Exceetory And Digestive System Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the main structures of the urinary system?
A
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
2
Q
What is the function of the renal artery?
A
Carries blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidney.
3
Q
Where does urine collect before entering the ureter?
A
In the renal pelvis.
4
Q
What structures are found inside the kidney?
A
Cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, renal pelvis, renal papilla, calyx, and medullary pyramids.
5
Q
What is the function of the renal papilla?
A
Urine exits the medulla and enters the calyx from the renal papilla.
6
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
The nephron.
7
Q
Where does filtration occur in the nephron?
A
In Bowman’s capsule.
8
Q
Where does most reabsorption happen?
A
In the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
9
Q
What is the function of ADH?
A
Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
10
Q
What is the function of aldosterone?
A
Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
11
Q
What is the purpose of the Loop of Henle?
A
Acts as a countercurrent multiplier to concentrate urine.
12
Q
What happens in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
A
Water is reabsorbed, increasing filtrate osmolarity.
13
Q
What happens in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
A
Salt is actively transported out, decreasing filtrate osmolarity.
14
Q
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
A
Fragmentation, lubrication, enzymatic digestion, and absorption.
15
Q
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
A
In the mouth via salivary amylase.
16
Q
What is the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
A
Prevent materials from leaking between cells.
17
Q
What is peristalsis?
A
Rhythmic contraction that moves food along the digestive tract.
18
Q
What is the function of HCl in the stomach?
A
Kills microbes, activates pepsinogen, and helps digest proteins.
19
Q
What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?
A
Pepsin, activated from pepsinogen.
20
Q
What increases absorption in the small intestine?
A
Villi and microvilli that increase surface area.
21
Q
What are the sections of the small intestine?
A
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
22
Q
What is the function of lacteals in the villi?
A
Absorb dietary fats.
23
Q
What does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum?
A
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.
24
Q
What does the liver secrete into the duodenum?
A
Bile, which emulsifies fats.
25
What enzymes are secreted by the duodenum?
Duodenal enterokinase, which activates trypsinogen to trypsin.
26
What hormones are secreted by the duodenum?
Cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and enterogastrone.
27
What is the function of CCK?
Stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release.
28
What is the function of secretin?
Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
29
What is the function of enterogastrone?
Decreases stomach emptying.
30
What is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum?
Most nutrients, such as vitamin B12 (with intrinsic factor) and bile salts.
31
What are the functions of the colon?
Absorbs water and minerals, forms and stores feces.
32
What is the role of colonic bacteria?
Ferments undigested material and produces vitamin K.
33
What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
Pancreatic amylase, lipase, nucleases, and proteases like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase.
34
How are pancreatic zymogens activated?
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by enterokinase, then activates others.
35
What controls exocrine pancreas secretion?
CCK and secretin from the duodenum; parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion.
36
What are the cells of the endocrine pancreas?
Alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin).
37
What does glucagon do?
Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
38
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
39
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits digestive processes.
40
What does the liver secrete?
Bile, which contains bile acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin.
41
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats to aid digestion.
42
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile, releases it into the duodenum.
43
What are chylomicrons?
Particles that transport absorbed fats into lymphatic vessels.
44
Where are proteins digested and absorbed?
Stomach (pepsin), small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin); absorbed as amino acids.
45
How are fats digested and absorbed?
Emulsified by bile, digested by lipase to MG + FA, absorbed into epithelial cells, reformed into TG and packed into chylomicrons.
46
What hormones control appetite?
Ghrelin (hunger), peptide YY (satiety), leptin (long-term satiety).
47
What is leptin and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue that suppresses appetite.
48
What is the function of Vitamin A?
A visual pigment that changes conformation in response to light.
49
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Stimulates calcium absorption and deposition in bones.
50
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats.
51
What is the function of Vitamin K?
Necessary for formation of blood coagulation factors.
52
What is the function of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)?
Needed for enzymatic decarboxylations.
53
What is the function of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?
Made into FAD, an electron transporter.
54
What is the function of Vitamin B3 (niacin)?
Made into NAD+, an electron transporter.
55
What is the function of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?
Involved in protein and amino acid metabolism.
56
What is the function of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?
Involved in reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides.
57
What is the function of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?
Necessary for collagen formation; deficiency causes scurvy.
58
What is the function of Biotin?
Essential for transport of CO2 groups.
59
What is the function of Folate?
Cofactor for methylene group transport; needed for fetal nervous system development.
60
What are the main structures of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
61
What is the function of the renal artery?
Carries blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidney.
62
Where does urine collect before entering the ureter?
In the renal pelvis.
63
What structures are found inside the kidney?
Cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, renal pelvis, renal papilla, calyx, and medullary pyramids.
64
What is the function of the renal papilla?
Urine exits the medulla and enters the calyx from the renal papilla.
65
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
66
Where does filtration occur in the nephron?
In Bowman's capsule.
67
Where does most reabsorption happen?
In the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
68
What is the function of ADH?
Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
69
What is the function of aldosterone?
Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
70
What is the purpose of the Loop of Henle?
Acts as a countercurrent multiplier to concentrate urine.
71
What happens in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Water is reabsorbed, increasing filtrate osmolarity.
72
What happens in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Salt is actively transported out, decreasing filtrate osmolarity.
73
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
Fragmentation, lubrication, enzymatic digestion, and absorption.
74
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
In the mouth via salivary amylase.
75
What is the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
Prevent materials from leaking between cells.
76
What is peristalsis?
Rhythmic contraction that moves food along the digestive tract.
77
What is the function of HCl in the stomach?
Kills microbes, activates pepsinogen, and helps digest proteins.
78
What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin, activated from pepsinogen.
79
What increases absorption in the small intestine?
Villi and microvilli that increase surface area.
80
What are the sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
81
What is the function of lacteals in the villi?
Absorb dietary fats.
82
What does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum?
Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.
83
What does the liver secrete into the duodenum?
Bile, which emulsifies fats.
84
What enzymes are secreted by the duodenum?
Duodenal enterokinase, which activates trypsinogen to trypsin.
85
What hormones are secreted by the duodenum?
Cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and enterogastrone.
86
What is the function of CCK?
Stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release.
87
What is the function of secretin?
Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
88
What is the function of enterogastrone?
Decreases stomach emptying.
89
What is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum?
Most nutrients, such as vitamin B12 (with intrinsic factor) and bile salts.
90
What are the functions of the colon?
Absorbs water and minerals, forms and stores feces.
91
What is the role of colonic bacteria?
Ferments undigested material and produces vitamin K.
92
What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?
Pancreatic amylase, lipase, nucleases, and proteases like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase.
93
How are pancreatic zymogens activated?
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by enterokinase, then activates others.
94
What controls exocrine pancreas secretion?
CCK and secretin from the duodenum; parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion.
95
What are the cells of the endocrine pancreas?
Alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin), delta cells (somatostatin).
96
What does glucagon do?
Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
97
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage.
98
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits digestive processes.
99
What does the liver secrete?
Bile, which contains bile acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin.
100
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats to aid digestion.
101
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile, releases it into the duodenum.
102
What are chylomicrons?
Particles that transport absorbed fats into lymphatic vessels.
103
Where are proteins digested and absorbed?
Stomach (pepsin), small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin); absorbed as amino acids.
104
How are fats digested and absorbed?
Emulsified by bile, digested by lipase to MG + FA, absorbed into epithelial cells, reformed into TG and packed into chylomicrons.
105
What hormones control appetite?
Ghrelin (hunger), peptide YY (satiety), leptin (long-term satiety).
106
What is leptin and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by adipose tissue that suppresses appetite.
107
What is the function of Vitamin A?
A visual pigment that changes conformation in response to light.
108
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Stimulates calcium absorption and deposition in bones.
109
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats.
110
What is the function of Vitamin K?
Necessary for formation of blood coagulation factors.
111
What is the function of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)?
Needed for enzymatic decarboxylations.
112
What is the function of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?
Made into FAD, an electron transporter.
113
What is the function of Vitamin B3 (niacin)?
Made into NAD+, an electron transporter.
114
What is the function of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?
Involved in protein and amino acid metabolism.
115
What is the function of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?
Involved in reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides.
116
What is the function of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?
Necessary for collagen formation; deficiency causes scurvy.
117
What is the function of Biotin?
Essential for transport of CO2 groups.
118
What is the function of Folate?
Cofactor for methylene group transport; needed for fetal nervous system development.
