Infinitely large population Random mating No selection (all genotypes equally fit) No migration No mutation ```

Question 45

At equilibrium.. what equation represents genotypic frequency?

Answer 45

P2AA + 2pq Aa + q2 aa | p and q are the frequencies of the A and a alleles respectively